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Abstract Objective Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 10 (USP10), a typical de-ubiquitinase, has been found to play a double-edged role in human cancers. Previously, we reported that the expression of USP10 was negatively correlated with the depth of gastric wall invasion, lymph node metastasis, and prognosis in gastric cancer (GC) patients. However, it remains unclear whether USP10 can regulate the metastasis of GC cells through its de-ubiquitination function. Methods In this study, proteome, ubiquitinome, and transcriptome analyses were conducted to comprehensively identify novel de-ubiquitination targets for USP10 in GC cells. Subsequently, a series of validation experiments, including in vitro cell culture studies, in vivo metastatic tumor models, and clinical sample analyses, were performed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of USP10 and its de-ubiquitination targets in GC metastasis. Results After overexpression of USP10 in GC cells, 146 proteins, 489 ubiquitin sites, and 61 mRNAs exhibited differential expression. By integrating the results of multi-omics, we ultimately screened 9 potential substrates of USP10, including TNFRSF10B, SLC2A3, CD44, CSTF2, RPS27, TPD52, GPS1, RNF185, and MED16. Among them, TNFRSF10B was further verified as a direct de-ubiquitination target for USP10 by Co-IP and protein stabilization assays. The dysregulation of USP10 or TNFRSF10B affected the migration and invasion of GC cells in vitro and in vivo models. Molecular mechanism studies showed that USP10 inhibited the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process by increasing the stability of TNFRSF10B protein, thereby regulating the migration and invasion of GC cells. Finally, the retrospective clinical sample studies demonstrated that the downregulation of TNFRSF10B expression was associated with poor survival among 4 of 7 GC cohorts, and the expression of TNFRSF10B protein was significantly negatively correlated with the incidence of distant metastasis, diffuse type, and poorly cohesive carcinoma. Conclusions Our study established a high-throughput strategy for screening de-ubiquitination targets for USP10 and further confirmed that inhibiting the ubiquitination of TNFRSF10B might be a promising therapeutic strategy for GC metastasis.

Abstract Objective To observe the long-term effects of total hysterectomy on urinary function, evaluate the effects of preoperative nutritional status, urinary occult infection, and surgical factors on the induction of postoperative stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and explore the incidence and risk factors of SUI. Study design From January 2017 to December 2017, 164 patients with benign non-prolapsing diseases who underwent a laparoscopic total hysterectomy in the First People's Hospital of Taicang were selected as the analysis objects. The International Incontinence Standard Questionnaire for Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (ICIQ-FLUTS) and Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire-short version 20 (PFDI-20) were used for telephone follow-up to subjectively assess the urinary function of patients, collect their medical records, and statistically analyze the number of postoperative SUI cases. Logistic multivariate analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of postoperative female SUI, presented as adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results Only 97 out of 164 patients completed the ICIQ-FLUTS and PFDI-20 questionnaires. Among these participants, 28 patients (28.86%) were diagnosed with SUI (study group), while 69 patients (71.13%) were classified as women without SUI (control group). The age, menopause, parity ≥ 2 times, Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 28 kg/m2, neonatal weight ≥ 4000 g, history of chronic cough, preoperative hemoglobin ≤ 100 g/L, preoperative urine bacteria ≥ 100u/L, preoperative uterine volume ≥ 90 cm3, intraoperative blood loss, and operation time of the study group were compared with those of the control group. The differences were statistically significant (P

[INLINE:1] Studies have shown that C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-6 (CTRP6) can alleviate renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. However, its role in the brain remains poorly understood. To investigate the role of CTRP6 in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with diabetes mellitus, a diabetes mellitus mouse model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. To overexpress CTRP6 in the brain, an adeno-associated virus carrying CTRP6 was injected into the lateral ventricle. The result was that oxygen injury and inflammation in brain tissue were clearly attenuated, and the number of neurons was greatly reduced. In vitro experiments showed that CTRP6 knockout exacerbated oxidative damage, inflammatory reaction, and apoptosis in cerebral cortical neurons in high glucose hypoxia-simulated diabetic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. CTRP6 overexpression enhanced the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway in diabetic brains after ischemia/reperfusion injury. To investigate the mechanism underlying these effects, we examined mice with depletion of brain tissue-specific sirtuin-1. CTRP6-like protection was achieved by activating the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that CTRP6 likely attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through activation of the sirtuin-1 signaling pathway.

Ferroptosis is a form of non-apoptotic programmed cell death, and its mechanisms mainly involve the accumulation of lipid peroxides, imbalance in the amino acid antioxidant system, and disordered iron metabolism. The primary organelle responsible for coordinating external challenges and internal cell demands is the endoplasmic reticulum, and the progression of inflammatory diseases can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress. Evidence has suggested that ferroptosis may share pathways or interact with endoplasmic reticulum stress in many diseases and plays a role in cell survival. Ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress may occur after ischemic stroke. However, there are few reports on the interactions of ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress with ischemic stroke. This review summarized the recent research on the relationships between ferroptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress and ischemic stroke, aiming to provide a reference for developing treatments for ischemic stroke.

Glioma, the most prevalent primary brain tumor in adults, is characterized by significant invasiveness and resistance. Current glioma treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, but these methods often fail to eliminate the tumor completely, leading to recurrence and poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, a class of commonly used immunotherapeutic drugs, have demonstrated excellent efficacy in treating various solid malignancies. Recent research has indicated that unconventional levels of expression of the MAP2K3 gene closely correlates with glioma malignancy, hinting it could be a potential immunotherapy target. Our study unveiled substantial involvement of MAP2K3 in gliomas, indicating the potential of the enzyme to serve as a prognostic biomarker related to immunity. Through the regulation of the infiltration of immune cells, MAP2K3 can affect the prognosis of patients with glioma. These discoveries establish a theoretical foundation for exploring the biological mechanisms underlying MAP2K3 and its potential applications in glioma treatment.

Abstract Background Few prior studies have investigated the income gradient in child mental health from a socio-environmental perspective. In an age when child mental health problems in a rapidly changing social environment have become a worldwide issue, an understanding of the socio-environmental mechanisms of the income disparities in child mental health outcomes is imperative and cost-effective. Methods By conducting structural equation analyses with Chinese nationally representative survey data, this study explored the family income gradient in child depression and its potential socio-environmental pathways at the neighborhood, family and school levels, differentiating left-behind and not-left-behind children. Results We found a robust family income gradient in depressive symptoms. Neighborhood cohesion mitigated the income gradient in depressive symptoms by playing a suppression role. School social capital acted as a mediator. Neighborhood trust, neighborhood safety and family social capital played no significant impact. The mitigating and mediating roles of social capital components were significant among only the not-left-behind children. Conclusions To reduce income-related inequalities in child mental health in the long run, integrating policies that directly reduce poverty with policies that improve distal socio-environments is necessary.

Tetra-n-butylammonium Bromide (TBAB) finds extensive use in diverse applications. An in-depth investigation into the effects of the formation conditions on TBAB hydrate is necessary to optimize the application process. This work focuses on examining the influence of the mass concentration of TBAB solution and the cooling rate on TBAB hydrate formation through optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The TBAB hydrate formation process occurs in a confined space created by an optical sheet with a 0.03 mm deep groove. Four TBAB solutions of 13. 8 wt%, 18 wt%, 32 wt%, and 40 wt% are investigated, and the supercooling required for hydrate nucleation increases with concentration at a cooling rate of 0.5 K/min. Notably, Type A TBAB hydrate preferentially forms in all of the solutions, although type B hydrate is thermodynamically stable in the two dilute solutions. At a larger cooling rate of 2 K/min, two distinct crystal growth patterns are observed: one controlled by mass transfer and the other regulated by heat transfer. Increasing the cooling rate not only alters the optical morphology, but also reduces the supercooling due to a decrease in the Gibbs free energy barrier caused by a larger temperature gradient. This is beneficial for practical applications as it helps to alleviate the supercooling degree.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) cell therapy has been widely used in hematological malignancies and has achieved remarkable results, but its long-term efficacy in solid tumors is greatly limited by factors such as the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this paper, we discuss the latest research and future views on CAR-T cell cancer immunotherapy, compare the different characteristics of traditional immunotherapy and CAR-T cell therapy, introduce the latest progress in CAR-T cell immunotherapy, and analyze the obstacles that hinder the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy, including immunosuppressive factors, metabolic energy deficiency, and physical barriers. We then further discuss the latest therapeutic strategies to overcome these barriers, as well as management decisions regarding the possible safety issues of CAR-T cell therapy, to facilitate solutions to the limited use of CAR-T immunotherapy.

BackgroundMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important players in the complex pathophysiology of ischemic stroke (IS). Recent studies have shown that tremendous progress has been made in the research of MMPs in IS. However, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis is lacking in this research field. This study aimed to introduce the research status as well as hotspots and explore the field of MMPs in IS from a bibliometric perspective.MethodsThis study collected 1,441 records related to MMPs in IS from 1979 to 2022 in the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database, among them the first paper was published in 1992. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and R package “bibliometrix” software were used to analyze the publication type, author, institution, country, keywords, and other relevant data in detail, and made descriptive statistics to provide new ideas for future clinical and scientific research.ResultsThe change in the number of publications related to MMPs in IS can be divided into three stages: the first stage was from 1992 to 2012, when the number of publications increased steadily; the second stage was from 2013 to 2017, when the number of publications was relatively stable; the third stage was from 2018 to 2022, when the number of publications began to decline. The United States and China, contributing more than 64% of publications, were the main drivers for research in this field. Universities in the United States were the most active institutions and contributed the most publications. STROKE is the most popular journal in this field with the largest publications as well as the most co-cited journal. Rosenberg GA was the most prolific writer and has the most citations. “Clinical,” “Medical,” “Neurology,” “Immunology” and “Biochemistry molecular biology” were the main research areas of MMPs in IS. “Molecular regulation,” “Metalloproteinase-9 concentration,” “Clinical translation” and “Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion” are the primary keywords clusters in this field.ConclusionThis is the first bibliometric study that comprehensively mapped out the knowledge structure and development trends in the research field of MMPs in IS in recent 30 years, which will provide a reference for scholars studying this field.

Abstract Background and purpose Stroke is associated with high disability and mortality rates and increases the incidence of organ-related complications. Research has revealed that the outcomes and prognosis of stroke are regulated by the state of the intestinal microbiota. However, the possibility that the manipulation of the intestinal microbiota can alter sex-related stroke outcomes remain unknown. Methods To verify the different effects of microbiota from different sexes on stroke outcomes, we performed mouse fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and established a model of ischemic stroke. Male and female mice received either male or female microbiota through FMT. Ischemic stroke was triggered by MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), and sham surgery served as a control. Over the next few weeks, the mice underwent neurological evaluation and metabolite and inflammatory level detection, and we collected fecal samples for 16S ribosomal RNA analysis. Results We found that when the female mice were not treated with FMT, the microbiota (especially the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio) and the levels of three main metabolites tended to resemble those of male mice after experimental stroke, indicating that stroke can induce an ecological imbalance in the biological community. Through intragastric administration, the gut microbiota of male and female mice was altered to resemble that of the other sex. In general, in female mice after MCAO, the survival rate was increased, the infarct area was reduced, behavioral test performance was improved, the release of beneficial metabolites was promoted and the level of inflammation was mitigated. In contrast, mice that received male microbiota were much more hampered in terms of protection against brain damage and the recovery of neurological function. Conclusion A female-like biological community reduces the level of systemic proinflammatory cytokines after ischemic stroke. Poor stroke outcomes can be positively modulated following supplementation with female gut microbiota.

Background and Aims: The immune-inflammatory cascade and pyroptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). The maintenance of immune homeostasis is inextricably linked to the Notch signaling pathway, but whether myeloid Notch1 affects microglia polarization as well as neuronal pyroptosis in CIRI is not fully understood. This study was designed to clarify the role of myeloid Notch1 in CIRI, providing new therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke. Methods and Results: Myeloid-specific Notch1 knockout (Notch1M-KO) mice and the floxed Notch1 (Notch1FL/FL) mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 3 days of CIRI, we evaluated the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Notch1 and microglial subtype markers. Cerebral infiltrating macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. RT-qPCR was used to detect pro-inflammatory cytokines. Western blot was used to detect the expression of pyroptosis related proteins. The Notch1-siRNA transfected BV2 cells were co-cultured with HT22 cells to investigate the potential mechanisms by which microglial Notch1 affects neuronal pyroptosis induced by anoxia/reoxygenation in vitro. We found that Notch1 was activated in cerebral microglia/macrophages after CIRI. Myeloid Notch1 deficiency decreased the cerebral infarct volume (24.17 ± 3.29 vs. 36.17 ± 2.27, p < 0.001), neurological function scores (2.33 ± 0.47 vs. 3.17 ± 0.37, p < 0.001) and the infiltration of peripheral monocytes/macrophages (3.26 ± 0.53 vs. 5.67 ± 0.57, p < 0.01). Strikingly, myeloid-specific Notch1 knockout alleviated pyroptosis. Compared with microglia M1, increased microglia M2 were detected in the ischemic penumbra. In parallel in vitro co-culture experiments, we found that Notch1 knockdown in microglial BV2 cells inhibited anoxia/reoxygenation-induced JAK2/STAT3 activation and pyroptosis in hippocampal neuron HT22 cells. Conclusions: Our findings elucidate the underlying mechanism of the myeloid Notch1 signaling pathway in regulating neuronal pyroptosis in CIRI, suggesting that targeting myeloid-specific Notch1 is an effective strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Chlorpyrifos has been used extensively for decades to control crop pests and disease-transmitting insects; its contribution to increasing food security and minimizing the spread of diseases has been well documented. Pymetrozine and Avermectin (also known as abamectin) have been used to replace the toxic organophosphate insecticides (e.g., Chlorpyrifos) applied to rice crops in China, where the overuse of pesticides has occurred. In addition, climate change has exacerbated pesticide use and pollution. Thus, farmers and communities are at risk of exposure to pesticide pollution. This study reviews the contamination, exposure, and health risks through environmental and biological monitoring of the legacy pesticide Chlorpyrifos and currently used insecticides Pymetrozine and Avermectin in China; it investigates whether changes in pesticide usage from Chlorpyrifos to Pymetrozine and Avermectin reduce pesticide contamination and health hazards to communities and residents. In addition, this review discusses whether Pymetrozine and Avermectin applications could be recommended in other countries where farmers largely use Chlorpyrifos and are exposed to high health risks under climate change scenarios. Although Chlorpyrifos is now banned in China, farmers and residents exposed to Chlorpyrifos are still experiencing adverse health effects. Local farmers still consider Chlorpyrifos an effective pesticide and continue to use it illegally in some areas. As a result, the concentration levels of Chlorpyrifos still exceed risk-based thresholds, and the occurrence of Chlorpyrifos with high toxicity in multiple environmental routes causes serious health effects owing to its long-term and wide application. The bioaccumulation of the currently used insecticides Pymetrozine and Avermectin in the environment is unlikely. Pymetrozine and Avermectin used in paddy water and soil for crop growth do not pose a significant hazard to public health. A change in pesticide use from Chlorpyrifos to Pymetrozine and Avermectin can reduce the pesticide contamination of the environment and health hazards to communities and residents. Finally, we recommend Pymetrozine and Avermectin in other countries, such as Vietnam, and countries in Africa, such as Ghana, where farmers still largely use Chlorpyrifos.

The past decade has witnessed unprecedented medical progress, which has translated into cardiac surgery being increasingly common and safe. However, complications such as postoperative delirium remain a major concern. Although the pathophysiological changes of delirium after cardiac surgery remain poorly understood, it is widely thought that inflammation and oxidative stress may be potential triggers of delirium. The development of delirium following cardiac surgery is associated with perioperative risk factors. Multiple interventions are being explored to prevent and treat delirium. Therefore, research on the potential role of biomarkers in delirium as well as identification of perioperative risk factors and pharmacological interventions are necessary to mitigate the development of delirium.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a distinct subtype of extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mainly affects elderly population characterized by selective infiltration of neoplastic cells within the lumina of small vessels. Prostate primary IVLBCL is extremely rare. Herein we present a case of a 76-year-old male patient who was admitted with symptoms of severe lower urinary tract obstruction. IVLBCL was diagnosed based on histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the precious tissue specimens though transurethral prostate resection. Awareness and accurate diagnosis are very important to guide the clinicals in formulation of diagnosis and treatment plan.

Abstract Background The importance of social and economic capital as predictors of health is widely documented, yet the complexity of interactions between them and effects on older people’s health is still unclear. Combining the material and psychosocial explanations of health, this study explores the potential interactions between social and economic capital in influencing older adults’ health in urban and rural China. Methods Using data from the China Family Panel Survey, physical and mental health in 2018 were regressed on social and economic capital indicators in 2016, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics of 3535 respondents aged 65 and older. Rothman’s synergy index was calculated to investigate potential interaction effects. Results Economic hardships were significantly related to both self-reported health and mental health. Neighborhood cohesion and social participation were significantly associated with mental health for all, bonding trust was significantly associated with mental health for urban older people. We found no significant associations between social capital components and self-reported health. There was an interaction effect between low neighborhood cohesion and economic hardships, and between low social participation and economic hardships, creating an increased burden of poor mental health. The interaction effect between low bonding trust and economic hardships on mental health was apparent only among urban older people. Conclusions Geographical settings are important factors in the complexity between social and economic capital in affecting older health. Intervention efforts directed towards reducing simultaneously multiple dimensions of deprivation, such as poverty, social exclusion, social isolation, could be helpful in improving older people’s health. In materially deprived places, policies to promote health equity by improving social capital but without eliminating poverty may be less effective.

Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor in the human brain. The present study was designed to explore the expression of PIMREG in glioma and its relevance to the clinicopathological features and prognosis of glioma patients. The correlations of PIMREG with the infiltrating levels of immune cells and its relevance to the response to immunotherapy were also investigated. PIMREG expression in glioma was analyzed based on the GEO, TCGA, and HPA databases. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to examine the predictive value of PIMREG for the prognosis of patients with glioma. The correlation between the infiltrating levels of immune cells in glioma and PIMREG was analyzed using the CIBERSORT algorithm and TIMRE database. The correlation between PIMREG and immune checkpoints and its correlation with the patients’ responses to immunotherapy were analyzed using R software and the GEPIA dataset. Cell experiments were conducted to verify the action of PIMREG in glioma cell migration and invasion. We found that PIMREG expression was upregulated in gliomas and positively associated with WHO grade. High PIMREG expression was correlated with poor prognosis of LGG, prognosis of all WHO grade gliomas, and prognosis of recurrent gliomas. PIMREG was related to the infiltration of several immune cell types, such as M1 and M2 macrophages, monocytes and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, PIMREG was correlated with immune checkpoints in glioma and correlated with patients’ responses to immunotherapy. KEGG pathway enrichment and GO functional analysis illustrated that PIMREG was related to multiple tumor- and immune-related pathways. In conclusion, PIMREG overexpression in gliomas is associated with poor prognosis of patients with glioma and is related to immune cell infiltrates and the responses to immunotherapy.

Based on residents’ food consumption data from 31 provinces in China from 2015–2021, this study analyzes the deviation in food consumption from nutrition targets and the spatial distribution characteristics of urban and rural residents in China from 2015–2021, and finds that there are irrationalities in the structure of food consumption of Chinese residents as well as regional differences in consumption. The food consumption of Chinese residents deviates from the recommended values of the Chinese Food Guide Pagoda to a certain extent, with large differences between urban and rural areas and provinces. Therefore, a new concept of food security with nutrition as the target should be established to guide residents’ food consumption scientifically and rationally, and to adopt focused attention and targeted measures for regions with serious imbalances in food consumption.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain tumor with a poor prognosis following conventional therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) severely impedes the permeation of chemotherapy drugs, thereby reducing their efficacy. Consequently, it is essential to develop novel GBM treatment methods. A novel kind of pericyte immunotherapy known as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell treatment uses CAR-T cells to target and destroy tumor cells without the aid of the antigen with great specificity and in a manner that is not major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted. It has emerged as one of the most promising therapy techniques with positive clinical outcomes in hematological cancers, particularly leukemia. Due to its efficacy in hematologic cancers, CAR-T cell therapy could potentially treat solid tumors, including GBM. On the other hand, CAR-T cell treatment has not been as therapeutically effective in treating GBM as it has in treating other hematologic malignancies. CAR-T cell treatments for GBM have several challenges. This paper reviewed the use of CAR-T cell therapy in hematologic tumors and the selection of targets, difficulties, and challenges in GBM.

Grains account for a large proportion of the diet of rural residents in Tibet. The lack of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) threatens the population’s nutrition and health. However, the intakes of selenium and zinc in grains remains unclear. To clarify the nutritional status of selenium and zinc consumed from staple grains of residents along the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet, 341 grain samples and 242 urine samples were collected, and 244 food frequency questionnaires were completed along the Yarlung Zangbo River in 2020–2021. The results showed that the selenium concentrations of 88.5% of self-produced tsampa and 80.8% of self-produced flour were lower than the grain selenium threshold (−1). The intake of selenium and zinc from staple grains (tsampa, flour, and rice) contributed 15.0% and 43.5% to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) on average, respectively. A geographical detector model analyzed factors affecting urinary selenium and zinc levels. Selenium and zinc intakes in rice and flour, and dietary diversity score (DDS) were the main factors affecting urinary selenium and zinc (p < 0.01). Their interaction effects on urinary selenium and zinc were greater than those of a single factor. The staple grains of rural residents along the Yarlung Zangbo River were in a state of selenium deficiency. The zinc content of the staple grain purchased was lower than that of the main grain produced by rural residents. Changing the grain consumption pattern and adjusting the proportion of exogenous grains can improve selenium and zinc nutrition in residents.

Abstract The gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) coordinates bidirectional communication between the gut and brain, and is increasingly recognized as playing a central role in physiology and disease. MicroRNAs are important intracellular components secreted by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vital mediators of intercellular and interspecies communication. This review will present current advances in EV-derived microRNAs and their potential functional link with GBMAx. We propose that EV-derived microRNAs comprise a novel regulatory system for GBMAx, and a potential novel therapeutic target for modifying GBMAx in clinical therapy.

Abstract The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a member of the NLR family of inherent immune cell sensors. The NLRP3 inflammasome can detect tissue damage and pathogen invasion through innate immune cell sensor components commonly known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs promote activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thus increasing the transcription of genes encoding proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a complex with multiple components, including an NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1 (NACHT) domain; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC); and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. After ischemic stroke, the NLRP3 inflammasome can produce numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating nerve cell dysfunction and brain edema and ultimately leading to nerve cell death once activated. Ischemic stroke is a disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide and is being observed in increasingly younger populations. To date, there are no clearly effective therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide novel ideas and approaches because targeting of upstream and downstream molecules in the NLRP3 pathway shows promise for ischemic stroke therapy. In this manuscript, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the composition and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the molecules involved in inflammatory pathways, and corresponding drugs or molecules that exert effects after cerebral ischemia. This evidence may provide possible targets or new strategies for ischemic stroke therapy.

Stroke is a disease with high incidence, mortality and disability rates. It is also the main cause of adult disability in developed countries. Stroke is often caused by small emboli on the inner wall of the blood vessels supplying the brain, which can lead to arterial embolism, and can also be caused by cerebrovascular or thrombotic bleeding. With the exception of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), which is a thrombolytic drug used to recanalize the occluded artery, most treatments have been demonstrated to be ineffective. Stroke can also induce peripheral organ damage. Most stroke patients have different degrees of injury to one or more organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and so on. In the acute phase of stroke, severe inflammation occurs in the brain, but there is strong immunosuppression in the peripheral organs, which greatly increases the risk of peripheral organ infection and aggravates organ damage. Nonneurological complications of stroke can affect treatment and prognosis, may cause serious short-term and long-term consequences and are associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality. Many of these complications are preventable, and their adverse effects can be effectively mitigated by early detection and appropriate treatment with various medical measures. This article reviews the pathophysiological mechanism, clinical manifestations and treatment of peripheral organ injury after stroke.

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterized by sudden interruption of blood flow in a certain part of the brain, leading to serious disability and death. At present, treatment methods for ischemic stroke are limited to thrombolysis or thrombus removal, but the treatment window is very narrow. However, recovery of cerebral blood circulation further causes cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays an important role in protein secretion, membrane protein folding, transportation, and maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia pathophysiology. Mild ERS helps improve cell tolerance and restore cell homeostasis; however, excessive or long-term ERS causes apoptotic pathway activation. Specifically, the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathways are significantly activated following initiation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). CIRI-induced apoptosis leads to nerve cell death, which ultimately aggravates neurological deficits in patients. Therefore, it is necessary and important to comprehensively explore the mechanism of ERS in CIRI to identify methods for preserving brain cells and neuronal function after ischemia.

Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) is a potential prognostic marker and is overexpressed in various cancers. This study analyzed sequencing and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus, with external validation using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) data. CKS2 expression in the normal brain and tumor tissue was compared. cBioPortal and MethSurv were utilized to scrutinize the prognostic value of CKS2 methylation. Gene set enrichment examination and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis were employed to explore the potential biological functions of CKS2. Cell viability, colony formation, and transwell assays were conducted to evaluate the influence of CKS2 on glioma cell proliferation and invasion. Compared with normal brain tissue, the expression of CKS2 was upregulated in glioma samples (p < 0.001). Multivariate data analysis from TCGA and CGGA indicated that increased expression of CKS2 was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of overall survival in glioma patients. CKS2 methylation was negatively associated with CKS2 expression. Patients with CKS2 hypomethylation had worse overall survival compared with patients with CKS2 methylation, as suggested by the analysis of both TCGA and CGGA datasets. The expression level of CKS2 is closely related to tumor immunity, including the correlation of tumor immune cell infiltration, immune score, and co-expression of multiple immune-related genes. In addition, CKS2 is associated with several immune checkpoints and responses to the chemotherapy drug cisplatin. CKS2 knockdown impeded the expansion and aggression of glioma cell lines. The changes in CKS2 expression may provide a novel prognostic biomarker that can be used to improve patient overall survival rates.

Previous research linking social capital to child nutritional status primarily constitutes cross-sectional studies. To investigate whether a longitudinal relationship exists, by conducting fixed-effects analyses with 16,977 repeatedly measured observations of 6193 children from the 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 China Family Panel Studies, this study explored the longitudinal effects of neighborhood participation, bonding trust, and bridging trust on the BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) and BMI categories of school-aged children, differentiating between urban and rural residence. We found an increasing average BAZ, a decreasing prevalence of underweight, an increasing prevalence of overweight/obesity, and a reducing urban/rural gap in nutritional status. The levels of social capital components descended faster in the urban area. Bonding trust was predictive of a lower BAZ, a higher likelihood of being underweight, and a lower likelihood of being overweight/obese. Bridging trust was predictive of a higher BAZ. The longitudinal effects of bonding trust were significant among only the rural children. Our findings indicate that neighborhood social capital may impose causal impacts on the nutritional status of children. To effectively improve child nutritional status, a more empathetic governmental approach that promotes a more supportive distal social environment is needed.

Microseismic monitoring is of importance for several geoscience research aspects and for applications in oil and gas industry. For signals generated by the ultra-weak microseismic events, conventional moving-coil geophone systems have reached their limit in detection sensitivity especially at high frequency range. Here we for the first time present a specially tailored fiber-optic sensing system targeting at downhole microseismic monitoring. The system contains 30 individual interferometric accelerometers and 2 reference sensors, which are time-division multiplexed into a 12-level vector seismic sensor array. The multiplexed accelerometers can achieve ~50 ng/√Hz noise equivalent acceleration, which is superior to the commercial available moving-coil geophone systems at frequencies above 200 Hz. The measured sensitivity of the accelerometers can reach ~200 rad/g from 10 Hz to 1 kHz. The dynamic range is above 134 dB over the same frequency range and is higher than its electronic counterpart in the low frequency band. Moreover, the sensors can function properly under the harsh condition of 120 °C temperature and 40 MPa pressure over the 4-hour test duration. The sensor array along with the interrogator has been running uninterruptedly over 3 weeks in a multi-stage hydraulic fracturing stimulation field test. On-site results show that our system can clearly resolve the vector nature of both compressional and shear waves generated by the microseismic events.

Recent studies showed that molecule interacting with CasL2 (MICAL2) could be a novel tumor growth factor, and it is closely associated with tumor growth and invasion. However, the role it plays in glioblastoma (GBM) and its potential mechanisms are currently unknown. Our study is designed to identify the effect of MICAL2 on GBM cells and the potential mechanisms behind it. Here, we found that MICAL2 interacts with TGF receptor-type I (TGFRI) and promotes the proliferation and migration of glioblastoma through the TGF-β/p-Smad2/EMT-like signaling pathway. MICAL2-knockdown inhibited the proliferation of glioblastoma cells, which was related to cell cycle arrest and downregulation of DNA replication. The invasion abilities of U87 and U251 cells were reduced after the knockdown of MICAL2. MICAL2 promoted the growth of GBM in nude mice. High MICAL2 predicts poor outcome of GBM patients. MICAL2 could be identified as a novel promising therapeutic target for human GBM.

TUBA1C, a microtubule component, contributes to the development of several cancers. Our purpose was to study the expression of TUBA1C, its potential prognostic value, and its effects on the infiltration of immune cells of low-grade glioma (LGG). Through applying multiple bioinformatics analyses, we extracted and analyzed datasets from TCGA, TIMER, GTEx, GEPIA, and HPA to investigate the potential oncogenic mechanisms of TUBA1C, including the correlation between TUBA1C and prognosis, immune-checkpoints, tumor microenvironment (TME), and infiltration of immune cells in LGG. GO functional annotations and KEGG pathway analyses were further applied to investigate the potential action of TUBA1C in LGG. We revealed that the mRNA levels of TUBA1C were increased in LGG tumor tissues than in normal tissues. Additionally, TUBA1C was up-regulated in the grade III of LGG than in grade II. Moreover, we found that TUBA1C may be an independent prognostic factor of LGG, and high TUBA1C expression correlated to a poor prognosis of LGG. TUBA1C expression was positively associated with the infiltration of B cells, CD8 T+ cells, CD4+ T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. TUBA1C was also verified to be co-expressed with immune-related genes and immune-checkpoints. GO and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that TUBA1C may potentially regulate the pathogenesis of LGG through immune-related pathways, including chemokine pathway; JAK-STAT pathway; natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity; T cell receptor pathway; leukocyte migration; negative regulation of immune system process; regulation of lymphocyte activation; T cell activation and other pathways. In conclusion, TUBA1C expression is increased in LGG and high TUAB1C expression is related to a poor prognosis. TUBA1C may influence tumor development by regulating the tumor-infiltrating cells in the TME. TUBA1C may be a potential target for immunotherapy.

As one of the most important physical parameters of seawater, salinity is essential to study climatological change, to trace seawater masses and to model ocean dynamics. The traditional way to conduct salinity measurement in hydrographical observation is to use a standard conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) probe where the salinity determination is based on a measurement of electrical conductivity. This article describes some developments of recent years that could lead to a new generation of instruments for the determination of salinity in seawater. Salinity determination with optical salinity sensor based on the refractive index measurement have been extensively studied. Different ways to conduct refractive index measurements are summarized, including measurements based on beam deviation, light wave mode coupling and swelling of surface coating material, among which the optical fiber sensors are promising candidates for further commercialization. Complementary to the above-mentioned direct measurement salinity point sensors, seismic observation takes advantages of large scale multichannel seismic data to retrieve the ocean salinity with high lateral resolution of ∼10 m. This work provide comprehensive information in the techniques related to the marine salinity measurement.

Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein interacting mitotic regulator (PIMREG) localizes to the nucleus and can significantly elevate the nuclear localization of clathrin assembly lymphomedullary leukocythemia gene. Although there is some evidence to support an important action for PIMREG in the occurrence and development of certain cancers, currently no pan-cancer analysis of PIMREG is available. Therefore, we intended to estimate the prognostic predictive value of PIMREG and to explore its potential immune function in 33 cancer types. By using a series of bioinformatics approaches, we extracted and analyzed datasets from Oncomine, The Cancer Genome Atlas, Cancer Cell Lineage Encyclopedia (CCLE) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), to explore the underlying carcinogenesis of PIMREG, including relevance of PIMREG to prognosis, microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor microenvironment (TME) and infiltration of immune cells in various types of cancer. Our findings indicate that PIMREG is highly expressed in at least 24 types of cancer, and is negatively correlated with prognosis in major cancer types. In addition, PIMREG expression was correlated with TMB in 24 cancers and with MSI in 10 cancers. We revealed that PIMREG is co-expressed with genes encoding major histocompatibility complex, immune activation, immune suppression, chemokine and chemokine receptors. We also found that the different roles of PIMREG in the infiltration of different immune cell types in different tumors. PIMREG can potentially influence the etiology or pathogenesis of cancer by acting on immune-related pathways, chemokine signaling pathway, regulation of autophagy, RIG-I like receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, FC epsilon RI pathway, complement and coagulation cascades, T cell receptor pathway, NK cell mediated cytotoxicity and other immune-related pathways. Our study suggests that PIMREG can be applied as a prognostic marker in a variety of malignancies because of its role in tumorigenesis and immune infiltration.

Ischemic stroke is one of the main issues threatening human health worldwide, and it is also the main cause of permanent disability in adults. Energy consumption and hypoxia after ischemic stroke leads to the death of nerve cells, activate resident glial cells, and promote the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain, resulting in various immune-mediated effects and even contradictory effects. Immune cell infiltration can mediate neuronal apoptosis and aggravate ischemic injury, but it can also promote neuronal repair, differentiation and regeneration. The central nervous system (CNS), which is one of the most important immune privileged parts of the human body, is separated from the peripheral immune system by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Under physiological conditions, the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the CNS is controlled by the BBB and regulated by the interaction between immune cells and vascular endothelial cells. As the immune response plays a key role in regulating the development of ischemic injury, neutrophils have been proven to be involved in many inflammatory diseases, especially acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, neutrophils may play a dual role in the CNS. Neutrophils are the first group of immune cells to enter the brain from the periphery after ischemic stroke, and their exact role in cerebral ischemia remains to be further explored. Elucidating the characteristics of immune cells and their role in the regulation of the inflammatory response may lead to the identification of new potential therapeutic strategies. Thus, this review will specifically discuss the role of neutrophils in ischemic stroke from production to functional differentiation, emphasizing promising targeted interventions, which may promote the development of ischemic stroke treatments in the future.

BackgroundInflammatory responses play a multiphase role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic stroke (IS). Ruxolitinib (Rux), a selective oral JAK 1/2 inhibitor, reduces inflammatory responses via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Based on its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, we hypothesized that it may have a protective effect against stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate whether inhibition of JAK2 has a neuroprotective effect on ischemic stroke and to explore the potential molecular mechanisms.MethodsRux, MCC950 or vehicle was applied to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice in vivo and an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. After 3 days of reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume and brain water content were assessed. Immunofluorescence staining and western blots were used to measure the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components. The infiltrating cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Proinflammatory cytokines were assessed by RT-qPCR. The expression of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway was measured by western blots. Local STAT3 deficiency in brain tissue was established with a lentiviral vector carrying STAT3 shRNA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to investigate the interplay between NLRP3 and STAT3 signaling.ResultsRux treatment improved neurological scores, decreased the infarct size and ameliorated cerebral edema 3 days after stroke. In addition, immunofluorescence staining and western blots showed that Rux application inhibited the expression of proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome and phosphorylated STAT3 (P-STAT3) in neurons and microglia/macrophages. Furthermore, Rux administration inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, HMGB1, IL-1β, IL-2, and IL-6, suggesting that Rux may alleviate IS injury by inhibiting proinflammatory reactions via JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway regulation. Infiltrating macrophages, B, T, cells were also reduced by Rux. Local STAT3 deficiency in brain tissue decreased histone H3 and H4 acetylation on the NLRP3 promoter and NLRP3 inflammasome component expression, indicating that the NLRP3 inflammasome may be directly regulated by STAT3 signaling. Rux application suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome secretion and JAK2/STAT3 pathway activation in the OGD/R model in vitro.ConclusionJAK2 inhibition by Rux in MCAO mice decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting the expression of downstream proinflammatory cytokines and the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 on the NLRP3 promoter, resulting in the downregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression.

Glioma is the common, most aggressive and poorest prognostic tumor type in the brain. More and more biomarkers associated with glioma treatment, prognosis, and immunity are being discovered. Here, we aimed to explore the underlying biological functions and prognostic predictive value of Apolipoprotein L4 (APOL4) in glioma. We downloaded the expression data of APOL4 and clinical information from several databases and used R software for preprocessing. The clinical significance of APOL4 in a glioma outcome was explored by the Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. In addition, immune infiltrates and microenvironmental indicators were assessed by CIBERSORT and TIMER. GO and KEGG analyses were used to analyze the potential functions of APOL4 in gliomas. APOL4 expression was increased in glioma specimens compared to normal tissues and correlated dramatically with the WHO grade. A survival analysis showed a shorter overall survival (OS) in glioma patients with APOL4 overexpression, and a Cox regression analysis showed that APOL4 was an independent prognostic factor for the OS of glioma patients. GSEA, GO, and KEGG enrichment analyses showed remarkable enrichment in immune-related pathways. APOL4 expression was positively correlated with immune infiltration (including DC cells, neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, CD4+ T cells, etc.) and microenvironmental parameters (including immune, stromal, and ESTIMATE scores) in gliomas. Glioma patients with a higher expression of APOL4 may be more sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). In conclusion, these findings suggest that APOL4 is associated with the tumor grade and immune infiltrates; APOL4 may be a new and potential biomarker for therapeutic and prognostic evaluations that may further suggest the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy.

A radar is an important part of an air defense and combat system. It is of great significance to military defense to improve the effectiveness of radar state monitoring and the accuracy of fault diagnosis during operation. However, the complexity of radar equipment’s structure and the uncertainty of the operating environment greatly increase the difficulty of fault diagnosis in real life situations. Therefore, a Bayesian network diagnosis method based on multi-source information fusion technology is proposed to solve the fault diagnosis problems caused by uncertain factors such as the high integration and complexity of the system during the process of fault diagnosis. Taking a fault of a radar receiver as an example, we study 2 typical fault phenomena and 21 fault points. After acquiring and processing multi-source information, establishing a Bayesian network model, determining conditional probability tables (CPTs), and finally outputting the diagnosis results. The results are convincing and consistent with reality, which verifies the effectiveness of this method for fault diagnosis in radar receivers. It realizes device-level fault diagnosis, which shortens the maintenance time for radars and improves the reliability and maintainability of radars. Our results have significance as a guide for judging the fault location of radars and predicting the vulnerable components of radars.

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and mortality in the world, but the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke (IS) is not completely clear and treatments are limited. Mounting evidence indicate that neovascularization is a critical defensive reaction to hypoxia that modulates the process of long-term neurologic recovery after IS. Angiogenesis is a complex process in which the original endothelial cells in blood vessels are differentiated, proliferated, migrated, and finally remolded into new blood vessels. Many immune cells and cytokines, as well as growth factors, are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of angiogenesis. Inflammatory cells can affect endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and activation by secreting a variety of cytokines via various inflammation-relative signaling pathways and thus participate in the process of angiogenesis. However, the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Hence, this review aimed to discuss the mechanism of inflammation-mediated angiogenesis in IS and to provide new ideas for clinical treatment of IS.

Dietary imbalances are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, both in China and globally. Abnormal element content in the natural environment and the unbalanced dietary structure of populations coexist in the Tibetan Plateau. This study analyzed the dietary and food consumption patterns of 617 Tibetan residents and their associated factors. Cluster analysis revealed three modes of dietary pattern; the food consumption scores (FCSs) of subjects in modes with relatively high consumption frequency of staple food and relatively singular dietary structure were the lowest. Although the FCSs of most subjects were acceptable (FCS > 35), subjects with relatively low FCSs were more dependent on locally cultivated highland barley that is probably low in selenium. Hierarchical linear models revealed both individual–family and regional factors were significantly related (p values < 0.05) with the food consumption of subjects as follows: age, travel time from township to county, and cultivation area of highland barley were negatively related; numbers of individuals aged 40–60 years and pork, beef, and mutton production were positively related. Individuals with secondary or higher education had higher FCSs. A single indicator may be incomprehensive in dietary and food consumption studies. For people with a relatively unbalanced diet, an analysis of the main foods they consume is critical. Dietary and food consumption patterns might have relatively large inter-regional and intra-regional variations; therefore, factors that influence it might be multi-level and multi-scale.

Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) may play a pivotal role linking gastrointestinal and neuronal disease. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in studies of GBMAx in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ischemic stroke. A more thorough understanding of the GBMAx could advance our knowledge about the pathophysiology of IBD and ischemic stroke and help to identify novel therapeutic targets via modulation of the GBMAx.

Abstract Background Inhibition of CD4 T cells reduces stroke-induced infarction by inhibiting neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain in experimental stroke. Nevertheless, little is known about its effects on neuronal survival signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of CD4 T cell deficits on oxidative stress and on the Akt/mTOR cell signaling pathways after ischemic stroke in mice. Methods MHC II gene knockout C57/BL6 mice, with significantly decreased CD4 T cells, were used. Stroke was induced by 60-min middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Ischemic brain tissues were harvested for Western blotting. Results The impairment of CD4 T cell production resulted in smaller infarction. The Western blot results showed that iNOS protein levels robustly increased at 5 h and 24 h and then returned toward baseline at 48 h in wild-type mice after stroke, and gene KO inhibited iNOS at 5 h and 24 h. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory marker, arginase I, was found increased after stroke in WT mice, which was further enhanced in the KO mice. In addition, stroke resulted in increased phosphorylated PTEN, Akt, PRAS40, P70S6, and S6 protein levels in WT mice, which were further enhanced in the animals whose CD4 T cells were impaired. Conclusion The impairment of CD4 T cell products prevents ischemic brain injury, inhibits inflammatory signals, and enhances the Akt/mTOR cell survival signaling pathways.

Background: In addition to exploiting its ribonuclease capacity, Ribonuclease T2 (RNASET2) has been reported to exert anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic effects in several tumors. However, the role of RNASET2 in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the expression, location, and clinical implications of RNASET2 in GAC.Methods: Data of RNASET2 mRNA expression in GAC and normal gastric mucosa tissues were extracted from three GSE series and 388 TCGA samples and reanalyzed. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 proliferation screening datasets were used to investigate cell growth changes after RNASET2 knockout in 19 GAC cell lines. The biological processes involved in RNASET2 were studied by the bioinformatics analysis. Furthermore, the corresponding experiments including immunohistochemical staining, clinicopathological features analysis, survival curve, microvessel density detection, cell viability assay, and colony formation assay were performed to validate the expression and function of RNASET2 in GAC.Results: An abundance of RNASET2 was present in the fundus glands and pylorus glands of the normal gastric mucosa. RNASET2 mRNA and protein were down-regulated in GAC compared with adjacent non-cancerous or normal gastric mucosa tissues. The expression of RNASET2 mRNA and protein in early GAC was higher than that in advanced GAC. 79/134 gene sets involved in the early GAC pathway were enriched in the RNASET2 mRNA high expression group. Genome-wide shRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 proliferation screening showed that knockdown or knockout of RNASET2 could not significantly promote GAC cell growth. AlamarBlue cell viability assay and colony formation assay in AGS cells further validated these results. Clinicopathologic features and survival analysis demonstrated that RNASET2 protein was significantly correlated with tumor cell differentiation, Lauren's classification, and TM4SF1 protein expression, but not correlated with lymph nodal metastasis and patient's prognosis. Microvessel density detection indicated that no significant correlation was found between the expression of RNASET2 protein and the angiogenesis of GAC.Conclusions: Down-regulation of RNASET2 in GAC was only the consequence of the GAC, instead of the driver. The expression of RNASET2 could be regarded as a good biomarker for identifying the early stage of GAC.

The cerebral ischemia injury can result in neuronal death and/or functional impairment, which leads to further damage and dysfunction after recovery of blood supply. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) often causes irreversible brain damage and neuronal injury and death, which involves many complex pathological processes including oxidative stress, amino acid toxicity, the release of endogenous substances, inflammation and apoptosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are interactive and play critical roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the brain. Oxidative stress is important in the pathological process of ischemic stroke and is critical for the cascade development of ischemic injury. Oxidative stress is caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cerebral ischemia and is more likely to lead to cell death and ultimately brain death after reperfusion. During reperfusion especially, superoxide anion free radicals, hydroxyl free radicals, and nitric oxide (NO) are produced, which can cause lipid peroxidation, inflammation and cell apoptosis. Inflammation alters the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in cerebral ischemic injury. Inflammatory factors can therefore stimulate or exacerbate inflammation and aggravate ischemic injury. Neuroprotective therapies for various stages of the cerebral ischemia cascade response have received widespread attention. At present, neuroprotective drugs mainly include free radical scavengers, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-apoptotic agents. However, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between oxidative stress and inflammation, and their interplay with different types of programmed cell death in ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. The development of a suitable method for combination therapy has become a hot topic.

Stroke remains a leading cause of death, disability, and medical care burden worldwide. However, transformation from laboratory findings toward effective pharmacological interventions for clinical stroke has been unsatisfactory. Novel evidence has been gained on the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential related to the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in several disorders. The TRP superfamily consists of a diverse group of Ca2+ permeable non-selective cation channels. In particular, the members of TRP subfamilies, TRP canonical (TRPC) channels and TRPC6, have been found in different cell types in the whole body and have high levels of expression in the central nervous system (CNS). Notably, the TRPCs and TRPC6 channel have been implicated in neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival during normal development and in a range of CNS pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that suppression of TRPC6 channel degradation prevents ischemic neuronal cell death in experimental stroke. Accumulating evidence supports the important functions of TRPC6 in brain ischemia. We have highlighted some crucial advancement that points toward an important involvement of TRPCs and TRPC6 in ischemic stroke. This review will make an overview of the TRP and TRPC channels due to their roles as targets for clinical trials and CNS disorders. Besides, the primary goal is to discuss and update the critical role of TRPC6 channels in stroke and provide a promising target for stroke prevention and therapy.

Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease with long-term disability. However, the pathogenesis is unclear and treatments are limited. Meisoindigo, a second-generation derivative of indirubin, has general water solubility and is well-tolerated. Previous studies have shown that meisoindigo reduces inflammation by inhibiting leukocyte chemotaxis and migration. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that meisoindigo was also protective against ischemic stroke, then evaluated its underlying mechanisms. In vivo, adult male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were used to produce a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model. On day three after reperfusion, obvious improvement in neurological scores, infarct volume reduction and cerebral edema amelioration were observed in meisoindigo treatment. Moreover, immunofluorescence staining and western-blot showed that the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and its associated proteins in neurons and microglia was inhibited by meisoindigo. The effects of Meisoindigo on NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation and increased the M2 phenotype of microglia/macrophage through shifting from a M1 phenotype, which was possibly mediated by inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB. Furthermore, we verified the inhibitory effect of meisoindigo on TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, and found that meisoindigo treatment could significantly suppressed the expression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway-associated proteins in a dose-dependent manner, meanwhile, which resulted in downregulation of HMGB1 and IL-1β. Next, we established an in vitro oxygen glucose deprivation/Reperfusion (OGD/R) model in HT-22 and BV2 cells to simulate ischemic conditions. Cytotoxicity assay showed that meisoindigo substantially improved relative cell vitality and in HT-22 and BV2 cells following OGD/R in vitro. After suffering OGD/R, the TLR4/NF-κB pathway was activated, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated proteins and M1 microglia/macrophage were increased, but meisoindigo could inhibit above changes in both HT-22 and BV2 cells. Additionally, though lipopolysaccharide stimulated the activation of TLR4 signaling in OGD/R models, meisoindigo co-treatment markedly reversed the upregulation of TLR4 and following activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and polarization of M1 microglia/macrophages mediated by TLR4. Overall, we demonstrate for the first time that meisoindigo post-treatment alleviates brain damage induced by ischemic stroke in vivo and in vitro experiments through blocking activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulating the polarization of microglia/macrophages via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Natural gas hydrate is considered as a potential energy resource. To develop technologies for the exploitation of natural gas hydrate, several field gas production tests have been carried out in permafrost and continental slope sediments. However, the gas production rates in these tests were still limited, and the low permeability of the hydrate-bearing sediments is identified as one of the crucial factors. Artificial fracturing is proposed to promote gas production rate by improving reservoir permeability. In this research, numerical studies about the effect of fracture length and fluid conductivity on production performance were carried out on an artificially fractured Class 3 hydrate reservoir (where the single hydrate zone is surrounded by an overlaying and underlying hydrate-free zone), in which the equivalent conductivity method was applied to depict the artificial fracture. The results show that artificial fracture can enhance gas production by offering an extra fluid flow channel for the migration of gas released from hydrate dissociation. The effect of fracture length on production is closely related to the time frame of production, and gas production improvement by enlarging the fracture length is observed after a certain production duration. Through the production process, secondary hydrate formation is absent in the fracture, and the high conductivity in the fracture is maintained. The results indicate that the increase in fracture conductivity has a limited effect on enhancing gas production.

Context: Inflammatory disease is a big threat to human health. Leukocyte chemotactic migration is required for efficient inflammatory response. Inhibition of leukocyte chemotactic migration to the inflammatory site has been shown to provide therapeutic targets for treating inflammatory diseases. Objective: Our study was designed to discover effective and safe compounds that can inhibit leukocyte chemotactic migration, thus providing possible novel therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory diseases. Materials and methods: In this study, we used transgenic zebrafish model (Tg:zlyz-EGFP line) to visualize the process of leukocyte chemotactic migration. Then, we used this model to screen the hit compound and evaluate its biological activity on leukocyte chemotactic migration. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the hit compound on the AKT or ERK-mediated pathway, which plays an important role in leukocyte chemotactic migration. Results: In this study, using zebrafish-based chemical screening, we identified that the hit compound meisoindigo (25 μM, 50 μM, 75 μM) can significantly inhibit zebrafish leukocyte chemotactic migration in a dose-dependent manner (p = 0.01, p = 0.0006, p

After ischemic stroke, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier is compromised. Peripheral immune cells, including neutrophils, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, infiltrate into the ischemic brain tissue and play an important role in regulating the progression of ischemic brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of different immune cells after stroke in the secondary inflammatory reaction and focus on the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in ischemic stroke, as well as briefly introduce the anti-ischemic stroke therapy targeting macrophages.

Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a type of neonatal brain injury, which occurs due to lack of supply and oxygen deprivation to the brain. It is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. There are several therapeutic strategies that can be used to improve outcomes in patients with HIE. These include cell therapies such as marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and umbilical cord blood stem cells (UCBCs), which are being incorporated into the new protocols for the prevention of ischemic brain damage. The focus of this review is to discuss the mechanism of oxidative stress in HIE and summarize the current available treatments for HIE. We hope that a better understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and HIE will provide new insights on the potential therapy of this devastating condition.

High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a novel, cytokine-like, and ubiquitous, highly conserved, nuclear protein that can be actively secreted by microglia or passively released by necrotic neurons. Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and the outcome is dependent on the amount of hypoxia-related neuronal death in the cerebral ischemic region. Acting as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein, HMGB1 mediates cerebral inflammation and brain injury and participates in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. It is thought that HMGB1 signals via its presumed receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes, and receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) during ischemic stroke. In addition, the release of HMGB1 from the brain into the bloodstream influences peripheral immune cells. However, the role of HMGB1 in ischemic stroke may be more complex than this and has not yet been clarified. Here, we summarize and review the research into HMGB1 in ischemic stroke.

Phase fading is fatal to the performance of distributed acoustic sensors (DASs) influencing its capability of distributed measurement as well as its noise level. Here, we report the experimental observation of a strong negative correlation between the relative power spectrum density (PSD) at the heterodyne frequency and the noise floor of the detected phase for the heterodyne demodulated distributed acoustic sensor (HD-DAS) system. We further propose a weighted-channel stack algorithm (WCSA) to alleviate the phase fading noise via an enhancement of the relative PSD at the heterodyne frequency. Experimental results show that the phase noise of the demodulated signal can be suppressed by 13.7 dB under optimal condition. As a potential application, we exploited the improved HD-DAS system to retrieve a piece of music lasted for 205 s, demonstrating the reliability of detecting wideband sound signal without distortion.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood, affecting an estimated 7 million children (9.4%) in the United States. Asthma care is complex and dynamic requiring temporal, multi-faceted, and coordinated care. The purpose of the Asthma Treat Smart (ATS) application was to help providers provide evidence-based, guideline-compliant care to patients presenting to the pulmonary clinic for treatment of asthma. The application guides the providers through collecting the necessary information to classify the patient’s severity and control and suggests appropriate medications according to the classification, age, and guidelines. The application helps to improve patient safety, healthcare provider training, and improves the quality of care patients receive by helping to align their chronic asthma care with national guidelines.