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Rare-earth (Re)Ba2Cu3O7-x (ReBCO) no-insulation (NI) coil is widely concerned due to its excellent electromagnetic and thermal properties. However, the presence of the turn-to-turn shunts in NI coils leads to that complexity of numerical simulation is increased. In this paper, a modified J model is proposed and the corresponding explicit-implicit hybrid algorithm is designed to calculate NI coils. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data and the circuit model. The homogenization model is also proposed to simulate the large-scale NI coils in the background magnets. The modified J model has good accuracy and fast calculation speed, which can also be used to solve electromagnetic fields of insulation coils efficiently.

In future B5G/6G broadband communication systems, non-linear signal distortion caused by the impairment of transmit power amplifier (PA) can severely degrade the communication performance, especially when uplink users share the wireless medium using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes. This is because the successive interference cancellation (SIC) decoding technique, used in NOMA, is incapable of eliminating the interference caused by PA distortion. Consequently, each user's decoding process suffers from the cumulative distortion noise of all uplink users. In this paper, we establish a new and tractable PA distortion signal model based on real-world measurements, where the distortion noise power is a polynomial function of PA transmit power diverging from the oversimplified linear function commonly employed in existing studies. Applying the proposed signal model, we characterize the capacity rate region of multi-user uplink NOMA by optimizing the user transmit power. Our findings reveal a significant contraction in the capacity region of NOMA, attributable to polynomial distortion noise power. For practical engineering applications, we formulate a general weighted sum rate maximization (WSRMax) problem under individual user rate constraints. We further propose an efficient power control algorithm to attain the optimal performance. Numerical results show that the optimal power control policy under the proposed non-linear PA model achieves on average 13\% higher throughput compared to the policies assuming an ideal linear PA model. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of accurate PA distortion modeling to the performance of NOMA and provide efficient optimal power control method accordingly., Comment: The paper has been submitted for potential journal publications

In this paper, we investigate an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted integrated communication and localization network in emergency scenarios where a single UAV is deployed as both an airborne base station (BS) and anchor node to assist ground BSs in communication and localization services. We formulate an optimization problem to maximize the sum communication rate of all users under localization accuracy constraints by jointly optimizing the 3D position of the UAV, and communication bandwidth and power allocation of the UAV and ground BSs. To address the intractable localization accuracy constraints, we introduce a new performance metric and geometrically characterize the UAV feasible deployment region in which the localization accuracy constraints are satisfied. Accordingly, we combine Gibbs sampling (GS) and block coordinate descent (BCD) techniques to tackle the non-convex joint optimization problem. Numerical results show that the proposed method attains almost identical rate performance as the meta-heuristic benchmark method while reducing the CPU time by 89.3%., Comment: The paper has been accepted for publication by IEEE Wireless Communications Letters

Accurate indoor crowd counting (ICC) is a key enabler to many smart home/office applications. In this paper, we propose a Domain-Agnostic and Sample-Efficient wireless indoor crowd Counting (DASECount) framework that suffices to attain robust cross-domain detection accuracy given very limited data samples in new domains. DASECount leverages the wisdom of few-shot learning (FSL) paradigm consisting of two major stages: source domain meta training and target domain meta testing. Specifically, in the meta-training stage, we design and train two separate convolutional neural network (CNN) modules on the source domain dataset to fully capture the implicit amplitude and phase features of CSI measurements related to human activities. A subsequent knowledge distillation procedure is designed to iteratively update the CNN parameters for better generalization performance. In the meta-testing stage, we use the partial CNN modules to extract low-dimension features out of the high-dimension input target domain CSI data. With the obtained low-dimension CSI features, we can even use very few shots of target domain data samples (e.g., 5-shot samples) to train a lightweight logistic regression (LR) classifier, and attain very high cross-domain ICC accuracy. Experiment results show that the proposed DASECount method achieves over 92.68\%, and on average 96.37\% detection accuracy in a 0-8 people counting task under various domain setups, which significantly outperforms the other representative benchmark methods considered., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures. The paper has been submitted for journal publication

Molecular structure has important applications in many fields. For example, some studies show that molecular spatial information can be used to achieve better prediction results when predicting molecular properties. However, traditional molecular geometry calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), are time-consuming. In view of this, we propose a model based on graph convolutional networks to predict the pairwise distance between atoms, also called distance matrix prediction of the molecule(DMGCN). In order to indicate the effect of DMGCN model, the model is compared with the model DeeperGCN-DAGNN and the method of calculating molecular conformation in RDKit. Results show that the MAE of DMGCN is smaller than DeeperGCN-DAGNN and RDKit. In addition, the distances predicted by the DMGCN model and the distances calculated by the QM9 dataset are used to predict the molecular properties, thus showing the effectiveness of the distance predicted by the DMGCN model., Comment: 17 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables

With the growing demand for latency-critical and computation-intensive Internet of Things (IoT) services, the IoT-oriented network architecture, mobile edge computing (MEC), has emerged as a promising technique to reinforce the computation capability of the resource-constrained IoT devices. To exploit the cloud-like functions at the network edge, service caching has been implemented to reuse the computation task input/output data, thus effectively reducing the delay incurred by data retransmissions and repeated execution of the same task. In a multi-user cache-assisted MEC system, users' preferences for different types of services, possibly dependent on their locations, play an important role in joint design of communication, computation and service caching. In this paper, we consider multiple representative locations, where users at the same location share the same preference profile for a given set of services. Specifically, by exploiting the location-aware users' preference profiles, we propose joint optimization of the binary cache placement, the edge computation resource and the bandwidth allocation to minimize the expected sum-energy consumption, subject to the bandwidth and the computation limitations as well as the service latency constraints. To effectively solve the mixed-integer non-convex problem, we propose a deep learning (DL)-based offline cache placement scheme using a novel stochastic quantization based discrete-action generation method. The proposed hybrid learning framework advocates both benefits from the model-free DL approach and the model-based optimization. The simulations verify that the proposed DL-based scheme saves roughly 33% and 6.69% of energy consumption compared with the greedy caching and the popular caching, respectively, while achieving up to 99.01% of the optimal performance., Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures, accepted to IEEE Internet of Things Journal

In September 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China strives to achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. This ambitious and bold commitment was well received by the global community. However, the technology and pathway are not so clear. Here, we conducted an extensive review covering more than 200 published papers and summarized the key technologies to achieve carbon neutrality. We projected sectoral CO2 emissions for 2020-2050 based on our previous studies and published scenarios. We applied a medium sink scenario for terrestrial sinks due to the potential resource competition and included an ocean sink, which has generally not been included in previous estimates. We analyzed and revisited China's historical terrestrial carbon sink capacity from 1980-2020 based on multiple models and a literature review. To achieve neutrality, it is necessary to increase sink capacity and decrease emissions from many sources. On the one hand, critical measures to reduce emissions include decreasing the use of fossil fuels; substantially increasing the proportion of the renewable energy and nuclear energy. On the other hand, the capacity of future carbon sinks is projected to decrease due to the natural evolution of terrestrial ecosystems, and anthropogenic management practices are needed to increase sink capacity, including increasing the forest sinks through national ecological restoration projects and large-scale land greening campaigns; increasing wood harvesting and storage; and developing CCUS. This paper provides basic source and sink data,and established and promising new technologies for decreasing emissions and increasing sinks for use by the scientific community and policy makers., Comment: needs further revisions in policy part

The gossip-based distributed algorithms are widely used to solve decentralized optimization problems in various multi-agent applications, while they are generally vulnerable to data injection attacks by internal malicious agents as each agent locally estimates its decent direction without an authorized supervision. In this work, we explore the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to detect internal attacks. We show that a general neural network is particularly suitable for detecting and localizing the malicious agents, as they can effectively explore nonlinear relationship underlying the collected data. Moreover, we propose to adopt one of the state-of-art approaches in federated learning, i.e., a collaborative peer-to-peer machine learning protocol, to facilitate training our neural network models by gossip exchanges. This advanced approach is expected to make our model more robust to challenges with insufficient training data, or mismatched test data. In our simulations, a least-squared problem is considered to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of AI-based methods. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed AI-based methods are beneficial to improve performance of detecting and localizing malicious agents over score-based methods, and the peer-to-peer neural network model is indeed robust to target issues.

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is an emerging technology to enhance the energy- and spectrum-efficiency of wireless powered communication networks (WPCNs). In this paper, we investigate an IRS-assisted multiuser multiple-input single-output (MISO) WPCN, where the single-antenna wireless devices (WDs) harvest wireless energy in the downlink (DL) and transmit their information simultaneously in the uplink (UL) to a common hybrid access point (HAP) equipped with multiple antennas. Our goal is to maximize the weighted sum rate (WSR) of all the energy-harvesting users. To make full use of the beamforming gain provided by both the HAP and the IRS, we jointly optimize the active beamforming of the HAP and the reflecting coefficients (passive beamforming) of the IRS in both DL and UL transmissions, as well as the transmit power of the WDs to mitigate the inter-user interference at the HAP. To tackle the challenging optimization problem, we first consider fixing the passive beamforming, and converting the remaining joint active beamforming and user transmit power control problem into an equivalent weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) problem, where we solve it using an efficient block-coordinate descent (BCD) method. Then, we fix the active beamforming and user transmit power, and optimize the passive beamforming coefficients of the IRS in both the DL and UL using a semidefinite relaxation (SDR) method. Accordingly, we apply a block-structured optimization (BSO) method to update the two sets of variables alternately. Numerical results show that the proposed joint optimization achieves significant performance gain over other representative benchmark methods and effectively improves the throughput performance in multiuser MISO WPCNs., Comment: The paper has been accepted by the IEEE Internet of Things Journal

The integration of mobile edge computing (MEC) and wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies has recently emerged as an effective solution for extending battery life and increasing the computing power of wireless devices. In this paper, we study the resource allocation problem of a multi-user wireless powered MEC system, where the users share the wireless channel via direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA). In particular, we are interested in jointly optimizing the task offloading decisions and resource allocation, to maximize the weighted sum computation rate of all the users in the network. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). For a given offloading user set, we implement an efficient Fractional Programming (FP) approach to mitigate the multi-user interference in the uplink task offloading. On top of that, we then propose a Stochastic Local Search algorithm to optimize the offloading decisions. Simulation results show that the proposed method can effectively enhance the computing performance of a wireless powered MEC with spread spectrum multiple access compared to other representative benchmark methods., Comment: The paper has been accepted for publication by Proc. IEEE ITOEC 2020

User cooperation is an effective technique to tackle the severe near-far user unfairness problem in wireless powered communication networks (WPCNs). In this paper, we consider a WPCN where two collaborating wireless devices (WDs) first harvest wireless energy from a hybrid access point (HAP) and then transmit their information to the HAP. The WD with the stronger WD-to-HAP channel helps relay the message of the other weaker user. In particular, we exploit the use of ambient backscatter communication during the wireless energy transfer phase, where the weaker user backscatters the received energy signal to transmit its information to the relay user in a passive manner. By doing so, the relay user can reuse the energy signal for simultaneous energy harvesting and information decoding (e.g., using an energy detector). Compared to active information transmission in conventional WPCNs, the proposed method effectively saves the energy and time consumed by the weaker user on information transmission during cooperation. With the proposed backscatter-assisted relaying scheme, we jointly optimize the time and power allocations on wireless energy and information transmissions to maximize the common throughput. Specifically, we derive the semi-closed-form expressions of the optimal solution and propose a low-complexity optimal algorithm to solve the joint optimization problem. By comparing with some representative benchmark methods, we simulate under extensive network setups and demonstrate that the proposed cooperation method effectively improves the throughput performance in WPCNs., Comment: This paper has been submitted for potential journal publication