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To present a historical–critical analysis of the configuration process of the 2009–2010 flu pandemic in order to show the relationships between this process and the organization of world power, and to promote social and political mobilization. Primary and secondary sources on the dynamics of the 2009–2010 flu pandemic were studied. The sources were validated by plausibility assessment and historiographical analysis. From a historical–territorial and critical approach, the relations between the world configuration of the pandemic and the economic, political, and ideological power relations of contemporary capitalism were identified. It is revealed that the expanding monopoly of the pig industry provided favorable conditions for the evolutionary explosion of the influenza A(H1N1) virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) made decisions that were inclined toward the economic interests of the pig and pharmaceutical industries within the framework of financial-cognitive capitalism. The modes of conduct of these institutions and companies materialized the world relations of economic, political, and ideological power of our time, which determined the configuration process of the pandemic. The worldwide spreading of the virus is barely a trail of the process.

PLOS ONE 17(1), e0262110 (2022). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262110, Published by PLOS, San Francisco, California, US

The consequences of the coronavirus are of a different order. This book considers some of those that affect the world order, which will have various impacts in the post-pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has not been the first nor the last, in a world in which humanity has failed to maintain a proper relationship with nature and with the planet. It has reacted with varied interpretations of the coronavirus, some rational and others absurd that incorporate linear and even conspiracy theories, which invite us to think about the future in unnecessary authoritarian drifts, compared to those of respect for democratic individual freedoms, in a climate of generalization, surveillance systems and digital control technologies led by China, but also used by some governments in the West. Chinese behavior is offered as a model for the world, which poses dilemmas for Latin American countries with different alignments vis-a-vis the new power and the traditional alignment with the United States, in an environment that offers the possibility of thinking about a world political regime based on Machiavellian experiences, but without neglecting the political background of an always active and current terrorism and of the strong changes in the geoeconomic environment with the shortening of global value chains in their transcontinental spatiality. Keywords: Authoritarianism, global value chains, covid-19, democracy, world order, terrorism, surveillance.

This academic position paper focuses on building a bridge between public health and science education in order to recognize the relationships between science and society-politics, economics, and ideology-in a pandemic context. To do this, we first present the contemporary dispute between the ways of understanding and explaining public health problems in light of a historical-territorial critical perspective; then, we show the configuration process of the formal and hegemonic concept of pandemic that has taken place over the period of the pandemics of the 1918 flu and the 2019 coronavirus disease; later, we give way to a historical-territorial understanding of the genesis of the 2002 and 2012 epidemics in relation to the coronavirus in the twenty-first century; and lastly, we indicate the key points from the historical-territorial critical perspective of public health that science education can use in order to contribute to a critical and reflective understanding of epidemics and pandemics. In this framework, "configuration process" is a category we propose and use in order to explain that specific events such as epidemics and pandemics are interwoven in a social, historical-territorial, trajectory of world power relations.Este documento de posición académica, titulado «Una perspectiva crítica de las pandemias y las epidemias: construyendo un puente entre la salud pública y la educación científica», se enfoca en la construcción de un puente entre la salud pública y la educación científica que tiene por objeto reconocer las relaciones que existen entre la ciencia y la sociedad –esto es, entre la ciencia y la política, la ciencia y la economía, y la ciencia y la ideología– en un contexto de pandemia. Para ello, después de ofrecer una necesaria introducción, se presenta en la primera parte, y a la luz de una perspectiva crítica histórico-territorial, la disputa contemporánea entre las formas de entender y explicar los problemas de salud pública. Esta disputa se presenta en dos subtítulos, uno denominado «De la teoría del germen a la biomedicina», y otro denominado «De la perspectiva sociohistórica a la perspectiva histórico-territorial». En la segunda parte se expone el proceso de configuración del concepto de «pandemia» que, formal y hegemónico, ha tenido lugar entre la pandemia de gripe de 1918, declarada por el Ministerio de Salud de Inglaterra y Gales en 1920, y la pandemia de la enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019, declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en 2020 el mismo año. En la tercera parte, la denominada «Crónica de una pandemia anunciada en tiempos del capitalismo neoliberal», se presenta una comprensión, de perspectiva histórico-territorial, sobre la génesis de las epidemias que estuvieron relacionadas con coronavirus en los años 2002 y 2012. Con el ánimo de mostrar la similitud encontrada entre las génesis de las epidemias de 2002 y 2012, el apartado dedicado a la epidemia de 2002 se subtitula «Un mercado de animales salvajes en la génesis de la epidemia del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SARS)», y el dedicado a la epidemia de 2012, «Un mercado de animales domesticados en la génesis de la epidemia del Síndrome Respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS)». Finalmente, en la última parte, se señalan asuntos clave de la perspectiva crítica histórico-territorial de la salud pública que la educación científica puede utilizar para contribuir a una comprensión crítica y reflexiva de las epidemias y pandemias. En este marco, «proceso de configuración» es una categoría que se propone y utiliza para explicar que acontecimientos concretos, como las epidemias y las pandemias, están entretejidos en una trayectoria social de relaciones mundiales de poder, que es histórico-territorial.

RESUMEN: El proyecto “Valoración patrimonial y tasación del material bibliográfico perteneciente a la colección del Centro de Recursos para la Activación de las Memorias –CRAM– del Museo Casa de la Memoria –MCM– de Medellín”, que ejecutó un grupo interdisciplinar de profesionales del Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencia de la Información de la Universidad de Antioquia, fue una consultoría que planteó el proceso metodológico para valorar los bienes bibliográficos del Museo bajo los requerimientos y mandatos de la Norma Internacional Financiera y bajo referentes de valoración patrimonial. Dicha metodología se inscribió en un paradigma cualitativo e interpretativo, aunque también se utilizó un componente cuantitativo para adaptar los procesos de valoración a los requerimientos de la norma financiera. Este reporte de caso presenta la metodología de la consultoría, caracterizada por la interdisciplinariedad, la apertura y emergencia de ideas y categorías, la ética frente a la aplicación de la norma y su interpretación responsable. Algunos de los resultados encontrados son que el proceso es una experiencia inédita en el país y, aunque la metodología diseñada se enmarca en un contexto institucional muy concreto, es replicable a casos similares en el país e incluso en otras geografías. Además, el proceso aporta elementos al concepto de patrimonio bibliográfico y documental, al diseño de metodologías y procedimientos de valoración de este tipo de patrimonio en Colombia, a mejorar las experiencias de valoración económica o tasación que hasta el momento se han realizado de una manera poco objetiva y a abrir nuevas aristas de investigación. ABSTRACT: The project “Valoración patrimonial y tasación del material bibliográfico perteneciente a la colección del Centro de Recursos para la Activación de las Memorias –CRAM– del Museo Casa de la Memoria –MCM– de Medellín”, executed by an interdisciplinary group of professionals from the Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencia de la Información of Universidad de Antioquia, was a consultancy that proposed the methodological process to value the bibliographic goods of the Museum under the requirements and mandates of the International Financial Standard and models for heritage valuation. This methodology was part of a qualitative and interpretative paradigm, although a quantitative component was also used to adapt the valuation processes to the requirements of the financial standard. This case report presents the consulting methodology, characterized by interdisciplinarity, the openness, and emergence of ideas and categories, the ethics in the application of the norm, and its responsible interpretation. Some of the results found are that the process is an unprecedented experience in the country and, although the designed methodology is framed in a very specific institutional context, it is replicable to similar cases in the country and even in other geographies. Also, the process contributes elements to the concept of bibliographic and documentary heritage, to the design of methodologies and procedures for the valuation of this type of heritage in Colombia, to improve the experiences of economic valuation or appraisal that until now have been carried out in a little objective manner, and to open new research edges.

To analyze the fundamentals of the global health agenda from 1944 to 2018, especially regarding Universal Health Coverage, in order to unveil its relations with capital accumulation in health services and to contribute to world social mobilization to change this tendency. A historical study was carried out based on a purposeful selection of primary sources on the global health agenda from multilateral organizations and secondary sources about the changes of capitalism from the study period. The global health agenda changed from the state responsibility for health to an insurance healthcare system based on markets. The medical–industrial complex pressured national economies, broke postwar pacts, and urged economic globalization. The neoliberal, neoclassical, and neo-institutional discourse that promoted a new state–market relationship eased the new capital accumulation in healthcare into financial and cognitive capitalism. Understanding these relationships allows us to provide elements for social mobilization geared to transform the healthcare sector toward a new vision of health with a nature–society relationship that contributes to socially constructing human and environmental health, rather than gaining profits based on illness and chronic suffering.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal intubation failure in patients with difficult airway is still not uncommon. While videolaryngoscopes such as the Glidescope offer better glottic vision due to an acute-angled blade, this advantage does not always lead to an increased success rate because successful insertion of the tube through the vocal cords may be the limiting factor. We hypothesize that combined use of Glidescope and fiberscope used only as a dynamic guide facilitates tracheal intubation compared to a conventional Glidescope technique with a preshaped nondynamic stylet. METHODS: One hundred sixty adult patients with predicted difficult airway were randomly assigned to a conventional Glidescope (standard Glidescope group) or a combined Glidescope + fiberscope group intubation. In the Glidescope + fiberscope group under direct vision from the Glidescope, tracheal intubation was performed using the fiberscope as a guide without using fiberoptic vision, while in the standard Glidescope group, a conventional stylet-guided intubation technique was performed. We evaluated the rate of tracheal intubation success at first attempt as the primary end point (Fisher exact test). The difference between groups in airway injury, time to successful intubation, and the need for an alternative technique was also evaluated. RESULTS: First-attempt intubation success was higher in the Glidescope + fiberscope group than in the standard Glidescope group (91% vs 67%; P = .0012; fragility index, 8; absolute risk reduction, 24% [95% CI, 12%-36%]). Median time to successful tracheal intubation was shorter in the Glidescope + fiberscope group (50 vs 64 seconds; P = .035). Airway injury rate was lower in the Glidescope + fiberscope group than in the standard Glidescope group (1% vs 11%; P = .035; fragility index, 1; absolute risk reduction, 10% [95% CI, 3%-18%]). Alternative rescue technique requirements to achieve tracheal intubation were higher in the standard Glidescope group (24% vs 4%; P < .001; fragility index, 7). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a dynamic, flexible guide during a Glidescope laryngoscopy in patients with a predicted difficult airway compared to a standard intubation technique improves first-attempt intubation success, decreases the incidence of airway injury and time to successful intubation, as well as the need of an alternative technique to succeed.

ResumenIntroducciónEl conocimiento actual sugiere que la enfermedad cardiovascular se origina y progresa desde la infancia y la adolescencia. La disfunción endotelial es un evento temprano y crucial en la aterosclerosis.Pacientes y MétodoEstudio prospectivo que comparó la vasodilatación mediada por flujo (VMF) en niños con sobrepeso y niños de peso normal. Para medir la VMF se utilizó transductor adecuado de ultrasonido y el método estándar.ResultadosOchenta y dos niños fueron incluidos; 49 eran casos (sobrepeso) y 33 controles. Los valores de VMF oscilaron entre –6 y 56% (promedio 11,1%) en niños con sobrepeso y de 0 a 29,6% (promedio 16,6%) en niños control (p

The identification of non-immunosuppressed critically ill patients most at risk for developing cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is potentially of great clinical relevance. The current study was aimed at determining (i) whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes coding for chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), interleukin-10 IL-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) have an impact on the incidence rate of active CMV infection, (ii) whether serum levels of CMV-specific IgGs are associated with the risk of CMV reactivation, and (iii) whether detection of CMV DNA in saliva precedes that in the lower respiratory tract or the blood compartment. A total of 36 out of 78 patients (46%) developed an episode of active CMV infection. The incidence rate of active CMV infection was not significantly associated with any single nucleotide polymorphisms. A trend towards a lower incidence of active CMV infection (P = 0.06) was noted in patients harboring the IL10 C/C genotype. Patients carrying the CCR5 A/A genotype had high CMV DNA loads in tracheal aspirates. The serum levels of CMV IgGs did not differ significantly between patients with a subsequent episode of active CMV infection (median, 217 IU/mL) or without one (median, 494 IU/mL). Detection of CMV DNA in saliva did not usually precede that in plasma and/or tracheal aspirates. In summary, the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL10 and CCR5 genes might help to determine the risk of active CMV infection or the level of CMV replication within episodes, respectively, in non-immunosuppressed critically ill patients. J. Med. Virol. 86:827–833, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The current study was designed to assess the predictive value of the evaluation of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T-cell immunity early following admission to the intensive care unit for inferring the risk of active CMV infection in non-immunosuppressed surgical and trauma patients. A total of 31 CMV-seropositive patients were included. Patients were screened for the presence of CMV DNA in plasma and in tracheal aspirates by real-time PCR. Enumeration of CMV pp65 and IE-1-specific IFN-γ CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was performed by flow cytometry for intracellular cytokine staining. Virological and immunological monitoring was conducted once or twice a week. Active CMV infection occurred in 17 out of 31 patients. Undetectable levels of pp65 and IE-1-specific IFN-γ CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell subsets cells were observed in 10 patients who developed active CMV infection and in one who did not (at a median of 2 days following ICU admission). Peak CMV DNA loads in both tracheal aspirates and plasma were substantially higher (P = 0.018 and P = 0.091, respectively) in patients with undetectable IFN-γ T-cell responses than in patients with detectable responses. The expansion of both CMV-specific T-cell subsets following detection of active CMV infection was demonstrated in 9 out of 14 patients with active CMV infection. In conclusion, the evaluation of CMV pp65 and IE-1-specific IFN-γ-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells early following ICU admission may allow the identification of patients most at risk of either having or developing an episode of active CMV infection, particularly those associated with high-level virus replication. J Med. Virol. 85:1802–1810, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

En este artículo se presenta a la biblioteca pública como ambiente potenciador del afecto y a la lectura como práctica que fortalece el vínculo afectivo en las familias. En primer lugar, puede decirse que la biblioteca, en contextos sociales signados por la violencia y otros problemas sociales, se convierte un espacio muy importante para el encuentro de los niños con la lectura, por lo que allí tiene lugar en términos de acogida al recién llegado para el reconocimiento de su propia singularidad y la de los otros; se convierte en una institución que ayuda a criar por el acompañamiento que le brinda a las madres, padres y cuidadores; y favorece el establecimiento de relaciones intersubjetivas soportadas en la confianza, el cariño y el afecto por los otros y su propia historia de vida. En segundo lugar, la lectura no se concibe como una práctica aislada y solitaria, sino más bien como una práctica vinculante y potenciadora del afecto. La lectura como dinamizadora del lenguaje, introduce a los niños y adultos significativos o cuidadores, en otras posibilidades para el ser-con-otros y para estar-con-otros. In this article the public library is presented at as enhancer environment of affection and the reading as a practice that strengthens the emotional link in families. First, you can say that the library in social contexts marked by violence and other social problems, becomes a very important space for the meeting of children with the reading, there it takes place in terms of reception to the newcomer to the recognition of their own uniqueness and others; it becomes in an institution that helps to raise for the support provided to mothers, fathers and caregivers; and encourages the establishment of inter-subjective relations supported in trust, love and affection for each other and their own life story. Second, the reading is not conceived as a lonely and isolated practice, but rather as a binding and enabling practice of affection. Reading as energizing of the language introduces children and significant adults and caregivers, to other possibilities for the be-with-others. Este trabalho apresenta a biblioteca pública como um ambiente potencializador de afeto e a leitura como uma prática que fortalece o vínculo no seio da família. Primeiro, podemos dizer que a biblioteca, em contextos sociais marcados pela violência e outros problemas sociais, torna-se um espaço de encontro muito importante para as crianças com a leitura, permitindo o reconhecimento de sua própria singularidade e a dos outros. A biblioteca é, ainda, uma instituição que apóia mães, pais e cuidadores, além de incentivar o estabelecimento de inter-relações apoiadas na confiança, amor e carinho, entre esses atores. O outro aspecto da leitura é que ela não é concebida como uma prática isolada e solitária, mas sim, como uma prática vinculativa e fortalecedora de afeto. A leitura, como um motivador da linguagem, possibilita que crianças e adultos de serem melhores uns com os outros.

Present knowledge suggests that cardiovascular disease originates and progresses from childhood and adolescence. Endothelial dysfunction is an early and crucial event in atherosclerosis.Prospective study that compares Flow Mediated Vasodilation (FMV) in children with overweight (OWC) and normal weight children. An ultrasound transducer a standard method were used to measure FMD.The study included 82 children, of whom 49 were cases (OWC) and 33 controls. FMV values ranged from -6 to 56% (x=11.1%) in OW, and from 0 to 29.6% (x=16.6%) in control children (P.005). Paradoxical vasoconstriction was found in 34.7% in OWC as compared to nil in controls (P.005). A significant association was found between vasoconstriction and central obesity and hypertension.The results of this study show that FMV is lower in obese compared to normal children; thus they are more likely to have endothelial dysfunction.

The identification of non-immunosuppressed critically ill patients most at risk for developing cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is potentially of great clinical relevance. The current study was aimed at determining (i) whether single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes coding for chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), interleukin-10 IL-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) have an impact on the incidence rate of active CMV infection, (ii) whether serum levels of CMV-specific IgGs are associated with the risk of CMV reactivation, and (iii) whether detection of CMV DNA in saliva precedes that in the lower respiratory tract or the blood compartment. A total of 36 out of 78 patients (46%) developed an episode of active CMV infection. The incidence rate of active CMV infection was not significantly associated with any single nucleotide polymorphisms. A trend towards a lower incidence of active CMV infection (P = 0.06) was noted in patients harboring the IL10 C/C genotype. Patients carrying the CCR5 A/A genotype had high CMV DNA loads in tracheal aspirates. The serum levels of CMV IgGs did not differ significantly between patients with a subsequent episode of active CMV infection (median, 217 IU/mL) or without one (median, 494 IU/mL). Detection of CMV DNA in saliva did not usually precede that in plasma and/or tracheal aspirates. In summary, the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL10 and CCR5 genes might help to determine the risk of active CMV infection or the level of CMV replication within episodes, respectively, in non-immunosuppressed critically ill patients.

El artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación titulada "Tus historias me ayudan a crecer". Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo aproximarse a la comprensión de las transformaciones de los vínculos afectivos en familias con niños y niñas en primera infancia, que participan en el Programa PARAMÁ PARAPÁ de la Fundación Ratón de Biblioteca en el barrio Villa de Guadalupe de Medellín. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se optó por una metodología cualitativa, con una orientación hermenéutica, a partir de la cual se pudo concluir que los programas de promoción de lectura contribuyen al fortalecimiento de los vínculos afectivos, a la formación de prácticas de crianza favorecedoras del crecimiento de los niños y las niñas desde los primeros años de vida y a la transformación de la biblioteca pública en una institución social que contribuye a la potenciación del afecto entre los niños y las niñas y sus familias. Así pues, las estrategias de promoción de lectura son una apuesta metodológica valiosa para convocar en torno a iniciativas de fortalecimiento familiar, crecimiento y desarrollo de la infancia. O artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa intitulada "Suas histórias me ajudam a crescer". Este estudo teve como objetivo abordar a compreensão das transformações do vínculo afetivo em famílias com crianças na primeira infância, participando do programa PARAMA PARAPA, da Fundação Ratón de Biblioteca do bairro Guadalupe de Medellín. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, optamos por uma metodologia qualitativa, uma orientação hermenêutica, da qual se concluiu que os programas de promoção da leitura ajudam a fortalecer o vínculo, a formação de práticas de criação que favoreceram o crescimento das crianças desde os primeiros anos de vida e a transformação da biblioteca pública em uma instituição social, que contribui para a potencialização do afeto entre crianças e suas famílias. Assim, as estratégias para promover a leitura é um compromisso metodológico valioso para convocar iniciativas destinadas a fortalecer as famílias, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das crianças. The article presents the results of the research titled "Your stories help me grow". This work aimed to approximate to the comprehension of the transformations of the affective ties in families with children in early childhood, participating in the program PARAMÁ PARAPÁ of the Fundación Ratón de Biblioteca in the Villa Guadalupe neighborhood in Medellin. The development of research opted for a qualitative methodology, with a hermeneutic orientation which could conclude that reading promotion programs contribute to the strengthening of the affective links, the formation of parenting practices which promote the growth of the children from the earliest years of life and the transformation of the public library in a social institution that contributes to the empowerment of the affection between boys and girls and their families. So that, promotion of reading strategies are thus a valuable methodological commitment to convene on initiatives of family strengthening, growth and development of children.

ResumenLa ceftriaxona es ampliamente usada en pediatría debido a su espectro de acción, larga vida media y buena penetración en los sitios donde se asientan las infecciones más frecuentes. Es bien tolerada, aunque, con frecuencia, en niños que la reciben, se presenta barro biliar y pseudocolelitiasis. Esto se ve favorecido porque cerca del 40% del fármaco es eliminado por la bilis sin modificaciones, donde se comporta como un anión con alta afinidad por las sales de calcio. La mayoría de los casos cursan asintomáticos o mínimamente sintomáticos, y de resolución espontánea solo al suspender el uso del fármaco. Se presenta el caso de una niña de 4 años que recibe ceftriaxona durante 14 días por sinusitis, desarrollando al quinto día cálculos en la vesícula biliar que crecen hasta 11mm y tardan 55 días en desaparecer; el día 34, presenta colecistitis, colangitis y coledocolitiasis que requieren manejo hospitalario.AbstractCeftriaxone is widely used in children because it has a great spectrum, long half-life and good penetration. Is generally well tolerated, although in children who receive the drug, it often presented pseudocolelitiasis and biliary sludge. This is favored because about 40% of the drug is eliminated unchanged in bile where it behaves as an anion with high affinity for calcium salts. Most cases present as asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic and spontaneous resolution, only when the drug is no longer taken. A case of a 4 year old girl who received ceftriaxone for 14 days for sinusitis and on day 5 develops gall bladder stones that grow to 11mm and last 55 days to go away, the day 34 presents cholecystitis, cholangitis and choledocholithiasis requiring medical management to resolution.