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We have implemented direct-write and toggle switching in the precessional limit on micron-sized magnetic tunnel junctions. We have measured the amplitudes and duration of orthogonal applied magnetic fields leading to reliable switching for pulse durations as short as 178 ps. We have shown that the final magnetization state can be well understood by solving the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation in the macrospin approximation. We finally have compared the size of the writing window in two scenarios of orthogonal field timing: synchronous pulses or imbricated pulses (easy-axis field lasting longer than hard-axis field). Imbricated pulses lead to sizable increase of the writing window. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reversal process of the free layer of two spin valves (SVs) with crossed anisotropy was studied as a function of temperature by transmission electron microscopy. In situ magnetizing experiments were carried out using the Fresnel imaging mode at room temperature, 100 °C, and 200 °C. The two SVs studied had slightly different synthetic antiferromagnetic (SAF) structures, the magnetic layers being thicker in one than the other. It was found that the SV with the thinner SAF layer was less thermally stable. Moreover, a change in the reversal process was observed at elevated temperature while no changes were seen for the SV with thicker SAF. Insight into why the reversal mode varied in the way it did was obtained using a modified Stoner–Wohlfarth model. © 2004 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10‐year‐old neutered female soft‐coated wheaten terrier and a 10‐year‐old, entire female Pomeranian were presented for vomiting and anorexia. Using ultrasound, an oval structure with a stellate, kiwifruit‐like appearance typical of a gall bladder mucocoele was observed in the caudal abdomen of the soft‐coated wheaten terrier and adjacent to the liver in the Pomeranian. There was also a moderate volume of abdominal effusion in both dogs. Cytology of the peritoneal fluid indicated a sterile exudative process but varied between the two dogs, with an absence of bile pigment in the soft‐coated wheaten terrier and marked bile peritonitis in the Pomeranian. An entire free‐floating ectopic mucocoele was confirmed via exploratory laparotomy with concomitant gall bladder rupture and common bile duct obstruction. Both dogs recovered completely after surgery. This is the first report of cases of gall bladder rupture with entire free‐floating gall bladder mucocoeles in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]