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LiDAR-based outdoor 3D object detection has received widespread attention. However, training 3D detectors from the LiDAR point cloud typically relies on expensive bounding box annotations. This paper presents SC3D, an innovative label-efficient method requiring only a single coarse click on the bird's eye view of the 3D point cloud for each frame. A key challenge here is the absence of complete geometric descriptions of the target objects from such simple click annotations. To address this issue, our proposed SC3D adopts a progressive pipeline. Initially, we design a mixed pseudo-label generation module that expands limited click annotations into a mixture of bounding box and semantic mask supervision. Next, we propose a mix-supervised teacher model, enabling the detector to learn mixed supervision information. Finally, we introduce a mixed-supervised student network that leverages the teacher model's generalization ability to learn unclicked instances.Experimental results on the widely used nuScenes and KITTI datasets demonstrate that our SC3D with only coarse clicks, which requires only 0.2% annotation cost, achieves state-of-the-art performance compared to weakly-supervised 3D detection methods.The code will be made publicly available.

Quantum signal processing and quantum singular value transformation are powerful tools to implement polynomial transformations of block-encoded matrices on quantum computers, and has achieved asymptotically optimal complexity in many prominent quantum algorithms. We propose a framework of quantum signal processing and quantum singular value transformation on $U(N)$, which realizes multiple polynomials simultaneously from a block-encoded input, as a generalization of those on $U(2)$ in the original frameworks. We also perform a comprehensive analysis on achievable polynomials and give a recursive algorithm to construct the quantum circuit that gives the desired polynomial transformation. As two example applications, we propose a framework to realize bi-variate polynomial functions, and study the quantum amplitude estimation algorithm with asymptotically optimal query complexity., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

Porous structures are materials consisting of minuscule pores, where the microstructure morphology significantly impacts their macroscopic properties. Integrating different porous structures through a blending method is indispensable to cater to diverse functional regions in heterogeneous models. Previous studies on blending methods for porous structures have mainly focused on controlling the shape of blending regions, yet they have fallen short in effectively addressing topological errors in blended structures. This paper introduces a new blending method that successfully addresses this issue. Initially, a novel initialization method is proposed, which includes distinct strategies for blending regions of varying complexities. Subsequently, we formulate the challenge of eliminating topological errors as an optimization problem based on persistent homology. Through iterative updates of control coefficients, this optimization problem is solved to generate a blended porous structure. Our approach not only avoids topological errors but also governs the shape and positioning of the blending region while remaining unchanged in the structure outside blending region. The experimental outcomes validate the effectiveness of our method in producing high-quality blended porous structures. Furthermore, these results highlight potential applications of our blending method in biomimetics and the design of high-stiffness mechanical heterogeneous models.

Widely employed in cognitive psychology, Gestalt theory elucidates basic principles in visual perception, but meanwhile presents significant challenges for computation. The advancement of artificial intelligence requires the emulation of human cognitive behavior, for which Gestalt theory serves as a fundamental framework describing human visual cognitive behavior. In this paper, we utilize persistent homology, a mathematical tool in computational topology, to develop a computational model for Gestalt theory, addressing the challenges of quantification and computation. The Gestalt computational model not only holds promise for applications in artificial intelligence and computer vision, but also opens a new research direction of computational visual perception.

The extraction of singular patterns is a fundamental problem in theoretical and practical domains due to the ability of such patterns to detect the intrinsic characteristics of vector fields. In this study, we propose an approach for extracting singular patterns from discrete planar vector fields. Our method involves converting the planar discrete vector field into a specialized digraph and computing its one-dimensional persistent path homology. By analyzing the persistence diagram, we can determine the location of singularity and segment a region of the singular pattern, which is referred to as a singular polygon. Moreover, the variations of singular patterns can also be analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in analyzing the centers and impact areas of tropical cyclones, positioning the dip poles from geomagnetic fields, and measuring variations of singular patterns between vector fields.

We first show that the standard deviation error of quantum amplitude estimation is asymptotically lower bounded by approximately $1.28 L^{-1}$, where $L$ is the number of queries. Then we propose a generalized qubitization that can block-encode several polynomial functions simultaneously, and show how it can help estimating quantum amplitude to achieve the optimal asymptotic accuracy, so the bound is tight., Comment: 6 pages, 3 fiures

The maximum likelihood amplitude estimation algorithm (MLAE) is a practical solution to the quantum amplitude estimation problem with Heisenberg limit error convergence. We improve MLAE by using random depths to avoid the so-called critical points, and do numerical experiments to show that our algorithm is approximately unbiased compared to the original MLAE and approaches the Heisenberg limit better., Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures

Porous structures are widely used in various industries because of their excellent properties. Porous surfaces have no thickness and should be thickened to sheet structures for further fabrication. However, conventional methods for generating sheet structures are inefficient for porous surfaces because of the complexity of the internal structures. In this study, we propose a novel method for generating porous sheet structures directly from point clouds sampled on a porous surface. The generated sheet structure is represented by an implicit B-spline function, which ensures smoothness and closure. Moreover, based on the persistent homology theory, the topology structure of the generated porous sheet structure can be controlled, and a reasonable range of the uniform thickness of the sheet structure can be calculated to ensure manufacturability and pore existence. Finally, the implicitly B-spline represented sheet structures are sliced directly with the marching squares algorithm, and the contours can be used for 3D printing. Experimental results show the superiority of the developed method in efficiency over the traditional methods., Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures

The fairing curves and surfaces are used extensively in geometric design, modeling, and industrial manufacturing. However, the majority of conventional fairing approaches, which lack sufficient parameters to improve fairness, are based on energy minimization problems. In this study, we develop a novel progressive-iterative approximation method for fairing curve and surface generation (fairing-PIA). Fairing-PIA is an iteration method that can generate a series of curves (surfaces) by adjusting the control points of B-spline curves (surfaces). In fairing-PIA, each control point is endowed with an individual weight. Thus, the fairing-PIA has many parameters to optimize the shapes of curves and surfaces. Not only a fairing curve (surface) can be generated globally through fairing-PIA, but also the curve (surface) can be improved locally. Moreover, we prove the convergence of the developed fairing-PIA and show that the conventional energy minimization fairing model is a special case of fairing-PIA. Finally, numerical examples indicate that the proposed method is effective and efficient., Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures

Quantum phase estimation algorithm (PEA) is one of the most important algorithms in early studies of quantum computation. It is also a key for many other quantum algorithms, such as the quantum counting algorithm and the Shor's integer factorization algorithm. However, we find that the PEA is not an unbiased estimation, which prevents the estimation error from achieving an arbitrarily small level. In this paper, we propose an unbiased phase estimation algorithm (UPEA) based on the original PEA, and study its application in quantum counting. We also show that a maximum likelihood post-processing step can further improve its robustness. In the end, we apply UPEA to quantum counting, and use an additional correction step to make the quantum counting algorithm unbiased., Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures

Ray tracing algorithm is a category of rendering algorithms that calculate the color of pixels by simulating the physical movements of a huge amount of rays and calculating their energies, which can be implemented in parallel. Meanwhile, the superposition and entanglement property make quantum computing a natural fit for parallel tasks.Here comes an interesting question, is the inherently parallel quantum computing able to speed up the inherently parallel ray tracing algorithm? The ray tracing problem can be regarded as a high-dimensional numerical integration problem. Suppose $N$ queries are used, classical Monte Carlo approaches has an error convergence of $O(1/\sqrt{N})$, while the quantum supersampling algorithm can achieve an error convergence of approximately $O(1/N)$. However, the outputs of the origin form of quantum supersampling obeys a probability distribution that has a long tail, which shows up as many detached abnormal noisy dots on images. In this paper, we improve quantum supersampling by replacing the QFT-based phase estimation in quantum supersampling with a robust quantum counting scheme, the QFT-based adaptive Bayesian phase estimation. We quantitatively study and compare the performances of different quantum counting schemes. Finally, we do simulation experiments to show that the quantum ray tracing with improved quantum supersampling does perform better than classical path tracing algorithm as well as the original form of quantum supersampling., Comment: 12 pages, 15 figures

The layered structure of deep neural networks hinders the use of numerous analysis tools and thus the development of its interpretability. Inspired by the success of functional brain networks, we propose a novel framework for interpretability of deep neural networks, that is, the functional network. We construct the functional network of fully connected networks and explore its small-worldness. In our experiments, the mechanisms of regularization methods, namely, batch normalization and dropout, are revealed using graph theoretical analysis and topological data analysis. Our empirical analysis shows the following: (1) Batch normalization enhances model performance by increasing the global e ciency and the number of loops but reduces adversarial robustness by lowering the fault tolerance. (2) Dropout improves generalization and robustness of models by improving the functional specialization and fault tolerance. (3) The models with dierent regularizations can be clustered correctly according to their functional topological dierences, re ecting the great potential of the functional network and topological data analysis in interpretability.

Ray tracing algorithm simulates the physical movements of a huge amount of rays to render a high quality image, in which the tracing procedure for each ray can be implemented in parallel. By leveraging the inherent parallelism of quantum computing, we propose a quantum ray tracing algorithm, which is proved to have a quadratic speedup over the classical path tracing., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures

In this paper, we propose a stochastic geometric iterative method to approximate the high-resolution 3D models by finite Loop subdivision surfaces. Given an input mesh as the fitting target, the initial control mesh is generated using the mesh simplification algorithm. Then, our method adjusts the control mesh iteratively to make its finite Loop subdivision surface approximates the input mesh. In each geometric iteration, we randomly select part of points on the subdivision surface to calculate the difference vectors and distribute the vectors to the control points. Finally, the control points are updated by adding the weighted average of these difference vectors. We prove the convergence of our method and verify it by demonstrating error curves in the experiment. In addition, compared with an existing geometric iterative method, our method has a faster fitting speed and higher fitting precision., Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures

In this paper, we propose a novel stock index model, namely the manifold feature(MF) index, to reflect the overall price activity of the entire stock market. Based on the theory of manifold learning, the researched stock dataset is assumed to be a low-dimensional manifold embedded in a higher-dimensional Euclidean space. After data preprocessing, its manifold structure and discrete Laplace-Beltrami operator(LBO) matrix are constructed. We propose a high-dimensional data feature detection method to detect feature points on the eigenvectors of LBO, and the stocks corresponding to these feature points are considered as the constituent stocks of the MF index. Finally, the MF index is generated by a weighted formula using the price and market capitalization of these constituents. The stock market studied in this research is the Shanghai Stock Exchange(SSE). We propose four metrics to compare the MF index series and the SSE index series (SSE 50, SSE 100, SSE 150, SSE 180 and SSE 380). From the perspective of data approximation, the results demonstrate that our indexes are closer to the stock market than the SSE index series. From the perspective of risk premium, MF indexes have higher stability and lower risk., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures

With the development of the Internet and other digital technologies, the speed of data generation has become considerably faster than the speed of data processing. Because big data typically contain massive redundant information, it is possible to significantly simplify a big data set while maintaining the key information it contains. In this paper, we develop a big data simplification method based on the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Laplace-Beltrami operator (LBO). Specifically, given a data set that can be considered as an unorganized data point set in high-dimensional space, a discrete LBO defined on the big data set is constructed and its eigenvalues and eigenvectors are calculated. Then, the local extremum and the saddle points of the eigenfunctions are proposed to be the feature points of a data set in high-dimensional space, constituting a simplified data set. Moreover, we develop feature point detection methods for the functions defined on an unorganized data point set in high-dimensional space, and devise metrics for measuring the fidelity of the simplified data set to the original set. Finally, examples and applications are demonstrated to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed methods, demonstrating that data set simplification is a method for processing a maximum-sized data set using a limited data processing capability.

Many attempts have been made in recent decades to integrate machine learning (ML) and topological data analysis. A prominent problem in applying persistent homology to ML tasks is finding a vector representation of a persistence diagram (PD), which is a summary diagram for representing topological features. From the perspective of data fitting, a stable vector representation, namely, persistence B-spline grid (PBSG), is proposed based on the efficient technique of progressive-iterative approximation for least-squares B-spline function fitting. We theoretically prove that the PBSG method is stable with respect to the metric of 1-Wasserstein distance defined on the PD space. The proposed method was tested on a synthetic data set, data sets of randomly generated PDs, data of a dynamical system, and 3D CAD models, showing its effectiveness and efficiency