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Caenidae is a globally widespread family, inhabiting a variety of aquatic habitats. In South America, only 35 species are recognized, maybe as a consequence of the few studies until the first decade of the 21st century. Despite recent advances, large portions of Brazil, such as Rondnia State, are still characterized by Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls. Rondnia is an area predicted to have high mayfly richness, but with no record of Caenidae. From this perspective, the objective of this study is to provide the first access to primary biodiversity data of Caenidae (Ephemeroptera) from Rondnia. As result, we report five species (Brasilocaenis elidioi, Brasilocaenis irmleri, Caenis chamie, Caenis fittkaui, Latineosus sigillatus) and describe a new species based on all life stages (Caenis urupa sp. nov.).

A new genus and two new species of the family Platyarthridae are described from the Brazilian state of Piau, Paratrichorhina piauiensis n. gen. et n. sp. and P. taitii n. gen. et n. sp. Similarities and differences with the other genera of the family are discussed, and a key to the family is provided.

The genus Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) is endemic to South American with 27 described species. In Brazil, 21 of these are known to occur. The present paper describes three new species of Miroculis Edmunds, 1963. Miroculis (Miroculis) botafora sp. nov. is described based on a male imago collected in a transition area between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in Piauí State, Brazil. Two species are described based on nymphs and adults: Miroculis (Miroculis) azevedoi sp. nov. and Miroculis (Miroculis) quilombola sp. nov.; both were collected in a Cerrado region of Maranhão State, Brazil. Additionally, new distribution records of Miroculis (Miroculis) fittkaui Savage & Peters, 1983 are provided.

Two new species of Simothraulopsis (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) are described and illustrated, based on recent collections and specimens deposited in the Zoological Collection of Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), northern Brazil. Simothraulopsis pacaraima sp. nov. differs from others species by the telopenis being spine-like, short (less than the half of total length of penis lobes) and slightly directed laterally, and the penis lobes with a medial knob between them. Simothraulopsis rainori sp. nov. differs from others species by the telopenis being spine-like, mid-sized (less than the half of total length of penis lobes) and ventrally directed with the apex bent outward, and the penis lobes fused in their basal 1/3, with a well-marked sclerotized region; each lobe is laterally swollen and protruding.

New distributional records for four species and the description of a new species of Caenis Stephens from Parnaba River Basin, in a semiarid region of the state of Piau, Northeastern Brazil are given. Characters and illustrations to distinguish Caenis marataoan sp. nov. from all other species in Caenis are provided. The new species can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: 1) body length of male 1.52.0 mm, female 2.52.8 mm; 2) base of antennal flagellum not dilated; 3) forceps apically rounded, covered with trichomes and with 23 minute spines at apex; 4) styliger plate short with posterior margin convex; 5) penis fused and not laterally projected; 6) eggs oval-shaped; micropyle linear with narrow and long micropylar canal, preceded by an oval sperm guide.

Hagenulopsis diptera Ulmer, type species of the genus Hagenulopsis, was originally described based on imagos from Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Misconceptions of H. diptera circumscription led to erroneous attribution of material from Minas Gerais and Esprito Santo, Southeastern Brazil, to H. diptera. Despite the increase in the number of species attributed to Hagenulopsis, little attention has been given to the type species. After comparative examination of photographs of the holotype and fresh material of H. diptera from Southeastern Brazil, we conclude that many specimens previously assigned to H. diptera represent a new species. Thus, we redescribe H. diptera and describe a new species Hagenulopsis perere sp. nov. based on eggs, nymphs and imagos. Diagnostic features of Hagenulopsis perere sp. nov. include cross veins between C and RP1 strongly clouded with brown and outer surface of mid femur with a brown spot at midlength. Finally, comments and new records are presented for Hagenulopsis minuta Spieth.

Brasilocaenis atawallpa was recently described based on male imago from Colombian Amazon. The original description does not contain a designation of type specimens or locality, and it just states that the type series was studied in order to perform the cladistic analysis. In this context, we herein designate the lectotype and paralectotypes of B. atawallpa and describe its nymphal stage. The nymphs were associated to B. atawallpa by the male genitalia extracted from mature nymphs. The nymphal stage of B. atawallpa can be differentiated from others known nymphs of the genus by absence of pointed microspines on opercular gill, fore coxa without projection, middle coxa with well-developed and semicircular projection, hind coxa with finger-like projection, fore and middle tarsal claws without denticles and hind margin of the ninth sternite almost straight.

The genus Traverella Edmunds, 1948 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) has 15 described species, three of them recorded from Brazil: Traverella bradleyi (Needham Murphy, 1924), T. insolita Nascimento Salles, 2013 and T. maranhensis Nascimento, Lima Azevedo, 2019. In the present work, we provide the description of a new species to the genus based on nymphs and male imagos and provide description of the nymphal stage of T. maranhensis, based on collections from Maranhão State. Additionally, an updated key of male imagos is provided.

Some regions, such as the Northeast Region of Brazil, are still severely understudied and the trichopteran fauna of this region is not entirely known, mainly in areas from Cerrado and Caatinga biomes. Currently, 25 species have been reported from Piauí State, but most of these records are concentrated from one locality. This study aimed to update the knowledge of Trichoptera diversity in this state, including the description of a new species and new geographic records for the Northeast region and Brazil. The samples were collected in seven municipalities, using various traps. Specimens were also received from the municipality of Bom Jesus. Thirty-two species were added for Trichoptera fauna of Piauí, 14 of these represent new records for Northeast Brazil; furthermore, Neotrichia palma Flint 1982 is a new record for Brazil. Additionally, a new species, Cernotina longa sp. nov., is describe and illustrate, being the third nominal record of the genus for the Caatinga biome. Thus, with the contribution of this study, 57 species, 20 genera and seven families of caddisflies are known for Piauí State.

Hermanellopsis Demoulin, 1955 is a genus of Leptophlebiidae known from adults of both sexes and is represented solely by two species, both from South America: Hermanellopsis arsia Savage Peters, 1983, described only from male subimago; and H. incertans (Spieth, 1943) described from male imago and female subimago. Edmunds et al. (1976) provided the generic description for the supposed nymph of Hermanellopsis. However, Savage Peters (1983) revised the genus, and study of related genera raised doubt about the identity of the proposed nymph. Thus, the nymph of Hermanellopsis has remained unknown until now.

Chasmogenus cajuina sp. nov., a new species of the water scavenger beetle (Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae) is described and illustrated, based on adult males, collected in the Lower Parnaíba River Basin, north of Piauí, Northeast Region of Brazil. In addition, Helochares (Sindolus) femoratus (Brullé, 1841) and Hydrobiomorpha spatula Bachmann, 1988 are recorded from Piauí State for the first time.

Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 is one of the most abundant and widespread genera of Leptophlebiidae represented by 66 species (Barber-James et al. 2013; Gonçalves et al. 2013; Lima et al. 2013; Souto et al. 2014; Zúñiga et al. 2015; Boldrini et al. 2018; Campos Mariano 2019). Its distribution extends from Central Argentina in the Neotropics to the Neartic Region. For Brazil, 23 species are known (Salles Boldrini 2019), but only seven species are known from both adult and nymphal stages: T. bonito Gonçalves, Da-Silva Nessimian; T. cochunaensis Domínguez; T. daidaleus Traver Edmunds; T. jones Gonçalves, Da-Silva Nessimian; T. itatiajanus Traver Edmunds; T. schlingeri Traver Edmunds and T. traverae Thew (Thew 1960; Traver Edmunds 1967; Domínguez 1987; Lopes et al. 2003; Gonçalves et al. 2010; Gonçalves et al. 2013).

A new species of Traverella Edmunds (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) is described based on male imagoes from the state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. The main characteristics that distinguish the new species from the other species are: 1) subgenital plate forming two lateral, broad projections with two fine, long spines dorsally recurved; 2) penis lobe triangular and apically rounded, with a small ventral projection at apex and a ventral longspine slightly curved and directed to midline.

A new species of the mayfly genus Thraulodes is described based on specimens from the state of Roraima, Brazil. The male imago of Thraulodes rodrigoi sp. nov. is described and the new species can be easily recognized by: forewing with one weakly marked cross veins basal to bullae; femora of forelegs with an apical transversal band brown heavily marked and one submedian macula; styliger plate triangular with a medial rounded projection; and penes short and wide, without lateral pouch. Thraulodes sternimaculatus Lima, Mariano Pinheiro, 2013 is also reported for the first time in Piauí State.

Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 is a Neotropical genus of Leptophlebiidae with nine species known from South America. In the present paper, based on male imagos from the northeastern region of Brazil in the states of Alagoas and Piauí, two new species of the Simothraulopsis are described: Simothraulopsis sinuosus sp. nov. and Simothraulopsis gracilianus sp. nov.

A new species Coryphorus is presented,  based on recent collections from Northeastern Brazil and specimens deposited in the Museu Regional de Entomologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB) and Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR). Coryphorus molinerii sp. nov. is described based on male imagos and can be distinguished by the penis with rounded margins and forceps with segment II narrow and sharpening towards apex. Besides, C. aquilus Peters, (1981) is reported for Tocantins State for the first time.

The genus Miroculis Edmunds, 1963 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) is represented by 23 species: two of them aredescribed based solely on nymphs, 10 based solely on male adults, and three based on nymphs and adults  (Domínguez et al., 2006; Gama-Neto Hamada, 2013, 2014; Raimundi et al., 2017). Currently, the genus is represented by six species in Roraima State, Brazil, all are described as adults but only one of them has the nymphal stage described (Gama-Neto Hamada, 2013, 2014; Gama-Neto et al., 2018; Raimundi et al., 2017).

The genus Caenis Stephens, 1835 is well represented in South America with 24 recorded species (14 in Brazil). Based on additional material from Brazil, we describe for the first time the nymphal and egg stages of C. reissi, and re-describe the eggs of C. cuniana. New distributional records for these species and Caenis elidioi are given, and C. teipunensis (previously described from Venezuela) is reported for the first time from Brazil.