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In this study, a cost‐effective and stable heterogeneous acidic carbocatalyst (CZnLS950) derived from Na‐lignosulfonate (LS), a side product of the paper industry, was employed to produce hydrocarbon fuels through the pyrolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) and crude natural‐oil extracted from sunflower seeds, aligning with the principles of the circular economy. To enhance its practicality in industrial settings, the catalyst was synthesized in pellet form, enabling easy separation from the biofuel produced during the reaction. CZnLS950 exhibited remarkable catalytic efficiency in the pyrolysis of WCO, resulting in a 71 wt. % liquid biofuel yield under mild conditions. This performance is attributed to the unique synthesis procedure of acidic carbocatalyst, which utilizes LS and nano ZnO (20 nm) to create a hierarchical pore structure with acidic properties (1.1 mmol of NH3 g−1). Stability and reusability of the carbocatalyst were evaluated, and the results showed excellent stability with small catalytic deactivation (~5 wt. %) after the fourth use. Attempts at distinct catalytic mechanisms for WCO and sunflower seeds crude natural‐oil pyrolysis were provided to understand the processes involved in obtaining the two different biofuels produced. Overall, this study sets the stage for exploring Lignosulfonate‐based materials to achieve renewable biofuel from recycling streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel‐based adhesives show promising prospects in epidermal bioelectronics because of their potential applications in physiological signal collection and electrical stimulation. An ideal epidermal adhesive should exhibit robust adhesion for lamination and poor adhesion for easy peeling, in addition to strain‐insensitivity in electrical properties for motion‐artifact‐free physiological signal collection. Here, lignosulfonate‐derived organohydrogel adhesives with anisotropic and tunable adhesion, together with unprecedented strain‐insensitivity are synthesized. The organohydrogel exhibits a high interfacial toughness of 728 J m−2 on fresh porcine skin, while the adhesion can be screened by covering a denatured silk fibroin. An anisotropic adhesive with an adhesion heterogeneity is designed, showing a 14.2‐fold difference in adhesion strength along two different directions for on‐demand attachment and removal. The adhesive can transform into a highly porous structure, which has only a 3% resistance increase at 100% strain. The strain‐insensitivity of the adhesive lies in the strong interaction of ions and the 3D porous structure, which enables motion‐artifact‐free and high‐quality electrophysiological signal collection within the strain range of the human skin. The lignosulfonate‐derived on‐demand organohydrogel adhesive is expected to be used in epidermal bioelectronics, human‐machine interaction, metaverse, and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel sulfur-doped carbon material has been synthesized via a facile and sustainable single-step pyrolysis method using lignin-sulfonate (LS), a by-product of the sulfite pulping process, as a novel carbon precursor and zinc chloride as a chemical activator. The sulfur doping process had a remarkable impact on the LS-sulfur carbon structure. Moreover, it was found that sulfur doping also had an important impact on sodium diclofenac removal from aqueous solutions due to the introduction of S-functionalities on the carbon material's surface. The doping process effectively increased the carbon specific surface area (SSA), i.e., 1758 m2 g−1 for the sulfur-doped and 753 m2 g−1 for the non-doped carbon. The sulfur-doped carbon exhibited more sulfur states/functionalities than the non-doped, highlighting the successful chemical modification of the material. As a result, the adsorptive performance of the sulfur-doped carbon was remarkably improved. Diclofenac adsorption experiments indicated that the kinetics was better described by the Avrami fractional order model, while the equilibrium studies indicated that the Liu model gave the best fit. The kinetics was much faster for the sulfur-doped carbon, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 301.6 mg g−1 for non-doped and 473.8 mg g−1 for the sulfur-doped carbon. The overall adsorption seems to be a contribution of multiple mechanisms, such as pore filling and electrostatic interaction. When tested to treat lab-made effluents, the samples presented excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatine (GL) is widely available as a microencapsulated material that prevents the decomposition of canthaxanthin (CX). However, there are still disadvantages such as instability, poor safety, and chromium overload. Our study aimed to determine the effects of using Lignosulfonate (LS) as a potential substitute to GL microencapsulation of CX on the productive performance, egg quality, yolk colour, and serum biochemical indicators of laying hens, as well as the optimal dosage. 1458 healthy ISA brown hens were divided into 9 treatments (162 birds in each group): basal diet containing 0 mg/kg CX (Control), basal diet containing 2 mg/kg GL-microencapsulated CX (GMC2), 4 mg/kg GL-microencapsulated CX (GMC4), 6 mg/kg GL-microencapsulated CX (GMC6), 8 mg/kg GL-microencapsulated CX (GMC8), basal diet containing 2 mg/kg LS-microencapsulated CX (LMC2), 4 mg/kg LS-microencapsulated CX (LMC4), 6 mg/kg LS-microencapsulated CX (LMC6), 8 mg/kg LS-microencapsulated CX (LMC8). The productive performance of each group was recorded daily for 4 weeks. Egg samples were collected and analysed weekly. Serum samples were taken at the end of the experimental period. The results showed that CX-containing diets had no significant effects on laying performance and egg quality (p > .05). The yolk colour level of the CX group was higher than the control group (p

Red clay exhibits characteristics such as softening owing to water absorption and cracking because of water loss, which can lead to slope instability, road cracking, and compromised structural integrity when used directly in roadbed filling. Although the addition of industrial materials such as cement is a common engineering treatment, it severely impairs soil renewability. Lignosulfonate (LS) extracted from paper plant waste fluids is a natural bio-based polymer with promising applications as a soil improver. In this study, the boundary moisture content and mechanical properties of LS-treated red clay were investigated using Atterberg, unconfined compressive strength, and direct shear strength tests. Additionally, the LS-treated red clay modification mechanism was explored at multiple scales using zeta potential analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the LS dosage significantly affected both the water content and mechanical strength of the red clay boundaries. The optimal dosage of LS for red clay was 3 wt. %, at which the liquid limit was reduced by 32.97%, the plastic limit by 19.33%, and the plasticity index by 48.37%. The 28-day compressive strength of LS-treated red clay was increased by 378.4%, and the direct shear strength was increased by 136%. Analysis of the microstructure and mineral composition revealed that the LS-treated red clay did not form new minerals, but primarily filled pores and connected soil particles. Through the combined effects of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and cation exchange, the LS-treated red clay reduced the size of the mineral particles and the thickness of the mineral double electric layer, resulting in increased structural densification. These results are of great scientific significance for the ecological modification of soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MXenes are a large family of two‐dimensional transition‐metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides with large surface area and metal conductivity. They have not been widely used as electrodes in the field of supercapacitors because of their low specific capacity, poor chemical stability, and tendency towards self‐stacking. Herein, a three‐component nanocomposite film electrode has been successfully achieved, consisting of MXene nanosheets, polyaniline (PANI), and lignosulfonate (LGS). The PANI‐LGS nanocomposite was prepared through the oxidative polymerization of PANI in the presence of LGS, and then MXene decorated PANI/LGS (labeled as MPL) nanocomposite films were facilely self‐assembled via a vacuum‐assisted filtration by using the dispersion. Compared with pure PANI and PANI‐LGS, the MPL nanocomposite film electrode possesses better conductivity, showing a high specific capacitance of 559 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and a capacity retention rate of 92.2 % after 1000 cycles at a current density of 10 A/g. This study demonstrates that the doping of LGS and MXene can significantly improve the electrochemical performance of PANI‐based composite materials. Thus, the convenient preparation and excellent electrochemical performance of MPL show great potentials in the application of high‐performance electrodes for supercapacitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an approach to overcome the challenges associated with the increasing demand of high‐throughput characterization of technical lignins, a key resource in emerging bioeconomies. Our approach offers a resort from the lack of direct, simple, and low‐cost analytical techniques for lignin characterization by employing multivariate calibration models based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy to predict structural properties of lignins (i. e., functionality, molar mass). By leveraging a comprehensive database of over 500 well‐characterized technical lignin samples – a factor of 10 larger than previously used sets – our chemometric models achieved high levels of quality and statistical confidence for the determination of different functional group contents (RMSEPs of 4–16 %). However, the statistical moments of the molar mass distribution are still best determined by size‐exclusion chromatography. Analyses of over 500 technical lignins offered also a great opportunity to provide information on the general variability in kraft lignins and lignosulfonates (from different origins). Overall, the effected savings in analysis time (>7 h), resources, and required sample mass combined with non‐destructiveness of the measurement satisfy key demands for efficient high‐throughput lignin analyses. Finally, we discuss the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of our approach, along with critical insights into the associated chemical‐analytical and spectroscopic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to look at how lignin sulfonate (LS) inhibited corrosion of mild steel (MS) in a 1.0 M NaCl solution. Gravimetric and Electrochemical techniques were used to acquire a thorough grasp of the inhibitory effects of LS on MS corrosion. In addition, the current work used computational approaches to investigate, this connection that exists between the inhibitor compounds' functional features and their adsorption capabilities on the MS surface. Weight loss, Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and open-circuit studies demonstrated moderate anticorrosion properties of the investigated chemicals. Results showed that LS had the best inhibition performance, reaching 51.6% at a concentration of 0.02×10−2MLS. The polarization approach (PDP) revealed that the intended substances were mixed-type inhibitors, which prevented concurrent processes involving anodes and cathodes. In addition, the interaction pattern between the LS and MS surfaces matched, with physical interactions aiding the adsorption mechanisms of both chemicals. Furthermore, the stability of LS under several operating conditions temperature influence and submerge duration on inhibitory effectiveness were investigated. Additionally, the data fit well with both the Langmuir and El-Awady adsorption models. Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigations agree with those obtained through experimental methods, confirming the anticorrosion activity of the LS under investigation. Gibbs free energy value (≤−26 kJmol-1) confirms spontaneity and mainly the physical nature of the adsorption, also the mechanism of inhibition is discussed. Surface morphology indicates the formation of the LS barrier on MS.

In this study, sodium lignosulfonate was extracted from a natural lignocellulose waste and its characterization and potential application as a corrosion inhibitor were investigated. FTIR results confirmed presence of sulfonic groups like ones in a commercial sample. The aqueous solubility of sodium lignosulfonate increased from 29.17 to 88.58 wt% when reaction time was increased from 1 to 4 h. Corrosion inhibition efficiency of 90.23% was obtained. The main factors of lignin concentration (10–25 g/L), temperature (80–140 °C), reaction time (1–4 h), sodium hydroxymethyl sulfonate/lignin mole ratio (0.3–1.2), and sodium hydroxide concentration (0.25–1 M) were investigated for their effect towards the aqueous solubility of sodium lignosulfonate. The Taguchi orthogonal array statistical design was used to investigate effects of factors, their interactions, and the optimum values within factor levels towards solubility as the response. The solubility of the sodium lignosulfonate was found to be more significantly influenced by reaction time > lignin concentration > sodium hydroxide > temperature > reactants/lignin ratio. The optimum condition for sulfomethylation reaction was found to be 4 h, 100 °C, 25 g/L, 0.9, and 0.5 M for reaction time, temperature, lignin concentration, reactant/lignin ratio, and NaOH concentration, respectively. The corrosion test revealed a reduction in corrosion rate from 2.6 to 1.2 mm/year when the concentration of the sodium lignosulfonate was increased from 0 to 8 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bentonite suspension in water-based drilling fluid is susceptible to deterioration in high-temperature environments, hence requiring a deflocculant to stabilize the solid particles. Considering the use of highly toxic chrome-based deflocculant in the industry, Rhizophora spp. tannin-lignosulfonate (RTLS) was synthesized in this study as an alternative deflocculant. A viscometer was used to study the rheological properties, and the filtration performance was evaluated using low-pressure low-temperature and high-pressure high-temperature filter press in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute standard procedure. The addition of 0.5 wt% RTLS to water-based drilling fluid (WBDF) was effective in a significant reduction of the plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) of WBDF at elevated temperatures. As the amount of RTLS added to the suspension exceeds 0.5 wt%, the effect on PV and YP becomes negligible. A higher fluid loss of 13 mL was observed in the WBDF without RTLS aged at 177 °C. The addition of 2.0 wt% RTLS reduced the fluid loss to 10.7 mL. This suggests that RTLS is an effective deflocculant that can be used to improve the filtration properties of WBDF at high temperatures. The morphology of RTLS filter cakes was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). The interlayer between clay particles was identified as RTLS, a natural additive that plays a vital role in enhancing filtration while minimizing fluid loss. The outcomes of this research are promising, and this non-toxic deflocculant has the potential to replace chrome-based deflocculants that are still in use for borehole drilling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bentonite suspension in water-based drilling fluid is susceptible to deterioration in high-temperature environments, hence requiring a deflocculant to stabilize the solid particles. Considering the use of highly toxic chrome-based deflocculant in the industry, Rhizophora spp. tannin-lignosulfonate (RTLS) was synthesized in this study as an alternative deflocculant. A viscometer was used to study the rheological properties, and the filtration performance was evaluated using low-pressure low-temperature and high-pressure high-temperature filter press in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute standard procedure. The addition of 0.5 wt% RTLS to water-based drilling fluid (WBDF) was effective in a significant reduction of the plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) of WBDF at elevated temperatures. As the amount of RTLS added to the suspension exceeds 0.5 wt%, the effect on PV and YP becomes negligible. A higher fluid loss of 13 mL was observed in the WBDF without RTLS aged at 177 °C. The addition of 2.0 wt% RTLS reduced the fluid loss to 10.7 mL. This suggests that RTLS is an effective deflocculant that can be used to improve the filtration properties of WBDF at high temperatures. The morphology of RTLS filter cakes was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). The interlayer between clay particles was identified as RTLS, a natural additive that plays a vital role in enhancing filtration while minimizing fluid loss. The outcomes of this research are promising, and this non-toxic deflocculant has the potential to replace chrome-based deflocculants that are still in use for borehole drilling.

This paper presents the findings of laboratory studies of rheological properties and oil displacing ability of aqueous solutions of technical grade lignosulfonate done on the sand packed tube models. The solutions containing lignosulfonate can be useful as displacement agents in development of watered reservoirs with heterogeneous porosity and permeability. When used at high concentrations, technical grade lignosulfonate can achieve selective shut-off while maintaining the reservoir pressure. The oil displacement efficiency is improved by means of redistributing the flows and selective isolation of high-permeability zones. The use of such compositions allows increasing the sweep of low-permeability reservoir zones by created pressure differential and displacing the residual oil.

Polypropylene and ammonium phosphate (AP) composites were synthesized at a 25 wt% concentration. The changes in the morphological, thermal, and physical behavior of the composites were analyzed with the addition of lignosulfonate (LG) and zirconium phosphate (ZrP). Additionally, metallic zirconium was deposited onto lignosulfonate using the magnetron sputtering technique to develop polypropylene and zirconium-modified lignosulfonate (LGMod) composites. Thus, composites of PP/25AP, PP/25AP/8LG/5ZrP, and PP/25AP/8LGMod were synthesized. The synthesis involved mixing the materials in a Hake mixer, followed by compression molding. The composites were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDS), a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with combustion parameters, a vertical burn test (UL-94), a thermal camera, and mechanical properties. All composites achieved a V2 rating according to UL-94 standards. The PP/25AP extinguishes flames more quickly compared to other materials, approximately 99.2% faster than PP and showed the lowest temperature variation and mass loss after burning. The PP/25AP/8LG/5ZrP composite exhibited a 7% higher rigidity and 84.5% better flame retardancy compared to pure PP. Additionally, substituting ZrP with LGMod led to a lower environmental impact and improved thermal properties, despite some mechanical disadvantages.

Herein, a novel sulfur-doped carbon material has been synthesized via a facile and sustainable single-step pyrolysis method using lignin-sulfonate (LS), a by-product of the sulfite pulping process, as a novel carbon precursor and zinc chloride as a chemical activator. The sulfur doping process had a remarkable impact on the LS-sulfur carbon structure. Moreover, it was found that sulfur doping also had an important impact on sodium diclofenac removal from aqueous solutions due to the introduction of S-functionalities on the carbon material’s surface. The doping process effectively increased the carbon specific surface area (SSA), i.e., 1758 m2 g−1 for the sulfur-doped and 753 m2 g−1 for the non-doped carbon. The sulfur-doped carbon exhibited more sulfur states/functionalities than the non-doped, highlighting the successful chemical modification of the material. As a result, the adsorptive performance of the sulfur-doped carbon was remarkably improved. Diclofenac adsorption experiments indicated that the kinetics was better described by the Avrami fractional order model, while the equilibrium studies indicated that the Liu model gave the best fit. The kinetics was much faster for the sulfur-doped carbon, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 301.6 mg g−1 for non-doped and 473.8 mg g−1 for the sulfur-doped carbon. The overall adsorption seems to be a contribution of multiple mechanisms, such as pore filling and electrostatic interaction. When tested to treat lab-made effluents, the samples presented excellent performance.

Lignosulfonate/polyaniline (LS/PANI) nanocomposite adsorbent materials were prepared by the chemical polymerization of lignosulfonate with an aniline monomer as a dopant and structure-directing agent, and the adsorption behavior of dyes as well as heavy metal ions was investigated. LS/PANI composites were used as dye adsorbents for the removal of different cationic dyes (malachite green, methylene blue, and crystal violet). The adsorption behavior of LS/PANI composites as dye adsorbents for malachite green was investigated by examining the effects of the adsorbent dosage, solution pH, initial concentration of dye, adsorption time, and temperature on the adsorption properties of this dye. The following conclusions were obtained. The optimum adsorption conditions for the removal of malachite green dye when LS/PANI composites were used as malachite green dye adsorbents were as follows: an adsorbent dosage of 20 mg, an initial concentration of the dye of 250 mg/L, an adsorption time of 300 min, and a temperature of 358 K. The LS/PANI composite adsorbed malachite green dye in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which belongs to chemisorption-based monomolecular adsorption, and the equilibrium adsorption amount was 245.75 mg/g. In particular, the adsorption of heavy metal ion Pb2+ was investigated, and the removal performance was also favorable for Pb2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to reinforce a polyvinyl acetate-D3 (PVAc-D3) adhesive to improve its mechanical and thermal properties. The goal was to reach a polyvinyl acetate-D4 (PVAc-D4) adhesive performance that could make PVAc-D3 more attractive and add value to wood products. PVAc-D3 was modified by adding 0.05% and 0.5% (wt.) of multi-walled carbon nanotube particles (MWCNTs) as well as 0.5% and 2.5% (wt.) of lignosulfonate (LIGNO) particles. Adhesive blends were compared to neat PVAc-D3 and PVAc-D4, evaluating their physical–chemical properties. Also, they were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and mechanical dynamic analysis (DMA) with a storage module (E′). The blends were used to fabricate laminated wood pieces, pressed at 60 and 120 min (min), to be tested at shear strength under dry, elevated temperature and vacuum-pressure conditions. Delamination and adhesive penetration were determined by microscopy. Incorporating fillers into PVAc resulted in a decrease in viscosity. FT-IR evidenced that the PVAc-D4 adhesive had a bigger cross-linked degree than the other adhesive samples. The DMA showed that LIGNO and MWCNT fillers help increase E′ at the bond line, reaching a higher stiffness level than neat PVAc-D3. In dry conditions, specimens glued with D3-LIGNO 0.5% at 120 min reached shear strengths that were 100%, 28%, and 3% higher than the standard requirement, PVAc-D4, and neat PVAc-D3, respectively. Also, those glued with D3-MWNTC 0.05% reached shear strengths that were 91%, 21%, and 3% higher than the standard requirement, D4, and neat D3, respectively. Only PVAc-D4 reached the standard requirement for elevated temperature and vacuum-pressure conditions. Delamination of ≤5% (standard requirement) was achieved by wood specimens glued with neat PVAc-D3, D3-MWNTC 0.5%, D3-LIGNO 0.5%, and PVAc D4 adhesive samples. In this study, it was found specific ranges of average penetration (AP) to ensure a glue line good quality. To conclude, LIGNO and MWCNT particles improved the PVAc-D3 adhesive's performance in dry conditions, but they were not very relevant to the D3 adhesive's behavior. At high temperatures, the LIGNO filler worked very well as a thermic stabilizer compared to the MWCNT filler. The solubility of the reinforcing agent can affect an adhesive's blend quality and its cohesion properties. An adequate penetration depth procures a good quality bond between an adhesive and substrate with less possibilities of delamination. An extensive pressing time may cause a weak interphase and poor mechanical properties in an adhesive bond in the presence of humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic and carbon aerogels based on sodium alginate–chitosan (NaAL–CT) and sodium lignosulfonate–chitosan (NaLS–CT) binary hydrogels are synthesized using supercritical fluid technologies and carbonization. The effect of the mode of replacing the solvent with acetone in hydrogels on the textural properties of aerogels based on the hydrogels is studied. It is shown that the dynamic mode of solvent replacement in binary hydrogels makes it possible to reduce the process time by a factor of six and significantly decrease the consumption of acetone compared with the respective parameters in the case of solvent replacement in the static mode and preserve the developed pore structure of the material. The specific surface area of the NaAL–CT and NaLS–CT organic aerogels is 100 and 260 m2/g, respectively, while that of the carbon aerogels based on them is 438 and 868 m2/g, respectively. Using scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, it is found that the supramolecular structure of the synthesized organic and carbon aerogel nanomaterials is a cluster structure; the main contribution to the particle size distribution in the NaAL–CT and NaLS–CT carbon aerogels is made by the fraction with a particle size of 35–45 and 35–55 nm, respectively. The synthesized organic and carbon aerogels can be used in various practical applications, for example, as a base for supercapacitors in low-voltage electronics, catalysts for various chemical processes, sorption and filtration materials, and carrier matrices for various active substances (medicinal compounds, metals, cells). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Admixtures play a key role in improving the performance of the cement paste matrix. A more efficient matrix can allow a reduction the binder content while maintaining the same properties. There is currently a lack of knowledge about the spatial distribution of admixtures in situ on binder surfaces which would facilitate the use of admixtures in general in inorganic binder systems. Imaging techniques such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence microscopy can be used to study the spatiotemporal adsorption of superplasticizers and plasticizers on binder particles. However, in order to make the admixtures visible using these methods, they must first be coupled to a fluorescent molecule (staining). Different types of superplasticizers and plasticizers, including polycarboxylate ethers (PCE) and lignosulfonate (LS) were stained and tested. It was shown that not only adsorption but also desorption can be observed and that desorption cannot play a relevant role in a binder system. The absence of desorption could be used to observe a real system in permanent preparations, so that the adsorption on individual cement grains could be followed in a time‐dependent manner. The newly developed method provides unprecedented insight into the adsorption of additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of surface-active substances (surfactants) is studied using the examples of lignosulfonate (LS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous and nitric acid media as promising additives for the nitric acid leaching of refractory ore concentrates. The effect the temperature (15–70°С) and concentrations of the surfactant (Csurfactant = 0.02–200 g/dm3) and nitric acid ( = 0.1–10 g/dm3) have on the surface tension, critical concentration of micelles (CMC), electrical conductivity, pH, and optical density of solutions is established. The critical association of concentration is determined for lignosulfonate: CLS ~ 0.13–0.14 mol/dm3. An increase in the surface activity of lignosulfonate is noted upon raising the temperature of and adding nitric acid to an LS–H2O system. The established effects (a drop in σl–g) are explained by an increase in the coefficient of diffusion of LS macromolecules and a change in the intensity of the associative-dissociative processes of counterions and the LS polyanion. The positive effect nitric acid has on the surface activity of SDS is noted and found to reduce surface tension at the liquid–gas interface and CMCs. Associative processes in SDS–HNO3 systems are also confirmed by measuring the optical density of the considered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work introduces the preparation of a novel type of crosslinked polymers support based on calcium lignosulfonate-chitosan (CLS-CS) hydrogel with capping/reducing ability to encapsulated gold nanoparticles (CLS-CS/Au NPs). The morphology, structure and physicochemical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX-elemental mapping study. The obtained results shown that CLS-CS/Au NPs prepared as spherical particles with sizes of 20–30 nm. The CLS-CS/Au NPs was applied as well for reduction of nitroarenes. The reduction of nitroarenes was obtained with good to high yields within short times. The related nanocatalyst was recovered for eight runs without significant loss of its catalytic performance. The MTT examination was conducted to check the anti-pancreatic cancer, anti-gastric cancer, anti-colorectal carcinoma, and cytotoxicity efficacies of the treated cells with CLS-CS/Au NPs over a 48-hour period on normal (HUVEC) and cancer cells. The IC50 values of the CLS-CS/Au NPs were found to be 169 µg/mL for HT-29 (colorectal carcinoma cell), 196 µg/mL for MKN45 (Gastric cancer cell), and 112 µg/mL for PANC-1 (Pancreatic cancer cell). The growth of malignant colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cells was found to decrease in a dose-dependent manner when exposed to CLS-CS/Au NPs. Following clinical research, CLS-CS/Au NPs shows promise as an effective treatment for colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancers.

The massive production of food waste and plastic pollution necessitates innovative solutions. This study reports the first fabrication of a flexible chitosan (CH) film reinforced with lignosulfonate (LS) derived from pulping byproduct as a sustainable alternative to synthetic food packaging. The CH/LS composite film was prepared by a simple casting method with varying LS contents of 1 % and 2 %. Compared to CH film, the addition of 2 % LS increased the tensile strength by over 4 times and decreased water vapor permeability by 11 %. Moreover, the CH/LS film exhibited excellent UV-shielding properties. This novel use of LS to reinforce CH film presents an eco-friendly active packaging material. When used to package cherry tomatoes for 2 weeks, the CH/LS film effectively maintained fruit freshness and hardness while minimizing weight loss. This work provides new scientific evidence on the optimized preparation and application of CH/LS composite films from renewable resources for food preservation.

A study on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using lignin and lignosulfonate oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fillers have been carried out. This study aims to determine the additional effect of lignin and lignosulfonate on PVDF membrane. Lignin sulfonation has a good result proven by Fourier transform infrared spectra with a peak at 1192 cm−1 which indicates sulfonate group. The sulfonation degree was increased by 8.9% for lignosulfonate. The membrane was prepared by the phase inversion method. Data present that all the membranes have an asymmetric structure with finger-like and sponge-like pores. Good thermal stability indicated by thermal gravimetric analysis showed degradation at 432 °C. The mechanical properties of the membrane decrease with the addition of filler. From the X-ray diffraction, peaks appeared at 18.39°, 21.35°, and 23.75° for all the membranes indicating of α and β phases. Lignin and lignosulfonate increased membrane hydrophilicity and water uptake. The presence of the sulfonate group increases the ionic exchange capacity and ionic conductivity up to 2.78 mmol/g and 9.95 × 10−5 S/cm, respectively, for 5% lignosulfonate addition. Thus, PVDF/lignosulfonate has the potential as a polymer electrolyte membrane.

Abstract The solar‐driven interfacial evaporation has attracted great attention for the purpose of alleviating freshwater shortage. Lignosulfonate (LS), a main byproduct of sulfite pulping processes, is an abundant natural resource but has not been reasonably utilized. To mitigate the above problems, biochar‐based interfacial evaporators derived from LS for solar steam generation were studied in this paper. First, LS was used as a raw material for fabricating carbon materials by carbonization to construct LS‐derived carbon (CLS). Meanwhile, LS‐derived porous carbon (PCLS) in the presence of CaCO3 as the activator was also prepared. Next, the two biochar powders, as solar absorbers, were crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol to prepare the interfacial evaporation materials (PVA@PCLS and PVA@CLS). The open porous structure facilitated the capillary effect and water transport to the evaporator surface. It was also found that the light absorption of the materials could reach more than 97% in the 250–2500 nm range. Moreover, the water evaporation rate and the solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency of PVA@PCLS and PVA@CLS were 2.33, 1.82 kg m−2 h−1, and 83.7%, 69.3% respectively under 1 sun (1 kW m−2) irradiation. The solar‐to‐vapor conversion efficiency of PVA@PCLS was much increased after the carbonization of LS. In addition, the material cost of PVA@PCLS is only $38.3/kg due to the low price of LS. Therefore, this work provides an economic and efficient strategy for solar‐driven desalination and a possible way for the high‐value utilization of lignin.

Drained agricultural peatlands are subject to degradation through decomposition, compaction, and erosion. This study aimed to (1) revisit an existing recommendation to systematically apply copper at a rate exceeding crop needs to slow the decomposition of agricultural peatlands, and (2) explore lignosulfonate, a polyphenol, as an alternative method to copper. Two peat soils with contrasting levels of humification (sapric and hemic) and differing Al and Fe contents were studied under controlled conditions. CO2 emissions cumulated in the two unamended soils differed importantly, representing 0.7 and 7.3 t C-CO2 ha−1 yr−1 (0–25 cm) in the sapric and hemic soil, respectively. In the sapric soil, copper did not affect CO2 emissions, N and P parameters, or the activity of most of the measured enzymes. In the same soil, lignosulfonate increased CO2 emissions and phenol oxidase activity, suggesting that the product acted as a microbial substrate. In the hemic soil, copper and lignosulfonate reduced cumulated CO2 emissions by 37 % and 61 %, respectively, as well as N parameters and phosphatase activity. The influence of both treatments on CO2 emissions was, however, temporary. This study suggests limited efficiency of copper and lignosulfonate when applied to soils where underlying mechanisms, such as organic matter recalcitrance and Al and Fe stabilization effect, already regulate decomposition rates. The divergent and temporary effects of copper found in this study and in the literature suggest that routine applications of copper at a rate exceeding crop needs is not consistently effective in slowing decomposition in agricultural peatlands. Lignosulfonate appears to be a promising alternative to copper. The inhibitory effect of polyphenol applications has been demonstrated in natural peatlands but, to our knowledge, this is the first time it has been reported for drained agricultural peatlands. Evaluating the influence of lignosulfonate on other drained agricultural peat soils and under field conditions is necessary to determine the potential of this approach.

This paper presents a novel modified electrode for an amperometric hydrazine sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified with lignosulfonate (LS) and decorated with palladium nanoparticles (NPds). The MWCNT/LS/NPd hybrid was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical properties of the electrode material were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results showed that GC/MWCNT/LS/NPd possesses potent electrocatalytic properties towards the electro-oxidation of hydrazine. The electrode demonstrated exceptional electrocatalytic activity coupled with a considerable sensitivity of 0.166 μA μM−1 cm−2. The response was linear from 3.0 to 100 µM L−1 and 100 to 10,000 µM L−1, and the LOD was quantified to 0.80 µM L−1. The efficacy of the modified electrode as an electrochemical sensor was corroborated in a study of hydrazine determination in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of conditioned lignosulfonate from the sulfite process, with a specific focus on the analysis of bio-oil and biochar. The conditioning of lignosulfonate was made by drying and grinding in a planetary ball mill. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of conditioned lignosulfonate were carried out under the same temperature and flow conditions. The use of two different catalysts produced via the impregnation method has shown distinctive effects, influencing both bio-oil yield and chemical composition. The resulting biochar exhibits characteristics comparable to nonactivated carbonaceous materials, with variations in its specific surface area and pore size depending on the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performance properties of magnesium lignosulfonate, an organic waste material produced during paper production from wood, on asphalt binder were investigated. The modification was carried out by adding magnesium lignosulfonate (MLS) at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% by weight to the asphalt with B50/70 penetration grade. The morphological structure, modification mechanism, and thermal decomposition temperatures of the modified asphalt binders formed by adding the MLS to the asphalt were determined by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG), respectively. The physical and rheological properties of the material were determined by penetration, softening point, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT), Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), and Rotational Viscometer (RV) experiments conducted in a laboratory. The experimental results showed that the organic-based waste additive increases the asphalt consistency, rutting, and short-term aging resistance, and decreases the temperature sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports a novel and efficient method for the synthesis of magnetic copper complex conjugated to calcium lignosulfonate modified with diethylenetriamine (Fe3O4@lignosulfonate@diethylenetetramine@Cu complex (FLD-Cu complex)) as an effective photocatalyst. The structure, morphology, and composition of the synthesized complex were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), elemental mapping, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. In addition, the photocatalytic performance of FLD-Cu complex in the degradation of organic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) under UV light was studied. The effects of various parameters such as contact time, photocatalyst dosage, pH, and initial dye concentration on the photocatalyst efficiency were also evaluated. Furthermore, FLD-Cu complex showed high stability and reusability after five successive cycles with no significant loss of photocatalytic activity. This photocatalyst could be isolated readily from the reaction mixture using a permanent magnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The development of highly active and stable earth-rich electrocatalysts remains a major challenge to release the reliance on noble metal catalysts in sustainable (electro)chemical processes. In this work, metal sulfides encapsulated with S/N co-doped carbon were synthesized with a one-step pyrolysis strategy, where S was introduced during the self-assembly process of sodium lignosulfonate. Due to the precise coordination of Ni and Co ions with lignosulfonate, an intense-interacted Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 heterojunction was formed inside the carbon shell, causing the redistribution of electrons. An overpotential as low as 200 mV was obtained over Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 @SNC to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Only a slight increase of 14.4 mV was observed in a 50 h chronoamperometric stability test. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Co 9 S 8 –Ni 3 S 2 heterojunctions encapsulated with S/N co-doped carbon can optimize the electronic structure, lower the reaction energy barrier, and improve the OER reaction activity. This work provides a novel strategy for constructing highly efficient and sustainable metal sulfide heterojunction catalysts with the assistance of lignosulfonate biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a way to accommodate the rising demand for "green" wood-based products, agricultural waste from Areca (Areca catechu) nut farms, which is generally burned on-site, can be used to raise the value of alternative lignocellulosic raw materials. This research aimed to investigate and evaluate the effect of technical lignin (kraft lignin or lignosulfonate) addition on particleboard properties from areca bonded with ultra-low-emitting urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. The physical properties, mechanical properties, and fire resistance of the laboratory-made particleboards were tested and evaluated in accordance with the applicable Japanese industrial standards (JIS). The highest density of 0.84 g/cm3 was determined for the laboratory boards, bonded with an adhesive mixture of UF resin and kraft lignin with three washing treatments. The lowest moisture content of 9.06%, thickness swelling of 71.16%, and water absorption of 129.17% were determined for the boards bonded with lignosulfonate with three washing treatments, with commercial lignin, and with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments, respectively. The highest MOR and MOE values, i.e., 113.49 kg/cm2 and 10,663 kg/cm2, respectively, were obtained for the particleboards bonded with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. Interestingly, all laboratory boards exhibited good fire resistance following the UL-94 standard. Based on the gas torch test, the lowest weight loss of 16.7% was determined in the boards fabricated with lignosulfonate with five washing treatments. This study demonstrated that adding lignin-based fire retardants represents a viable approach to producing lignocellulosic composites with enhanced fire resistance and a lower carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micronutrients are essential to plants, and enhancing their availability is one of the agronomic challenges to improving crop quality and yield. This study, under controlled greenhouse conditions, compares tomato plants' responses to two different micronutrient EDTA-chelated formulations, one of them including a newly developed fulvate–lignosulfonate coating. Growth, yield, and several physiological parameters, including photosynthetic gas exchange, water-use efficiency, leaf nutrient content, leaf greenness and the effective quantum yield of photosystem II, were measured to compare their efficiency. The results showed that the new coated formulation significantly improved growth and most of the determined physiological parameters. At the end of the experiment, higher foliar levels of Fe (2.4-fold) and Mn (2.9-fold) were measured, revealing increased availability of lignofulfonate-complexed micronutrients compared to the traditional fertiliser. Moreover, the photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance were 9- and 20-fold higher, respectively, than when using the standard fertiliser. In conclusion, the new coated fulvate–lignosulfonated fertiliser provided a more suitable source of micronutrients for tomato plant fertilisation, allowing for higher yields, which correlated with a generally improved physiological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the influence of lignosulfonate (LS), which is a by-product of timber and paper industries, on the cyclic characteristics of expansive clay was investigated by conducting cyclic triaxial tests. Test findings showed that cyclic stress ratio (CSR) substantially influenced liquefaction resistance of treated soil samples such that, at CSR = 0.2, none of the specimens were liquefied, whereas, at CSR = 0.4, all of the specimens were liquefied. Furthermore, liqueaction resistance was enhanced by decreasing the sample moisture content. Due to a stabilisation effect, the secant shear modulus increased by up to about 64%, and the damping ratio decreased by up to about 22%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the importance of the phenolic group to the electron transporting property of hole transport materials, phenolic hydroxyl groups were introduced in lignosulfonate (LS) via the alkyl chain bridging method to prepare phenolated-lignosulfonate (PLS). The results showed that the phenolic group was boosted from 0.81 mmol·g−1 of LS to 1.19 mmol·g−1 of PLS. The electrochemical property results showed two oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) curve of PLS, and the oxidation potential of the PLS-modified electrode decreased by 0.5 eV compared with that of LS. This result indicates that PLS is more easily oxidized than LS. Based on the excellent electron transporting property of PLS, PLS was applied as a dopant in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT, called PEDOT:PLSs). PLS showed excellent dispersion properties for PEDOT. Moreover, the transmittance measurement results showed that the transmittance of PEDOT:PLSs exceeded 85% in the range of 300–800 nm. The CV results showed that the energy levels of PEDOT:PLSs could be flexibly adjusted by PLS amounts. The results indicate that the phenolic hydroxyl group of lignin can be easily boosted by the alkyl chain bridging method, and phenolated lignin-based polymers may have promising potential as dopants of PEDOT to produce hole transporting materials for different organic photovoltaic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized and stabilized by biopolymers, namely, sodium lignosulfonate (LS) and starch sodium octenyl succinate (OSA). The obtained selenium nanoparticles were studied for their catalytic activity in the reduction of a dye (C.I. Basic Blue 9, methylene blue) by sodium borohydride. The SeNPs-OSA and SeNPs-LS nanoparticles were also dispersed in a photosensitive matrix and studied as polymer composites. The research confirmed the catalytic abilities of the prepared SeNPs in the reduction of the organic dye. Mechanical tests on the polymers and their composites showed an improvement in the composites' strength in all tested cases. An increase in hardness and Young's modulus values of the filled materials compared to the pure matrix was found as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective, safe, and rapid treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater is a challenging task at the global scale. In this study, lignosulfonate-based polycatecholamine and polyethersulfone composite (PES-PCA-LS) membrane was prepared by depositing aminated sodium lignosulfonate (LS) and catechol on polyethersulfone (PES) membrane. This membrane was characterized by various techniques and its performance was investigated using Congo red (CR) as the probe molecule. The results showed that the retention rate of CR solution by PES-PCA-LS membrane was above 99.5%. At this removal rate, one square meter of membrane could treat 351 L of CR waste solution (CR, 100 ppm; salt, 5,000 ppm). However, the retention rates of NaCl, Na2SO4, and K2SO4 were found to be only 2.8%, 3.5%, and 0.9%, respectively. Besides, this membrane could target selective removal of CR from the mixed solution (CR/Rhodamine B). This PES-PCA-LS membrane also showed excellent cycling performance, with the removal rate maintained at about 97% at the tenth cycle. Thus, this study provides new ideas for the application of industrial lignin in the field of membrane separation for dye/salt or dye/dye mixed solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium carbonate-enriched marl is supposed to lose the bearing capacity while subjected to an increase/decrease in the moisture content and under the effect of multiple freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles. Investigating different weight percentages and curing periods, combination of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lignosulfonate is introduced as an efficient method to improve the mechanical strength of the marl soil under the effect of F-T cycles. In this regard, compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and direct shear tests were conducted. It was observed that although the addition of OPC (as the sole binder) can enhance the shear strength, the performance of samples under the action of F-T was not significantly improved. However, samples containing lignosulfonate showed a rectified behavior. Microstructural investigations exhibited the development of new intensity peaks for the calcium-aluminate-silicate-hydrate (C-A-S–H) products and elaborated a denser structure with a lower porosity, keeping the soil particles closer. Next, different intelligent approaches of machine learning (ML) were employed to provide cost-effective and accurate speedy tools. Among eight machine learning algorithms and advanced ensemble models, comparative study revealed the efficiency of gradient boosting model with coefficients of determinations of up to 98.5% for the prediction of UCS. Feature importance analysis suggested the duration of treatment and the cement content as the main contributing factors to the UCS. Highly accurate and efficient EPR-based models with coefficients of determination of higher than 99% were also proposed for the prediction of shear strength and shear stress parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor antimicrobial activity and lack of protection against UV irradiation are weaknesses of cotton textiles. In an attempt to impart superior antimicrobial and UV‐protective properties to cotton, layer‐by‐layer deposition of chitosan and magnesium lignosulfonate, and in situ synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), was performed. Lignin, in a chitosan/lignin multilayer, simultaneously acts as a UV protective macromolecule and natural reducing and stabilizing agent, allowing formation of Ag NPs. Four bilayers of this coating is sufficient for fabrication of a chitosan/lignin/Ag‐NP textile nanocomposite treatment with 50+ UV protection. 100% reduction of Gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli, gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast Candida albicans can be achieved with a 12‐bilayer coating, when 20 mM silver nitrate solution and sodium borohydride are applied. On the other hand, four bilayers impregnated with Ag NPs, using 10 mM silver nitrate solution, provides sufficient antimicrobial activity independent of an added reducing agent. This treatment exhibits no inhibition of human keratinocyte cells growth on the skin, indicating low cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable and low-cost biomass is an ideal sustainable alternative to petroleum-based resources, but producing biomass-based carbon electrode with high performances remains a challenge. Herein, we propose a facile self-assembly strategy to fabricate a biomass-derived N, S co-doping carbon electrode from lignosulfonate without any activation or template process. Taking advantage of the coordination between Fe ions and lignosulfonate, the resultant carbon exhibits a spherical structure with abundant graphitized nanosheets, leading to a high specific surface area with rational pore structure, which are beneficial to the electron/ion transport and storage. The high contents of doping N (8.47 wt%) and S (2.56 wt%) significantly boost the electrochemical performances. As a supercapacitor electrode, the carbon material displays high specific capacitance of 390 F g−1, excellent cycling stability and high energy density of 14.7 W h kg−1 at a power density of 450 W kg−1. This study provides a potential strategy for synthesizing cost-effective heteroatom-doped carbon materials from biomass with abundant functional groups and heteroatom sources, such as chitosan, collagen, and gelatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Careless release of plastic waste is a pressing problem for marine and other eco‐environments, and materials recycling of this stream is an open problem. For this purpose, a new metal‐free acidic carbocatalyst with 8 wt % sulfur is constructed from a side product of the paper industry namely Na‐lignosulfonate. The catalyst shows an extraordinary performance for the fragmentation of polymer waste which smoothly occurs above the ceiling temperature of the polymers. The reaction is run without hydrogen and at ambient pressure with commercially available high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) as well as a real polymer waste mixture of high and low‐density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE). In all cases, a homologous series of n‐alkanes and n‐alkenes are obtained. The unique sulfur‐rich carbonaceous structure (transfer hydrogenation functionality) and the metal‐free character of the acidic carbocatalyst makes it inert against many typical catalyst poisons, among them water, salt, polar functionalities, and sulfur species. The described performance in plastic recycling, as well as the low cost and large‐scale availability of lignosulfonate from the pulp industry, makes this metal‐free acidic carbocatalyst promising for real‐life environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solution of using organic and inorganic chemical agents to strengthen loading capacity of soil for base, subbase or surface layers in unpaved road pavement has been applied for a long time in the world. In Vietnam, the method has been applied with conventional such as lime, cement, fly ash, or bitumen. Since the years of 2000s, the new soil stabilizers have been introduced to Vietnam. However, the price of the imported admixtures is still the barrier for practical applications. DBS-06 is a domestic lignosulfonate soil stabilizer synthesized from the paper industry waste, which was collected from the HoaBinh paper factory located in Ky Son District, HoaBinh Province. The study program was conducted to investigate the main mechanical properties of the soil specimens stabilized by DBS-06intending for used in road construction. The test results showed that the soil treated with DBS-06 was significantly improved the strength of compression, split tensile and elastic modulus, the three critical indicators representing forload bearing capacity of the material, in both normal and water saturated conditions.

Lignosulfonate-based admixtures (LS) obtained from sulfite pulping processes were the first dispersants added as a water-reducer to concrete. Less effective than the latest superplasticizers, the low cost and low environmental footprint of LS continue to allow these materials to compete in the building and construction market. In addition to the dispersion effect, LS is known to retard cement hydration. The aim of this paper is to characterize the effect of LS on the hydration and rheology of cement paste. The effect of the time at which the LS is added, either by immediate addition or after ten minutes of hydration, has been investigated. It appears that the immediate addition of LS is less effective than the delayed addition when it comes to dispersion of cement, likely due to the initial ettringite formation.

A sustainable electrochemical pathway for degradation and thermal treatment of technical lignosulfonate is presented. This approach is an opportunity to produce remarkable quantities of low molecular weight compounds, such as vanillin and acetovanillone. For the electrochemical degradation, a simple two‐electrode arrangement in aqueous media is used, which is also easily scalable. The oxidation of the biopolymer occurs at the anode whereas hydrogen is evolved at the cathode. The subsequent thermal treatment supports the degradation of the robust chemical structure of lignosulfonates. With optimized electrolytic conditions, vanillin could be obtained in 9.7 wt% relative to the dry mass of lignosulfonate used. Aside from vanillin, by‐products such as acetovanillone or vanillic acid were observed in lower yields. A new and reliable one‐pot, two‐step degradation of different technically relevant lignosulfonates is established with the advantages of using electrons as an oxidizing agent, which results in low quantities of reagent waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphaltenes are recognized as being troublesome from upstream to downstream in the oil industry due to their tendency to precipitate and self-associate. Their extraction from asphaltenic crude oil for a cost-effective refining process is a crucial and critical challenge in the oil and gas sector. Lignosulfonate (LS), as a by-product of the wood pulping process in the papermaking industry, is a highly available and underutilized feedstock. This study aimed to synthesize novel LS-based ionic liquids (ILs) by reacting lignosulfonate acid sodium salt [Na]2[LS] with different alkyl chains of piperidinium chloride for asphaltene dispersion. The synthesized ILs, 1-hexyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C6C1Pip]2[LS], 1-octyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C8C1Pip]2[LS], 1-dodecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C12C1Pip]2[LS] and 1-hexadecyl-1-methyl-piperidinium lignosulfonate [C16C1Pip]2[LS] were characterized using FTIR-ATR and 1H NMR for functional groups and structural confirmation. The ILs depicted high thermal stability because of the presence of a long side alkyl chain and piperidinium cation following thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Asphaltene dispersion indices (%) of ILs were tested by varying contact time, temperature and ILs concentration. The obtained indices were high for all ILs, with a dispersion index of more than 91.2% [C16C1Pip]2[LS], representing the highest dispersion at 50,000 ppm. It was able to lower asphaltene particle size diameter from 51 nm to 11 nm. The kinetic data of [C16C1Pip]2[LS] were consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The dispersion index (%), asphaltene particle growth and the kinetic model agreed with the molecular modeling studies of the HOMO–LUMO energy of IL holds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the kinetics of adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions under static conditions on a new nanocomposite material—graphene oxide/lignosulfonate (GO/LS). The adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite with respect to lead ions was 179 mg/g at a extraction time of 20 min. The experimental kinetic dependences were processed in the coordinates of the Elovich pseudo-first- and -second-order models, as well as the Morris and Weber diffusion models and the Boyd model. The performed calculations led to the conclusion that the pseudo-second-order model most accurately describes the adsorption of Pb2+ ions on GO/LS (R2 = 0.999). In this case, the calculated adsorption capacity was 182.52 mg/g. According to diffusion models, sorption is not limited by diffusion, but the rate of the process is limited by diffusion through the film formed on the surface of the sorbent. Thus, we can conclude that the film-diffusion mechanism of adsorption of Pb2+ ions on GO/LS with a contribution to the overall rate of the process of sorbate–sorbate interaction. The results obtained allow us to state that the GO/LS nanocomposite is a promising sorbent in the processes of removing heavy-metal ions from polluted hydrogeosystems and can be considered an effective solution for ensuring the environmental safety of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A new method is presented using electrochemically generated ferrate to degrade the technically relevant bio‐based side‐stream products, lignin and lignosulfonate. An exclusive degradation to vanillic acid is found, which was previously a reported by‐product. As a natural resource, lignin can be utilized to substitute fossil‐based chemicals in the industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and positively impact climate change. Ferrate is generated from grey cast iron sacrificial anodes in 40 wt% NaOH with a current efficiency of over 22% at a current density of up to 100 mA cm−2. Vanillic acid is obtained as the sole product after optimizing the reaction parameters, temperature, time, and ferrate concentration for the lignosulfonate degradation via the design of experiments. As a result, yields of 7.2 wt% of the flavoring agent and antioxidant vanillic acid are achieved. The presented two‐step degradation provides an inexpensive path for the production of vanillic acid on a laboratory scale from a highly abundant bio‐based side‐stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]