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3. Quantifying attention via dwell time and engagement in a social media browsing environment

Author

Epstein, Ziv, Lin, Hause, Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract

Modern computational systems have an unprecedented ability to detect, leverage and influence human attention. Prior work identified user engagement and dwell time as two key metrics of attention in digital environments, but these metrics have yet to be integrated into a unified model that can advance the theory andpractice of digital attention. We draw on work from cognitive science, digital advertising, and AI to propose a two-stage model of attention for social media environments that disentangles engagement and dwell. In an online experiment, we show that attention operates differently in these two stages and find clear evidence of dissociation: when dwelling on posts (Stage 1), users attend more to sensational than credible content, but when deciding whether to engage with content (Stage 2), users attend more to credible than sensational content. These findings have implications for the design and development of computational systems that measure and model human attention, such as newsfeed algorithms on social media., Comment: All Things Attention NeurIPS Workshop

Published
2022

4. How many others have shared this? Experimentally investigating the effects of social cues on engagement, misinformation, and unpredictability on social media

Author

Epstein, Ziv, Lin, Hause, Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David

Subjects
Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction
Abstract

Unlike traditional media, social media typically provides quantified metrics of how many users have engaged with each piece of content. Some have argued that the presence of these cues promotes the spread of misinformation. Here we investigate the causal effect of social cues on users' engagement with social media posts. We conducted an experiment with N=628 Americans on a custom-built newsfeed interface where we systematically varied the presence and strength of social cues. We find that when cues are shown, indicating that a larger number of others have engaged with a post, users were more likely to share and like that post. Furthermore, relative to a control without social cues, the presence of social cues increased the sharing of true relative to false news. The presence of social cues also makes it more difficult to precisely predict how popular any given post would be. Together, our results suggest that -- instead of distracting users or causing them to share low-quality news -- social cues may, in certain circumstances, actually boost truth discernment and reduce the sharing of misinformation. Our work suggests that social cues play important roles in shaping users' attention and engagement on social media, and platforms should understand the effects of different cues before making changes to what cues are displayed and how.

Published
2022

5. Yourfeed: Towards open science and interoperable systems for social media

Author

Epstein, Ziv and Lin, Hause

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Computers and Society
Abstract

Existing social media platforms (SMPs) make it incredibly difficult for researchers to conduct studies on social media, which in turn has created a knowledge gap between academia and industry about the effects of platform design on user behavior. To close the gap, we introduce Yourfeed, a research tool for conducting ecologically valid social media research. We introduce the platform architecture, as well key opportunities such as assessing the effects of exposure of content on downstream beliefs and attitudes, measuring attentional exposure via dwell time, and evaluating heterogeneous newsfeed algorithms. We discuss the underlying philosophy of interoperability for social media and future developments for the platform.

Published
2022

7. Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

Author

Ebersole, Charles R, Mathur, Maya B, Baranski, Erica, Bart-Plange, Diane-Jo, Buttrick, Nicholas R, Chartier, Christopher R, Corker, Katherine S, Corley, Martin, Hartshorne, Joshua K, IJzerman, Hans, Lazarević, Ljiljana B, Rabagliati, Hugh, Ropovik, Ivan, Aczel, Balazs, Aeschbach, Lena F, Andrighetto, Luca, Arnal, Jack D, Arrow, Holly, Babincak, Peter, Bakos, Bence E, Baník, Gabriel, Baskin, Ernest, Belopavlović, Radomir, Bernstein, Michael H, Białek, Michał, Bloxsom, Nicholas G, Bodroža, Bojana, Bonfiglio, Diane BV, Boucher, Leanne, Brühlmann, Florian, Brumbaugh, Claudia C, Casini, Erica, Chen, Yiling, Chiorri, Carlo, Chopik, William J, Christ, Oliver, Ciunci, Antonia M, Claypool, Heather M, Coary, Sean, Čolić, Marija V, Collins, W Matthew, Curran, Paul G, Day, Chris R, Dering, Benjamin, Dreber, Anna, Edlund, John E, Falcão, Filipe, Fedor, Anna, Feinberg, Lily, Ferguson, Ian R, Ford, Máire, Frank, Michael C, Fryberger, Emily, Garinther, Alexander, Gawryluk, Katarzyna, Ashbaugh, Kayla, Giacomantonio, Mauro, Giessner, Steffen R, Grahe, Jon E, Guadagno, Rosanna E, Hałasa, Ewa, Hancock, Peter JB, Hilliard, Rias A, Hüffmeier, Joachim, Hughes, Sean, Idzikowska, Katarzyna, Inzlicht, Michael, Jern, Alan, Jiménez-Leal, William, Johannesson, Magnus, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A, Kauff, Mathias, Kellier, Danielle J, Kessinger, Grecia, Kidwell, Mallory C, Kimbrough, Amanda M, King, Josiah PJ, Kolb, Vanessa S, Kołodziej, Sabina, Kovacs, Marton, Krasuska, Karolina, Kraus, Sue, Krueger, Lacy E, Kuchno, Katarzyna, Lage, Caio Ambrosio, Langford, Eleanor V, Levitan, Carmel A, de Lima, Tiago Jessé Souza, Lin, Hause, Lins, Samuel, Loy, Jia E, Manfredi, Dylan, Markiewicz, Łukasz, Menon, Madhavi, Mercier, Brett, Metzger, Mitchell, Meyet, Venus, Millen, Ailsa E, Miller, Jeremy K, and Montealegre, Andres

Subjects
Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Applied and Developmental Psychology, Behavioral and Social Science, replication, reproducibility, metascience, peer review, Registered Reports, open data, preregistered, Applied and developmental psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p

Published
2020

10. To which world regions does the valence–dominance model of social perception apply?

Author

Jones, Benedict C., DeBruine, Lisa M., Flake, Jessica K., Liuzza, Marco Tullio, Antfolk, Jan, Arinze, Nwadiogo C., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Bloxsom, Nicholas G., Lewis, Savannah C., Foroni, Francesco, Willis, Megan L., Cubillas, Carmelo P., Vadillo, Miguel A., Turiegano, Enrique, Gilead, Michael, Simchon, Almog, Saribay, S. Adil, Owsley, Nicholas C., Jang, Chaning, Mburu, Georgina, Calvillo, Dustin P., Wlodarczyk, Anna, Qi, Yue, Ariyabuddhiphongs, Kris, Jarukasemthawee, Somboon, Manley, Harry, Suavansri, Panita, Taephant, Nattasuda, Stolier, Ryan M., Evans, Thomas R., Bonick, Judson, Lindemans, Jan W., Ashworth, Logan F., Hahn, Amanda C., Chevallier, Coralie, Kapucu, Aycan, Karaaslan, Aslan, Leongómez, Juan David, Sánchez, Oscar R., Valderrama, Eugenio, Vásquez-Amézquita, Milena, Hajdu, Nandor, Aczel, Balazs, Szecsi, Peter, Andreychik, Michael, Musser, Erica D., Batres, Carlota, Hu, Chuan-Peng, Liu, Qing-Lan, Legate, Nicole, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Barzykowski, Krystian, Golik, Karolina, Schmid, Irina, Stieger, Stefan, Artner, Richard, Mues, Chiel, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Jiang, Zhongqing, Wu, Qi, Marcu, Gabriela M., Stephen, Ian D., Lu, Jackson G., Philipp, Michael C., Arnal, Jack D., Hehman, Eric, Xie, Sally Y., Chopik, William J., Seehuus, Martin, Azouaghe, Soufian, Belhaj, Abdelkarim, Elouafa, Jamal, Wilson, John P., Kruse, Elliott, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, De La Rosa-Gómez, Anabel, Barba-Sánchez, Alan E., González-Santoyo, Isaac, Hsu, Tsuyueh, Kung, Chun-Chia, Wang, Hsiao-Hsin, Freeman, Jonathan B., Oh, Dong Won, Schei, Vidar, Sverdrup, Therese E., Levitan, Carmel A., Cook, Corey L., Chandel, Priyanka, Kujur, Pratibha, Parganiha, Arti, Parveen, Noorshama, Pati, Atanu Kumar, Pradhan, Sraddha, Singh, Margaret M., Pande, Babita, Bavolar, Jozef, Kačmár, Pavol, Zakharov, Ilya, Álvarez-Solas, Sara, Baskin, Ernest, Thirkettle, Martin, Schmidt, Kathleen, Christopherson, Cody D., Leonis, Trinity, Suchow, Jordan W., Olofsson, Jonas K., Jernsäther, Teodor, Lee, Ai-Suan, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Gogan, Taylor D., Oldmeadow, Julian A., Balas, Benjamin, Stevens, Laura M., Colloff, Melissa F., Flowe, Heather D., Gülgöz, Sami, Brandt, Mark J., Hoyer, Karlijn, Jaeger, Bastian, Ren, Dongning, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Wissink, Joeri, Kaminski, Gwenaël, Floerke, Victoria A., Urry, Heather L., Chen, Sau-Chin, Pfuhl, Gerit, Vally, Zahir, Basnight-Brown, Dana M., Jzerman, Hans I., Sarda, Elisa, Neyroud, Lison, Badidi, Touhami, Van der Linden, Nicolas, Tan, Chrystalle B. Y., Kovic, Vanja, Sampaio, Waldir, Ferreira, Paulo, Santos, Diana, Burin, Debora I., Gardiner, Gwendolyn, Protzko, John, Schild, Christoph, Ścigała, Karolina A., Zettler, Ingo, O’Mara Kunz, Erin M., Storage, Daniel, Wagemans, Fieke M. A., Saunders, Blair, Sirota, Miroslav, Sloane, Guyan V., Lima, Tiago J. S., Uittenhove, Kim, Vergauwe, Evie, Jaworska, Katarzyna, Stern, Julia, Ask, Karl, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Körner, Anita, Weissgerber, Sophia C., Boudesseul, Jordane, Ruiz-Dodobara, Fernando, Ritchie, Kay L., Michalak, Nicholas M., Blake, Khandis R., White, David, Gordon-Finlayson, Alasdair R., Anne, Michele, Janssen, Steve M. J., Lee, Kean Mun, Nielsen, Tonje K., Tamnes, Christian K., Zickfeld, Janis H., Rosa, Anna Dalla, Vianello, Michelangelo, Kocsor, Ferenc, Kozma, Luca, Putz, Ádám, Tressoldi, Patrizio, Irrazabal, Natalia, Chatard, Armand, Lins, Samuel, Pinto, Isabel R., Lutz, Johannes, Adamkovic, Matus, Babincak, Peter, Baník, Gabriel, Ropovik, Ivan, Coetzee, Vinet, Dixson, Barnaby J. W., Ribeiro, Gianni, Peters, Kim, Steffens, Niklas K., Tan, Kok Wei, Thorstenson, Christopher A., Fernandez, Ana Maria, Hsu, Rafael M. C. S., Valentova, Jaroslava V., Varella, Marco A. C., Corral-Frías, Nadia S., Frías-Armenta, Martha, Hatami, Javad, Monajem, Arash, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Frohlich, Brooke, Lin, Hause, Inzlicht, Michael, Alaei, Ravin, Rule, Nicholas O., Lamm, Claus, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Voracek, Martin, Olsen, Jerome, Giolla, Erik Mac, Akgoz, Aysegul, Özdoğru, Asil A., Crawford, Matthew T., Bennett-Day, Brooke, Koehn, Monica A., Okan, Ceylan, Gill, Tripat, Miller, Jeremy K., Dunham, Yarrow, Yang, Xin, Alper, Sinan, Borras-Guevara, Martha Lucia, Cai, Sun Jun, Tiantian, Dong, Danvers, Alexander F., Feinberg, David R., Armstrong, Marie M., Gilboa-Schechtman, Eva, McCarthy, Randy J., Muñoz-Reyes, Jose Antonio, Polo, Pablo, Shiramazu, Victor K. M., Yan, Wen-Jing, Carvalho, Lilian, Forscher, Patrick S., Chartier, Christopher R., and Coles, Nicholas A.

Published
2021
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18. The Behavioral Attention Symposium

Author

Masters-Waage, Theodore Charles, primary, Schulz, Martin, additional, Strauss, Erik Robert, additional, Wiegmann, Leona, additional, Lin, Hause, additional, Epstein, Ziv, additional, Pennycook, Gordon, additional, Rand, David, additional, Lahey, Joanna, additional, Alexander, Gerianne, additional, Hammond, Tracy, additional, Kinias, Zoe, additional, Argueta-Rivera, Jazmin, additional, Stewart, Dillon, additional, Shim, So-Hyeon, additional, Livingston, Robert, additional, and Lam, Simon, additional

Published
2023
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24. Using drift-diffusion modeling to illuminate why accuracy prompts decrease misinformation sharing

Author

Lin, Hause, Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David

Subjects
computational modeling, accuracy nudge, drift diffusion model, social media, Social and Behavioral Sciences, misinformation
Abstract

Recent experiments have found that prompting people to think about accuracy reduces misinformation sharing intentions. The process by which this effect operates, however, remains unclear. Do accuracy prompts cause people to "stop and think," increasing deliberation? Or do they change what people think about, drawing attention to accuracy? Since these two accounts predict the same behavioral outcomes (i.e., increased sharing discernment following a prompt), we used computational modeling of sharing decisions with response time data, as well as out-of-sample ratings of headline perceived accuracy, to test the accounts' divergent predictions across six studies (N = 5633). The results suggest that accuracy prompts do not increase the amount of deliberation people engage in. Instead, they increase the weight participants put on accuracy while deliberating. By showing that prompting people makes them think better even without thinking more, our results challenge common dual-process interpretations of the accuracy-prompt effect. Our findings also highlight the importance of understanding how social media distracts people from considering accuracy, and provide evidence for scalable interventions that redirect people's attention.

Published
2022
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26. Protocol and Analysis Plan

Author

Chartier, Christopher, Brumbaugh, Claudia, Garinther, Alexander, Arrow, Holly, Bonfiglio, Diane, Storage, Daniel, tocco, Carly, Rangel, Derek, De Houwer, Jan, Giessner, Steffen, Schmidt, Kathleen, Lin, Hause, Saunders, Blair, Inzlicht, Michael, Pillaud, Vincent, Hughes, Sean, and Metzger, Mitchell

Published
2022
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30. ML5 Site Replications

Author

Chartier, Christopher, Brumbaugh, Claudia, Garinther, Alexander, Arrow, Holly, Bonfiglio, Diane, Storage, Daniel, tocco, Carly, Rangel, Derek, De Houwer, Jan, Giessner, Steffen, Schmidt, Kathleen, Lin, Hause, Saunders, Blair, Inzlicht, Michael, Pillaud, Vincent, Hughes, Sean, and Metzger, Mitchell

Published
2022
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49. Investigating how accuracy prompts influence news-sharing decisions with drift-diffusion models

Author

Lin, Hause, Pennycook, Gordon, and Rand, David

Subjects
computational modeling, accuracy nudge, drift diffusion model, social media, Social and Behavioral Sciences, misinformation
Abstract

Subtly shifting people's attention to accuracy increases the quality of news people share online. Here, we investigate how accuracy nudges change the cognitive processes underlying decisions to share news online.

Published
2022
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