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The impact of climate change on surface runoff and soil moisture in the source region of the Yellow River is analyzed, which will provide a scientific basis for the rational use and protection of water resources in the source area. In this paper, the SWAT hydrological model was coupled with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) to predict future changes in surface runoff and soil moisture in the source region of the Yellow River. The prediction of surface runoff and soil moisture in the Yellow River Basin was analyzed by a linear regression model. The SWAT model rate had a calibration period R2 of 0.876 and a validation period R2 of 0.972. The trend of surface runoff and annual mean temperature in the source region of the Yellow River from 2011 to 2022 showed an overall increasing trend, and soil moisture showed a general decreasing trend. 2011–2022 trends between surface runoff and annual mean temperature in the source region of the Yellow River showed a highly significant difference, indicating that surface runoff flow was significantly influenced by temperature. The difference between the trends in soil moisture and the annual mean temperature was highly significant. The surface runoff fluctuated greatly in different years, and the surface runoff changed greatly in different scenarios of CMIP5 (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). For all three climate change scenarios, the surface runoff displayed a downward trend. The surface runoff showed a similar uneven distribution for all scenarios on a yearly cycle. Under the three climate scenarios, the runoff was highest between May and August, with a slowly increasing trend from January to April and a slightly decreasing trend from September to December. The interannual and interannual distribution of soil water was basically consistent with the distribution of surface runoff, and there was an overall trend in the length of all soil water reduction scenarios. Surface runoff and soil moisture are and will be greatly affected by climate change (mainly temperature and precipitation). Under the three climate scenarios, the precipitation increases to some extent, but the surface runoff and soil moisture will both decrease, which may be attributed to the greater evaporation than the precipitation.

Sun-loving plants trigger the shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) to compete against their neighbors for sunlight. Phytochromes are plant red (R) and far-red (FR) light photoreceptors that play a major role in perceiving the shading signals and triggering SAS. Shade induces a reduction in the level of active phytochrome B (phyB), thus increasing the abundance of PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs), a group of growth-promoting transcription factors. However, whether other factors are involved in modulating PIF activity in the shade remains largely obscure. Here, we show that SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE2 (SOS2), a protein kinase essential for salt tolerance, positively regulates SAS in Arabidopsis thaliana. SOS2 directly phosphorylates PIF4 and PIF5 at a serine residue close to their conserved motif for binding to active phyB. This phosphorylation thus decreases their interaction with phyB and posttranslationally promotes PIF4 and PIF5 protein accumulation. Notably, the role of SOS2 in regulating PIF4 and PIF5 protein abundance and SAS is more prominent under salt stress. Moreover, phyA and phyB physically interact with SOS2 and promote SOS2 kinase activity in the light. Collectively, our study uncovers an unexpected role of salt-activated SOS2 in promoting SAS by modulating the phyB-PIF module, providing insight into the coordinated response of plants to salt stress and shade.

CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), a well-characterized E3 ubiquitin ligase, is a central repressor of seedling photomorphogenic development in darkness. However, whether COP1 is involved in modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in darkness remains largely obscure. Here, we report that COP1 is a positive regulator of ABA signaling during Arabidopsis seedling growth in the dark. COP1 mediates ABA-induced accumulation of ABI5, a transcription factor playing a key role in ABA signaling, through transcriptional and post-translational regulatory mechanisms. We further show that COP1 physically interacts with ABA-hypersensitive DCAF1 (ABD1), a substrate receptor of the CUL4-DDB1 E3 ligase targeting ABI5 for degradation. Accordingly, COP1 directly ubiquitinates ABD1 in vitro, and negatively regulates ABD1 protein abundance in vivo in the dark but not in the light. Therefore, COP1 promotes ABI5 protein stability post-translationally in darkness by destabilizing ABD1 in response to ABA. Interestingly, we reveal that ABA induces the nuclear accumulation of COP1 in darkness, thus enhancing its activity in propagating the ABA signal. Together, our study uncovers that COP1 modulates ABA signaling during seedling growth in darkness by mediating ABA-induced ABI5 accumulation, demonstrating that plants adjust their ABA signaling mechanisms according to their light environment.

The present detection method for hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug-resistant mutation has a high misdiagnosis rate and usually needs to meet stringent requirements for technology and equipment, leading to complex and time-consuming manipulation and drawback of high costs. Herein, with the purpose of developing cost-effective, highly efficient, and handy diagnosis for HBV drug-resistant mutants, we propose an electrochemical signal-on strategy through the three-way junction (3WJ) transduction and exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA). To achieve single-copy gene detection, loop-mediated nucleic acid isothermal amplification (LAMP), one of the highly promising and compatible techniques to revolutionize point-of-care genetic detection, is first adopted for amplification. The rtN236T mutation, an error encoded by codon 236 of the reverse transcriptase region of HBV DNA, was employed as the model gene target. Under the optimized conditions, it allows end-point transduction from HBV drug-resistant mutants-genomic information to electrochemical signals with ultrahigh sensitivity, specificity, and signal-to-noise ratio, showing the lowest detection concentration down to 2 copies/μL. Such a method provides a possibly new principle for ideal in vitro diagnosis, supporting the construction of a clinic HBV diagnosis platform with high accuracy and generalization. Moreover, it is not restricted by specific nucleic acid sequences but can be applied to the detection of various disease genes, laying the foundation for multiple detection.

Phytochrome A (phyA) is the far-red (FR) light photoreceptor in plants that is essential for seedling de-etiolation under FR-rich environments, such as canopy shade. TANDEM ZINC-FINGER/PLUS3 (TZP) was recently identified as a key component of phyA signal transduction in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, how TZP is integrated into the phyA signaling networks remains largely obscure. Here, we demonstrate that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), a well-characterized transcription factor promoting photomorphogenesis, mediates FR light induction of TZP expression by directly binding to a G-box motif in the TZP promoter. Furthermore, TZP physically interacts with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase targeting HY5 for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, and this interaction inhibits COP1 interaction with HY5. Consistent with those results, TZP post-translationally promotes HY5 protein stability in FR light, and in turn, TZP protein itself is destabilized by COP1 in both dark and FR light conditions. Moreover, tzp hy5 double mutants display an additive phenotype relative to their respective single mutants under high FR light intensities, indicating that TZP and HY5 also function in largely independent pathways. Together, our data demonstrate that HY5 and TZP mutually upregulate each other in transmitting the FR light signal, thus providing insights into the complicated but delicate control of phyA signaling networks.

There is a constant drive for affordable point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for the detection of infectious human diseases. Herein, we report a simple platform for DNA detection that takes advantage of four techniques: commercially available pregnancy test strips (PTS), amplicon generation via loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), toehold-mediated strand displacement, and noncovalent immobilization of DNA on paper surface with DNA nanoflowers. This simple, separation-free platform is highly specific, as demonstrated with the detection of rtL180M, a single-nucleotide polymorphism observed in hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated with antiviral drug resistance. It is very sensitive, capable of detecting the targeted mutation at 2 copies μL-1 . It is able to correctly identify the unmutated and rtL180M genome types of HBV in clinical samples. Given its wide adaptability, we expect this platform can be easily modified for the detection of genetic variations associated with various pathogens and human diseases.

The ambitious targets for shipping emissions reduction and challenges for mechanism design call for new approaches to encourage decarbonization. Here we build a compound model chain to deconstruct global international shipping emissions to fine-scale trade flows and propose trade-linked indicators to measure shipping emissions efficiency. International maritime trade in 2018 contributes 746.2 Tg to shipping emissions of CO2, of which 17.2% is contributed from ten out of thousands of trade flows at the country level. We argue that potential unfairness exists if allocating shipping emissions responsibility to bilateral traders due to external beneficiaries. However, a huge shipping emissions-reduction potential could be expected by optimizing international trade patterns, with a maximum reaching 38% of the current total. Our comprehensive modelling system can serve as a benchmark tool to support the construction of a systematic solution and joint effort from the shipping industry and global trade network to address climate change. More than 80% of trade by volume occurs via maritime shipping, with growing pressure to reduce associated GHG emissions. The top 10 single-direction trade pairs account for nearly 20% of emissions; optimizing trade patterns could reduce emissions by 38% of current totals.

Semivolatile/intermediate-volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs) from mobile sources are essential SOA contributors. However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated the SOA contributions of S/IVOCs by simultaneously comparing different parameterization schemes. This study used three SOA schemes in the CMAQ model with a measurement-based emission inventory to quantify the mobile source S/IVOC-induced SOA (MS-SI-SOA) for 2018 in China. Among different SOA schemes, SOA predicted by the 2D-VBS scheme was in the best agreement with observations, but there were still large deviations in a few regions. Three SOA schemes showed the peak value of annual average MS-SI-SOA was up to 0.6 ± 0.3 μg/m

Changes in the level of nucleic acids in blood may be correlated with some clinical disorders like cancer, stroke, trauma and autoimmune diseases, and thus, nucleic acids can serve as potential biomarkers for pathological processes. The requirement of technical equipment and operator expertise in effective information readout of modern molecular diagnostic technologies significantly restricted application outside clinical laboratories. The ability to detect nucleic acid biomarkers with off-the-shelf devices, which have the advantages of portability, simplicity, low cost and short response time, is critical to provide a prompt clinical result in circumstances where the laboratory instruments are not available. This review throws light on the current strategies and challenges for nucleic acid diagnosis with commercial portable devices, indicating the future prospect of portable diagnostic devices and making a great difference in improving the healthcare and disease surveillance in resource-limited areas.

Phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P

Enhancing anode performance is a critical step to improving the power output and energy storage of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, MFCs containing pseudocapacitive anode materials, such as polypyrrole-carboxymethyl cellulose (PPy-CMC) composite films, were used to coat the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT)/sponge (S) for use in MFCs. The capacitive anode could function as a bioanode, store electrons generated from the microbial oxidation of a substrate, and release the accumulated charge as needed. Scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the composite anode had a three-dimensional macroporous structure with a large specific surface area, providing more sites for microbial attachment and growth. Experimental results showed that MFCs equipped with PPy-CMC/N-CNT/S capacitive bioanodes had a maximum power density of 4.88 W m−3, which was 1.34 and 1.71 times as much as those of PPy/N-CNT/S and N-CNT/S bioanodes (3.65 and 2.85 W m−3), respectively. Moreover, the charge–discharge time of 60–90 min, the total charge Qm of the MFC equipped with the PPy-CMC/N-CNT/S anode was the largest (5154.08 mC cm−2)—5.7 times higher than that of the N-CNT/S anode. The excellent performance of the MFC equipped with the PPy-CMC/N-CNT/S anode was attributable to the composite materials, which exhibited a large-pore structure, good biocompatibility, large capacitance, and high specific surface area. Therefore, this synthesized composite exhibited potential as a capacitive and biocompatible anode material in MFCs.

In recent years, microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been regarded as a promising technology for dye wastewater treatment. Compared with traditional anaerobic reactors, MFC has better decolorization effect while producing electricity simultaneously. In this paper, a double-chamber MFC with the sponge anode modified by polyaniline and chitosan-NCNTs was employed for simultaneous azo dye decolorization and bioelectricity generation. The influence of dye concentration, co-substrate concentration, and operating temperature on the performance of MFC with the modified anodes were studied. The results showed that a high decolorization efficiency (98.41%) and maximum power density (2816.67 mW m-3) of MFC equipped with modified bioanodes were achieved due to the biocompatibility and bioelectrocatalysis of modified material. And the biomass on the modified anode's surface was increased by 1.47 times. Additionally, microbial community analysis revealed that the modification of polyaniline and chitosan-NCNTs improved the selective enrichment of specific communities and the main microorganism was the electroactive and decolorizing bacteria Enterobacter (62.84%). Therefore, the composite anode is capable of fully utilizing the synergistic role of various materials, leading to superior performance of dye decolorization in MFCs. This work provided a strategy for the research on the recovery of biomass energy and decolorization in wastewater treatment. Graphical Abstract.

Estimating truck emissions accurately would benefit atmospheric research and public health protection. Here, we developed a full-sample enumeration approach TrackATruck to bridge low-frequency but full-size vehicles driving big data to high-resolution emission inventories. Based on 19 billion trajectories, we show how big the emission difference could be using different approaches: 99% variation coefficients on regional total (including 31% emissions from non-local trucks), and ± as large as 15 times on individual counties. Even if total amounts are set the same, the emissions on primary cargo routes were underestimated in the former by a multiple of 2–10 using aggregated approaches. Time allocation proxies are generated, indicating the importance of day-to-day estimation because the variation reached 26-fold. Low emission zone policy reduced emissions in the zone, but raised emissions in upwind areas in Beijing's case. Comprehensive measures should be considered, e.g. the demand-side optimization., There lacks a method to measure the rapid changes of vehicle emissions. Here the authors proposed a big data approach ‘TrackATruck’, and their estimates using the new approach show that the heavy-duty trucks (HDT) emissions of primary cargo routes/terminals were underestimated by 2–10 times in proxy-based emission inventories.

Phytochromes are red (R) and far-red (FR) light photoreceptors in plants, and PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) are a group of basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factors that play central roles in repressing photomorphogenesis. Here, we report that MYB30, an R2R3-MYB family transcription factor, acts as a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that MYB30 preferentially interacts with the Pfr (active) forms of the phytochrome A (phyA) and phytochrome B (phyB) holoproteins and that MYB30 levels are induced by phyA and phyB in the light. It was previously shown that phytochromes induce rapid phosphorylation and degradation of PIFs upon R light exposure. Our current data indicate that MYB30 promotes PIF4 and PIF5 protein reaccumulation under prolonged R light irradiation by directly binding to their promoters to induce their expression and by inhibiting the interaction of PIF4 and PIF5 with the Pfr form of phyB. In addition, our data indicate that MYB30 interacts with PIFs and that they act additively to repress photomorphogenesis. In summary, our study demonstrates that MYB30 negatively regulates Arabidopsis photomorphogenic development by acting to promote PIF4 and PIF5 protein accumulation under prolonged R light irradiation, thus providing new insights into the complicated but delicate control of PIFs in the responses of plants to their dynamic light environment.

The structure and biocompatibility of anode materials significantly affect the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). A biocompatible polyaniline–sodium alginate (PANI–SA) composite was prepared in situ oxidation polymerization on the 3D porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube/sponge (NCNT/S) to construct a high-performance microbial fuel cell in this investigation. The SEM showed that PANI–SA composite anode had a three-dimensional macroporous structure, and nitrogen-doped nanotubes were wound around the sponge skeleton, which had a large specific surface area, provided more places for the attachment and growth of microorganisms. A dual-chamber MFC equipped with a PANI–SA/NCNT/S bioanode to achieve a power density of 4380 mW m−3, which was much greater than the other MFCs. During the charge–discharge time of 60–90 min, the PANI–SA/NCNT/S bioanode had the highest total charge value of 26,617.86 C m−2, which was 3.23 times higher than that of NCNT/S (8231.87 C m−2). High-throughput sequencing results showed that the PANI–SA/NCNT/S bioanode exhibited high community diversity and selective enrichment of electrogenic bacteria. The excellent performance of the MFC equipped with PANI–SA/NCNT/S anode was attributed to the composite materials, which could be attributed to the large-pore network structure, better biocompatibility, large capacitance and high specific surface area. Illustration of the process for the preparation of PANI–SA

Desirable biosensing assays need to be sensitive, specific, cost-effective, instrument-free, and versatile. Herein we report a new strategy termed CLIPON (CRISPR and Large DNA assembly Induced Pregnancy strips for signal-ON detection) that can deliver these traits. CLIPON integrates a commercial pregnancy test strip (PTS) with four biological elements: the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), CRISPR-Cas12a, crRNA and cauliflower-like large-sized DNA assemblies (CLD). CLIPON uses the Cas12a/crRNA complex both to recognize a target of interest and to release CLD-bound hCG so that target presence can translate into a colorimetric signal on the PTS. We demonstrate the versatility of CLIPON through sensitive and specific detection of HPV genomic DNA, SARS-CoV-2 genomic RNA and adenosine. We also engineer a cell phone app and a hand-held microchip to achieve signal quantification. CLIPON represents an attractive option for biosensing and point-of-care diagnostics.

ObjectiveTo explore the therapeutic efficacy of intrauterine perfusion of cyclosporin A (CsA) in intractable recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) patients with endometrial alloimmune dysfunction.MethodsThis is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of patients with intractable RSA with endometrial alloimmune disorders. A total of 201 women were enrolled, all of whom had at least 3 serial abortions and endometrial alloimmune dysfunction. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups. The CsA group (n= 101) received intrauterine infusion of 250 mg CsA on the 3rd and 7th days after menstruation for 2 menstrual cycles, while the placebo group (n= 100) received placebo. The birth of healthy, deformity-free babies was the main study outcome.ResultsIn total, 75 (74.26%) women in the CsA group and 59 (59.00%) women in the placebo group gave birth to healthy babies [P= 0.01,OR= 2.01; 95%CI(1.10∼3.65)]. Compared to the placebo group, the CsA group had dramatically lower endometrial CD56+cell and CD57+cell concentrations at the luteal phase of the second menstrual cycle (P< 0.05).ConclusionIntrauterine perfusion of CsA was confirmed to be a promising approach for the treatment of intractable alloimmune RSA.

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from mobile sources contribute significantly to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. However, the assessments of IVOC emissions remain considerably uncertain due to the lack of localized measured data and detailed emission source classifications. This study established a comprehensive database of IVOC emission factors (EFs) for mobile sources based on the diversified measured EFs and correlations with hydrocarbons. The provincial-level IVOC emission inventories over China were further established by integrating activity data of various mobile sources. The national mobile source IVOC emissions were 507.5 Gg in 2017. The IVOC emissions of on-road and non-road mobile sources were roughly the same. Trucks and non-road construction machineries were the major contributors to IVOC emissions, accounting for66 % of the total. The IVOC emission characteristics and spatial distributions from various mobile sources varied significantly with different types and usages. The IVOC emission inventories with detailed classifications can be used to evaluate emission control policies for mobile sources. Incorporating localized measured data would be beneficial for a better understanding for the atmospheric impacts of mobile source IVOC emissions.

Coronavirus diseases such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), pose serious threats. Portable and accurate nucleic acid detection is still an urgent need to achieve on-site virus screening and timely infection control. Herein, we have developed an on-site, semiautomatic detection system, aiming at simultaneously overcoming the shortcomings suffered by various commercially available assays, such as low accuracy, poor portability, instrument dependency, and labor intensity. Ultrasensitive isothermal amplification [i.e., reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)] was applied to generate intensified SARS-CoV-2 RNA signals, which were then transduced to portable commercial pregnancy test strips (PTSs) via ultraspecific human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-conjugated toehold-mediated strand exchange (TMSE) probes (hCG-P). The entire detection was integrated into a four-channel, palm-size microfluidic device, named the microfluidic point-of-care (POC) diagnosis system based on the PTS (MPSP) detection system. It provides rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive detection, of which the lowest concentration of detection was 0.5 copy/μL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, regardless of the presence of other similar viruses, even highly similar severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The successful detection of the authentic samples from different resources evaluated the practical application. The commercial PTS provides a colorimetric visible signal, which is instrument- and optimization-free. Therefore, this MPSP system can be immediately used for SARS-CoV-2 emergency detection, and it is worthy of further optimization to achieve full automation and detection for other infectious diseases.

With increasing road and non-road vehicles in use, air quality and human health have been under greater pressure in recent years. Generally, changes involving aerosol-based vehicular pollutants are...

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of etanercept in the treatment of refractory recurrent spontaneous abortion with innate immune disorders. Materials and methods: A randomized controlled trial in patients with refractory innate immune RSA was conducted in our hospital. 188 patients were selected, all with at least 4 consecutive miscarriages and caused by innate immunity disorders. Patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group (n = 95) used etanercept 25 mg per week starting from the first day after menstruation, while the other (n = 93) with placebo. Delivery of a healthy baby without malformations was regarded as the primary outcome. Results: In etanercept group, 85 (89.47%) patients delivered a healthy baby, while in placebo group, this number was only 67 (72.04%) [P = 0.01, OR = 3.30; 95% CI(1.49～7.32)]. Significantly lower levels of TNF-α and NK cell activity were observed in gestation weeks 4–10 in etanercept group versus placebo group (P