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24. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

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Thery, C., Witwer, K. (Kenneth), Aikawa, E. (Elena), Alcaraz, M.J. (Maria Jose), Anderson, J.D. (Johnathon D), Andriantsitohaina, R. (Ramaroson), Antoniou, A. (Anna), Arab, T. (Tanina), Archer, F. (Fabienne), Atkin-Smith, G.K. (Georgia K), Ayre, D.C. (D Craig), Bach, J.-M. (Jean-Marie), Bachurski, D. (Daniel), Baharvand, H. (Hossein), Balaj, L. (Leonora), Baldacchino, S. (Shawn), Bauer, N.N. (Natalie N), Baxter, A.A. (Amy A), Bebawy, M. (Mary), Beckham, C. (Carla), Bedina Zavec, A. (Apolonija), Benmoussa, A. (Abderrahim), Berardi, A.C. (Anna C), Bergese, P. (Paolo), Bielska, E. (Ewa), Blenkiron, C. (Cherie), Bobis-Wozowicz, S. (Sylwia), Boilard, E. (Eric), Boireau, W. (Wilfrid), Bongiovanni, A. (Antonella), Borràs, F.E. (Francesc), Bosch, S. (Steffi), Boulanger, C.M. (Chantal), Breakefield, X. (Xandra), Breglio, A.M. (Andrew M), Brennan, M.Á. (Meadhbh Á), Brigstock, D.R. (David R), Brisson, A. (Alain), Broekman, M.L.D. (Marike), Bromberg, J.F. (Jacqueline F), Bryl-Górecka, P. (Paulina), Buch, S. (Shilpa), Buck, A.H. (Amy H), Burger, D. (Dylan), Busatto, S. (Sara), Buschmann, D. (Dominik), Bussolati, B. (Benedetta), Buzas, E. (Edit), Byrd, J.B. (James Bryan), Camussi, G. (Giovanni), Carter, D.R.F. (David RF), Caruso, S. (Sarah), Chamley, L.W. (Lawrence W), Chang, Y.-T. (Yu-Ting), Chaudhuri, A.D. (Amrita Datta), Chen, C. (Chihchen), Chen, S. (Shuai), Cheng, L. (Lesley), Chin, A.R. (Andrew R), Clayton, A. (Aled), Clerici, S.P. (Stefano P), Cocks, A. (Alex), Cocucci, E. (Emanuele), Coffey, R.J. (Robert J), Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. (Anabela), Couch, Y. (Yvonne), Coumans, F.A.W. (Frank AW), Coyle, B. (Beth), Crescitelli, R. (Rossella), Criado, M.F. (Miria Ferreira), D’Souza-Schorey, C. (Crislyn), Das, S. (Saumya), de Candia, P. (Paola), De Santana, E.F. (Eliezer F), De Wever, O. (Olivier), Del Portillo, H. (Hernando), Demaret, T. (Tanguy), Deville, S. (Sarah), Devitt, A. (Andrew), Dhondt, B. (Bert), Di Vizio, D. (Dolores), Dieterich, L.C. (Lothar C), Dolo, V. (Vincenza), Dominguez Rubio, A.P. (Ana Paula), Dominici, M. (Massimo), Dourado, M.R. (Mauricio R), Driedonks, T.A.P. (Tom AP), Duarte, F.V. (Filipe V), Duncan, H.M. (Heather M), Eichenberger, R.M. (Ramon M), Ekström, K. (Karin), EL Andaloussi, S. (Samir), Elie-Caille, C. (Celine), Erdbrügger, U. (Uta), Falcon-Perez, J.M. (Juan), Fatima, F. (Farah), Fish, J.E. (Jason E), Flores-Bellver, M. (Miguel), Försönits, A. (András), Frelet-Barrand, A. (Annie), Fricke, F. (Fabia), Fuhrmann, G. (Gregor), Gabrielsson, S. (Susanne), Gámez-Valero, A. (Ana), Gardiner, C. (Chris), Gärtner, K. (Kathrin), Gaudin, R. (Raphael), Gho, Y.S. (Yong Song), Giebel, B. (B.), Gilbert, C. (Caroline), Gimona, M. (Mario), Giusti, I. (Ilaria), Goberdhan, D.C.I. (Deborah CI), Görgens, A. (André), Gorski, S.M. (Sharon M), Greening, D.W. (David W.), Gross, J.C. (Julia Christina), Gualerzi, A. (Alice), Gupta, G.N. (Gopal N), Gustafson, D. (Dakota), Handberg, A. (Aase), Haraszti, R.A. (Reka A), Harrison, P. (Paul), Hegyesi, H. (Hargita), Hendrix, A. (An), Hill, A.F. (Andrew F), Hochberg, F.H. (Fred H), Hoffmann, K.F. (Karl F), Holder, B. (Beth), Holthofer, H. (Harry), Hosseinkhani, B. (Baharak), Hu, G. (Guoku), Huang, Y. (Yiyao), Huber, V. (Veronica), Hunt, S. (Stuart), Ibrahim, A.G.-E. (Ahmed Gamal-Eldin), Ikezu, T. (Tsuneya), Inal, J.M. (Jameel), Isin, M. (Mustafa), Ivanova, A. (Alena), Jackson, H.K. (Hannah K), Jacobsen, S. (Soren), Jay, S.M. (Steven M), Jayachandran, M. (Muthuvel), Jenster, G.W. (Guido), Jiang, L. (Lanzhou), Johnson, S.M. (Suzanne M), Jones, J.C. (Jennifer C), Jong, A. (Ambrose), Jovanovic-Talisman, T. (Tijana), Jung, S. (Stephanie), Kalluri, R. (Raghu), Kano, S.-I. (Shin-ichi), Kaur, S. (Sukhbir), Kawamura, Y. (Yumi), Keller, E.T. (Evan T), Khamari, D. (Delaram), Khomyakova, E. (Elena), Khvorova, A. (Anastasia), Kierulf, P. (Peter), Kim, K.P. (Kwang Pyo), Kislinger, T. (Thomas), Klingeborn, M. (Mikael), Klinke, D.J. (David J), Kornek, M. (Miroslaw), Kosanović, M.M. (Maja M), Kovács, Á.F. (Árpád Ferenc), Krämer-Albers, E.-M. (Eva-Maria), Krasemann, S. (Susanne), Krause, M. (Mirja), Kurochkin, I.V. (Igor V), Kusuma, G.D. (Gina D), Kuypers, S. (Sören), Laitinen, S. (Saara), Langevin, S.M. (Scott M), Languino, L.R. (Lucia R), Lannigan, J. (Joanne), Lässer, C. (Cecilia), Laurent, L.C. (Louise C), Lavieu, G. (Gregory), Lázaro-Ibáñez, E. (Elisa), Le Lay, S. (Soazig), Lee, M.-S. (Myung-Shin), Lee, Y.X.F. (Yi Xin Fiona), Lemos, D.S. (Debora S), Lenassi, M. (Metka), Leszczynska, A. (Aleksandra), Li, I.T.S. (Isaac TS), Liao, K. (Ke), Libregts, S.F. (Sten), Ligeti, E. (Erzsebet), Lim, R. (Rebecca), Lim, S.K. (Sai Kiang), Linē, A. (Aija), Linnemannstöns, K. (Karen), Llorente, A. (Alicia), Lombard, C.A. (Catherine A), Lorenowicz, M.J. (Magdalena J), Lörincz, Á.M. (Ákos M), Lötvall, J. (Jan), Lovett, J. (Jason), Lowry, M.C. (Michelle C), Loyer, X. (Xavier), Lu, Q. (Quan), Lukomska, B. (Barbara), Lunavat, T.R. (Taral R), Maas, S.L.N. (Sybren), Malhi, H. (Harmeet), Marcilla, A. (Antonio), Mariani, J. (Jacopo), Mariscal, J. (Javier), Martens-Uzunova, E.S. (Elena), Martin-Jaular, L. (Lorena), Martinez, M.C. (M Carmen), Martins, V.R. (Vilma Regina), Mathieu, M. (Mathilde), Mathivanan, S. (Suresh), Maugeri, M. (Marco), McGinnis, L.K. (Lynda K), McVey, M.J. (Mark J), Meckes, D.G. (David G), Meehan, K.L. (Katie L), Mertens, I. (Inge), Minciacchi, V.R. (Valentina R), Möller, A. (Andreas), Møller Jørgensen, M. (Malene), Morales-Kastresana, A. (Aizea), Morhayim, J. (Jess), Mullier, F. (Francois), Muraca, M. (Maurizio), Musante, L. (Luca), Mussack, V. (Veronika), Muth, D.C. (Dillon C), Myburgh, K.H. (Kathryn H), Najrana, T. (Tanbir), Nawaz, M. (Muhammad), Nazarenko, I. (Irina), Nejsum, P. (Peter), Neri, C. (Christian), Neri, T. (Tommaso), Nieuwland, C.C.M. (Carolien) van, Nimrichter, L. (Leonardo), Nolan, J.P. (John P), Nolte-’t Hoen, E.N.M. (Esther NM), Hooten, N.N. (Nicole Noren), O’Driscoll, L. (Lorraine), O’Grady, T. (Tina), O’Loghlen, A. (Ana), Ochiya, T. (Takahiro), Olivier, M. (Martin), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Ortiz, L.A. (Luis A), Osteikoetxea, X. (Xabier), Ostegaard, O. (Ole), Ostrowski, M. (Matias), Park, J. (Jaesung), Pegtel, D.M. (D. Michiel), Peinado, H. (Hector), Perut, F. (Francesca), Pfaffl, M.W. (Michael W), Phinney, D.G. (Donald G), Pieters, B.C.H. (Bartijn CH), Pink, R.C. (Ryan C), Pisetsky, D.S. (David S), Pogge von Strandmann, E. (Elke), Polakovicova, I. (Iva), Poon, I.K.H. (Ivan KH), Powell, B.H. (Bonita H), Prada, I. (Ilaria), Pulliam, L. (Lynn), Quesenberry, P. (Peter), Radeghieri, A. (Annalisa), Raffai, R.L. (Robert L), Raimondo, S. (Stefania), Rak, J. (Janusz), Ramirez, M.I. (Marcel I.), Raposo, L. (Luís), Rayyan, M.S. (Morsi S), Regev-Rudzki, N. (Neta), Ricklefs, F.L. (Franz L), Robbins, P.D. (Paul D), Roberts, D.D. (David D), Rodrigues, S.C. (Silvia C), Rohde, E. (Eva), Rome, S. (Sophie), Rouschop, K.M.A. (Kasper MA), Rughetti, A. (Aurelia), Russell, A.E. (Ashley E), Saá, P. (Paula), Sahoo, S. (Susmita), Salas-Huenuleo, E. (Edison), Sánchez, C. (Catherine), Saugstad, J.A. (Julie A), Saul, M.J. (Meike J), Schiffelers, R.M. (Raymond), Schneider, R. (Raphael), Schøyen, T.H. (Tine Hiorth), Scott, A. (Aaron), Shahaj, E. (Eriomina), Sharma, S. (Shivani), Shatnyeva, O. (Olga), Shekari, F. (Faezeh), Shelke, G.V. (Ganesh Vilas), Shetty, A.K. (Ashok K), Shiba, K. (Kiyotaka), Siljander, P. (Pia), Silva, A.M. (Andreia M), Skowronek, A. (Agata), Snyder, O.L. (Orman L), Soares, R.P. (Rodrigo Pedro), Sódar, B.W. (Barbara W), Soekmadji, C. (Carolina), Sotillo, J. (Javier), Stahl, P.D. (Philip D), Stoorvogel, W. (Willem), Stott, S.L. (Shannon L), Strasser, E.F. (Erwin F), Swift, S. (Simon), Tahara, H. (Hidetoshi), Tewari, M. (Muneesh), Timms, K. (Kate), Tiwari, S. (Swasti), Tixeira, R. (Rochelle), Tkach, M. (Mercedes), Toh, W.S. (Wei Seong), Tomasini, R. (Richard), Torrecilhas, A.C. (Ana Claudia), Tosar, J.P. (Juan Pablo), Toxavidis, V. (Vasilis), Urbanelli, L. (Lorena), Vader, P. (Pieter), Balkom, B.W.M. (Bas) van, van der Grein, S.G. (Susanne G), Van Deun, J. (Jan), van Herwijnen, M.J.C. (Martijn JC), Van Keuren-Jensen, K. (Kendall), van Niel, G. (Guillaume), Royen, M.E. (Martin), van Wijnen, A.J. (Andre J), Vasconcelos, M.H. (M Helena), Vechetti, I.J. (Ivan J), Veit, T.D. (Tiago D), Vella, L.J. (Laura J.), Velot, É. (Émilie), Verweij, F.J. (Frederik J), Vestad, B. (Beate), Viñas, J.L. (Jose L), Visnovitz, T. (Tamás), Vukman, K.V. (Krisztina V), Wahlgren, J. (Jessica), Watson, D.C. (Dionysios C), Wauben, M.H.M. (Marca), Weaver, A. (Alissa), Webber, J.P. (Jason P), Weber, V. (Viktoria), Wehman, A.M. (Ann M), Weiss, D.J. (Daniel J), Welsh, J.A. (Joshua A), Wendt, S. (Sebastian), Wheelock, A.M. (Asa M), Wiener, Z. (Zoltán), Witte, L. (Leonie), Wolfram, J. (Joy), Xagorari, A. (Angeliki), Xander, P. (Patricia), Xu, J. (Jing), Yan, X. (Xiaomei), Yáñez-Mó, M. (María), Yin, H. (Hang), Yuana, Y., Zappulli, V. (Valentina), Zarubova, J. (Jana), Žėkas, V. (Vytautas), Zhang, J.-Y. (Jian-ye), Zhao, Z. (Zezhou), Zheng, L. (Lei), Zheutlin, A.R. (Alexander R), Zickler, A.M. (Antje M), Zimmermann, P. (Pascale), Zivkovic, A.M. (Angela M), Zocco, D. (Davide), Zuba-Surma, E.K. (Ewa K), Thery, C., Witwer, K. (Kenneth), Aikawa, E. (Elena), Alcaraz, M.J. (Maria Jose), Anderson, J.D. (Johnathon D), Andriantsitohaina, R. (Ramaroson), Antoniou, A. (Anna), Arab, T. (Tanina), Archer, F. (Fabienne), Atkin-Smith, G.K. (Georgia K), Ayre, D.C. (D Craig), Bach, J.-M. (Jean-Marie), Bachurski, D. (Daniel), Baharvand, H. (Hossein), Balaj, L. (Leonora), Baldacchino, S. (Shawn), Bauer, N.N. (Natalie N), Baxter, A.A. (Amy A), Bebawy, M. (Mary), Beckham, C. (Carla), Bedina Zavec, A. (Apolonija), Benmoussa, A. (Abderrahim), Berardi, A.C. (Anna C), Bergese, P. (Paolo), Bielska, E. (Ewa), Blenkiron, C. (Cherie), Bobis-Wozowicz, S. (Sylwia), Boilard, E. (Eric), Boireau, W. (Wilfrid), Bongiovanni, A. (Antonella), Borràs, F.E. (Francesc), Bosch, S. (Steffi), Boulanger, C.M. (Chantal), Breakefield, X. (Xandra), Breglio, A.M. (Andrew M), Brennan, M.Á. (Meadhbh Á), Brigstock, D.R. (David R), Brisson, A. (Alain), Broekman, M.L.D. (Marike), Bromberg, J.F. (Jacqueline F), Bryl-Górecka, P. (Paulina), Buch, S. (Shilpa), Buck, A.H. (Amy H), Burger, D. (Dylan), Busatto, S. (Sara), Buschmann, D. (Dominik), Bussolati, B. (Benedetta), Buzas, E. (Edit), Byrd, J.B. (James Bryan), Camussi, G. (Giovanni), Carter, D.R.F. (David RF), Caruso, S. (Sarah), Chamley, L.W. (Lawrence W), Chang, Y.-T. (Yu-Ting), Chaudhuri, A.D. (Amrita Datta), Chen, C. (Chihchen), Chen, S. (Shuai), Cheng, L. (Lesley), Chin, A.R. (Andrew R), Clayton, A. (Aled), Clerici, S.P. (Stefano P), Cocks, A. (Alex), Cocucci, E. (Emanuele), Coffey, R.J. (Robert J), Cordeiro-da-Silva, A. (Anabela), Couch, Y. (Yvonne), Coumans, F.A.W. (Frank AW), Coyle, B. (Beth), Crescitelli, R. (Rossella), Criado, M.F. (Miria Ferreira), D’Souza-Schorey, C. (Crislyn), Das, S. (Saumya), de Candia, P. (Paola), De Santana, E.F. (Eliezer F), De Wever, O. (Olivier), Del Portillo, H. (Hernando), Demaret, T. (Tanguy), Deville, S. (Sarah), Devitt, A. (Andrew), Dhondt, B. (Bert), Di Vizio, D. (Dolores), Dieterich, L.C. (Lothar C), Dolo, V. (Vincenza), Dominguez Rubio, A.P. (Ana Paula), Dominici, M. (Massimo), Dourado, M.R. (Mauricio R), Driedonks, T.A.P. (Tom AP), Duarte, F.V. (Filipe V), Duncan, H.M. (Heather M), Eichenberger, R.M. (Ramon M), Ekström, K. (Karin), EL Andaloussi, S. (Samir), Elie-Caille, C. (Celine), Erdbrügger, U. (Uta), Falcon-Perez, J.M. (Juan), Fatima, F. (Farah), Fish, J.E. (Jason E), Flores-Bellver, M. (Miguel), Försönits, A. (András), Frelet-Barrand, A. (Annie), Fricke, F. (Fabia), Fuhrmann, G. (Gregor), Gabrielsson, S. (Susanne), Gámez-Valero, A. (Ana), Gardiner, C. (Chris), Gärtner, K. (Kathrin), Gaudin, R. (Raphael), Gho, Y.S. (Yong Song), Giebel, B. (B.), Gilbert, C. (Caroline), Gimona, M. (Mario), Giusti, I. (Ilaria), Goberdhan, D.C.I. (Deborah CI), Görgens, A. (André), Gorski, S.M. (Sharon M), Greening, D.W. (David W.), Gross, J.C. (Julia Christina), Gualerzi, A. (Alice), Gupta, G.N. (Gopal N), Gustafson, D. (Dakota), Handberg, A. (Aase), Haraszti, R.A. (Reka A), Harrison, P. (Paul), Hegyesi, H. (Hargita), Hendrix, A. (An), Hill, A.F. (Andrew F), Hochberg, F.H. (Fred H), Hoffmann, K.F. (Karl F), Holder, B. (Beth), Holthofer, H. (Harry), Hosseinkhani, B. (Baharak), Hu, G. (Guoku), Huang, Y. (Yiyao), Huber, V. (Veronica), Hunt, S. (Stuart), Ibrahim, A.G.-E. (Ahmed Gamal-Eldin), Ikezu, T. (Tsuneya), Inal, J.M. (Jameel), Isin, M. (Mustafa), Ivanova, A. (Alena), Jackson, H.K. (Hannah K), Jacobsen, S. (Soren), Jay, S.M. (Steven M), Jayachandran, M. (Muthuvel), Jenster, G.W. (Guido), Jiang, L. (Lanzhou), Johnson, S.M. (Suzanne M), Jones, J.C. (Jennifer C), Jong, A. (Ambrose), Jovanovic-Talisman, T. (Tijana), Jung, S. (Stephanie), Kalluri, R. (Raghu), Kano, S.-I. (Shin-ichi), Kaur, S. (Sukhbir), Kawamura, Y. (Yumi), Keller, E.T. (Evan T), Khamari, D. (Delaram), Khomyakova, E. (Elena), Khvorova, A. (Anastasia), Kierulf, P. (Peter), Kim, K.P. (Kwang Pyo), Kislinger, T. (Thomas), Klingeborn, M. (Mikael), Klinke, D.J. (David J), Kornek, M. (Miroslaw), Kosanović, M.M. (Maja M), Kovács, Á.F. (Árpád Ferenc), Krämer-Albers, E.-M. (Eva-Maria), Krasemann, S. (Susanne), Krause, M. (Mirja), Kurochkin, I.V. (Igor V), Kusuma, G.D. (Gina D), Kuypers, S. (Sören), Laitinen, S. (Saara), Langevin, S.M. (Scott M), Languino, L.R. (Lucia R), Lannigan, J. (Joanne), Lässer, C. (Cecilia), Laurent, L.C. (Louise C), Lavieu, G. (Gregory), Lázaro-Ibáñez, E. (Elisa), Le Lay, S. (Soazig), Lee, M.-S. (Myung-Shin), Lee, Y.X.F. (Yi Xin Fiona), Lemos, D.S. (Debora S), Lenassi, M. (Metka), Leszczynska, A. (Aleksandra), Li, I.T.S. (Isaac TS), Liao, K. (Ke), Libregts, S.F. (Sten), Ligeti, E. (Erzsebet), Lim, R. (Rebecca), Lim, S.K. (Sai Kiang), Linē, A. (Aija), Linnemannstöns, K. (Karen), Llorente, A. (Alicia), Lombard, C.A. (Catherine A), Lorenowicz, M.J. (Magdalena J), Lörincz, Á.M. (Ákos M), Lötvall, J. (Jan), Lovett, J. (Jason), Lowry, M.C. (Michelle C), Loyer, X. (Xavier), Lu, Q. (Quan), Lukomska, B. (Barbara), Lunavat, T.R. (Taral R), Maas, S.L.N. (Sybren), Malhi, H. (Harmeet), Marcilla, A. (Antonio), Mariani, J. (Jacopo), Mariscal, J. (Javier), Martens-Uzunova, E.S. (Elena), Martin-Jaular, L. (Lorena), Martinez, M.C. (M Carmen), Martins, V.R. (Vilma Regina), Mathieu, M. (Mathilde), Mathivanan, S. (Suresh), Maugeri, M. (Marco), McGinnis, L.K. (Lynda K), McVey, M.J. (Mark J), Meckes, D.G. (David G), Meehan, K.L. (Katie L), Mertens, I. (Inge), Minciacchi, V.R. (Valentina R), Möller, A. (Andreas), Møller Jørgensen, M. (Malene), Morales-Kastresana, A. (Aizea), Morhayim, J. (Jess), Mullier, F. (Francois), Muraca, M. (Maurizio), Musante, L. (Luca), Mussack, V. (Veronika), Muth, D.C. (Dillon C), Myburgh, K.H. (Kathryn H), Najrana, T. (Tanbir), Nawaz, M. (Muhammad), Nazarenko, I. (Irina), Nejsum, P. (Peter), Neri, C. (Christian), Neri, T. (Tommaso), Nieuwland, C.C.M. (Carolien) van, Nimrichter, L. (Leonardo), Nolan, J.P. (John P), Nolte-’t Hoen, E.N.M. (Esther NM), Hooten, N.N. (Nicole Noren), O’Driscoll, L. (Lorraine), O’Grady, T. (Tina), O’Loghlen, A. (Ana), Ochiya, T. (Takahiro), Olivier, M. (Martin), Ortiz, A. (Alberto), Ortiz, L.A. (Luis A), Osteikoetxea, X. (Xabier), Ostegaard, O. (Ole), Ostrowski, M. (Matias), Park, J. (Jaesung), Pegtel, D.M. (D. Michiel), Peinado, H. (Hector), Perut, F. (Francesca), Pfaffl, M.W. (Michael W), Phinney, D.G. (Donald G), Pieters, B.C.H. (Bartijn CH), Pink, R.C. (Ryan C), Pisetsky, D.S. (David S), Pogge von Strandmann, E. (Elke), Polakovicova, I. (Iva), Poon, I.K.H. (Ivan KH), Powell, B.H. (Bonita H), Prada, I. (Ilaria), Pulliam, L. (Lynn), Quesenberry, P. (Peter), Radeghieri, A. (Annalisa), Raffai, R.L. (Robert L), Raimondo, S. (Stefania), Rak, J. (Janusz), Ramirez, M.I. (Marcel I.), Raposo, L. (Luís), Rayyan, M.S. (Morsi S), Regev-Rudzki, N. (Neta), Ricklefs, F.L. (Franz L), Robbins, P.D. (Paul D), Roberts, D.D. (David D), Rodrigues, S.C. (Silvia C), Rohde, E. (Eva), Rome, S. (Sophie), Rouschop, K.M.A. (Kasper MA), Rughetti, A. (Aurelia), Russell, A.E. (Ashley E), Saá, P. (Paula), Sahoo, S. (Susmita), Salas-Huenuleo, E. (Edison), Sánchez, C. (Catherine), Saugstad, J.A. (Julie A), Saul, M.J. (Meike J), Schiffelers, R.M. (Raymond), Schneider, R. (Raphael), Schøyen, T.H. (Tine Hiorth), Scott, A. (Aaron), Shahaj, E. (Eriomina), Sharma, S. (Shivani), Shatnyeva, O. (Olga), Shekari, F. (Faezeh), Shelke, G.V. (Ganesh Vilas), Shetty, A.K. (Ashok K), Shiba, K. (Kiyotaka), Siljander, P. (Pia), Silva, A.M. (Andreia M), Skowronek, A. (Agata), Snyder, O.L. (Orman L), Soares, R.P. (Rodrigo Pedro), Sódar, B.W. (Barbara W), Soekmadji, C. (Carolina), Sotillo, J. (Javier), Stahl, P.D. (Philip D), Stoorvogel, W. (Willem), Stott, S.L. (Shannon L), Strasser, E.F. (Erwin F), Swift, S. (Simon), Tahara, H. (Hidetoshi), Tewari, M. (Muneesh), Timms, K. (Kate), Tiwari, S. (Swasti), Tixeira, R. (Rochelle), Tkach, M. (Mercedes), Toh, W.S. (Wei Seong), Tomasini, R. (Richard), Torrecilhas, A.C. (Ana Claudia), Tosar, J.P. (Juan Pablo), Toxavidis, V. (Vasilis), Urbanelli, L. (Lorena), Vader, P. (Pieter), Balkom, B.W.M. (Bas) van, van der Grein, S.G. (Susanne G), Van Deun, J. (Jan), van Herwijnen, M.J.C. (Martijn JC), Van Keuren-Jensen, K. (Kendall), van Niel, G. (Guillaume), Royen, M.E. (Martin), van Wijnen, A.J. (Andre J), Vasconcelos, M.H. (M Helena), Vechetti, I.J. (Ivan J), Veit, T.D. (Tiago D), Vella, L.J. (Laura J.), Velot, É. (Émilie), Verweij, F.J. (Frederik J), Vestad, B. (Beate), Viñas, J.L. (Jose L), Visnovitz, T. (Tamás), Vukman, K.V. (Krisztina V), Wahlgren, J. (Jessica), Watson, D.C. (Dionysios C), Wauben, M.H.M. (Marca), Weaver, A. (Alissa), Webber, J.P. (Jason P), Weber, V. (Viktoria), Wehman, A.M. (Ann M), Weiss, D.J. (Daniel J), Welsh, J.A. (Joshua A), Wendt, S. (Sebastian), Wheelock, A.M. (Asa M), Wiener, Z. (Zoltán), Witte, L. (Leonie), Wolfram, J. (Joy), Xagorari, A. (Angeliki), Xander, P. (Patricia), Xu, J. (Jing), Yan, X. (Xiaomei), Yáñez-Mó, M. (María), Yin, H. (Hang), Yuana, Y., Zappulli, V. (Valentina), Zarubova, J. (Jana), Žėkas, V. (Vytautas), Zhang, J.-Y. (Jian-ye), Zhao, Z. (Zezhou), Zheng, L. (Lei), Zheutlin, A.R. (Alexander R), Zickler, A.M. (Antje M), Zimmermann, P. (Pascale), Zivkovic, A.M. (Angela M), Zocco, D. (Davide), and Zuba-Surma, E.K. (Ewa K)

Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make the

Published
2019
Full Text
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25. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author

Thery, C, Witwer, KW, Aikawa, E, Jose Alcaraz, M, Anderson, JD, Andriantsitohaina, R, Antoniou, A, Arab, T, Archer, F, Atkin-Smith, GK, Ayre, DC, Bach, J-M, Bachurski, D, Baharvand, H, Balaj, L, Baldacchino, S, Bauer, NN, Baxter, AA, Bebawy, M, Beckham, C, Zavec, AB, Benmoussa, A, Berardi, AC, Bergese, P, Bielska, E, Blenkiron, C, Bobis-Wozowicz, S, Boilard, E, Boireau, W, Bongiovanni, A, Borras, FE, Bosch, S, Boulanger, CM, Breakefield, X, Breglio, AM, Brennan, MA, Brigstock, DR, Brisson, A, Broekman, MLD, Bromberg, JF, Bryl-Gorecka, P, Buch, S, Buck, AH, Burger, D, Busatto, S, Buschmann, D, Bussolati, B, Buzas, E, Byrd, JB, Camussi, G, Carter, DRF, Caruso, S, Chamley, LW, Chang, Y-T, Chen, C, Chen, S, Cheng, L, Chin, AR, Clayton, A, Clerici, SP, Cocks, A, Cocucci, E, Coffey, RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva, A, Couch, Y, Coumans, FAW, Coyle, B, Crescitelli, R, Criado, MF, D'Souza-Schorey, C, Das, S, Chaudhuri, AD, de Candia, P, De Santana Junior, EF, De Wever, O, del Portillo, HA, Demaret, T, Deville, S, Devitt, A, Dhondt, B, Di Vizio, D, Dieterich, LC, Dolo, V, Dominguez Rubio, AP, Dominici, M, Dourado, MR, Driedonks, TAP, Duarte, F, Duncan, HM, Eichenberger, RM, Ekstrom, K, Andaloussi, SEL, Elie-Caille, C, Erdbrugger, U, Falcon-Perez, JM, Fatima, F, Fish, JE, Flores-Bellver, M, Forsonits, A, Frelet-Barrand, A, Fricke, F, Fuhrmann, G, Gabrielsson, S, Gamez-Valero, A, Gardiner, C, Gaertner, K, Gaudin, R, Gho, YS, Giebel, B, Gilbert, C, Gimona, M, Giusti, I, Goberdhan, DC, Goergens, A, Gorski, SM, Greening, DW, Gross, JC, Gualerzi, A, Gupta, GN, Gustafson, D, Handberg, A, Haraszti, RA, Harrison, P, Hegyesi, H, Hendrix, A, Hill, AF, Hochberg, FH, Hoffmann, KF, Holder, B, Holthofer, H, Hosseinkhani, B, Hu, G, Huang, Y, Huber, V, Hunt, S, Ibrahim, AG-E, Ikezu, T, Inal, JM, Isin, M, Ivanova, A, Jackson, HK, Jacobsen, S, Jay, SM, Jayachandran, M, Jenster, G, Jiang, L, Johnson, SM, Jones, JC, Jong, A, Jovanovic-Talisman, T, Jung, S, Kalluri, R, Kano, S-I, Kaur, S, Kawamura, Y, Keller, ET, Khamari, D, Khomyakova, E, Khvorova, A, Kierulf, P, Kim, KP, Kislinger, T, Klingeborn, M, Klinke, DJ, Kornek, M, Kosanovic, MM, Kovacs, AF, Kraemer-Albers, E-M, Krasemann, S, Krause, M, Kurochkin, I, Kusuma, GD, Kuypers, S, Laitinen, S, Langevin, SM, Languino, LR, Lannigan, J, Lasser, C, Laurent, LC, Lavieu, G, Lazaro-Ibanez, E, Le Lay, S, Lee, M-S, Lee, YXF, Lemos, DS, Lenassi, M, Leszczynska, A, Li, ITS, Liao, K, Libregts, SF, Ligeti, E, Lim, R, Lim, SK, Line, A, Linnemannstoens, K, Llorente, A, Lombard, CA, Lorenowicz, MJ, Lorincz, AM, Lotvall, J, Lovett, J, Lowry, MC, Loyer, X, Lu, Q, Lukomska, B, Lunavat, TR, Maas, SLN, Malhi, H, Marcilla, A, Mariani, J, Mariscal, J, Martens-Uzunova, ES, Martin-Jaular, L, Martinez, MC, Martins, VR, Mathieu, M, Mathivanan, S, Maugeri, M, McGinnis, LK, McVey, MJ, Meckes, DG, Meehan, KL, Mertens, I, Minciacchi, VR, Moller, A, Jorgensen, MM, Morales-Kastresana, A, Morhayim, J, Mullier, F, Muraca, M, Musante, L, Mussack, V, Muth, DC, Myburgh, KH, Najrana, T, Nawaz, M, Nazarenko, I, Nejsum, P, Neri, C, Neri, T, Nieuwland, R, Nimrichter, L, Nolan, JP, Nolte-'t Hoen, ENM, Noren Hooten, N, O'Driscoll, L, O'Grady, T, O'Loghlen, A, Ochiya, T, Olivier, M, Ortiz, A, Ortiz, LA, Osteikoetxea, X, Ostegaard, O, Ostrowski, M, Park, J, Pegtel, DM, Peinado, H, Perut, F, Pfaffl, MW, Phinney, DG, Pieters, BCH, Pink, RC, Pisetsky, DS, von Strandmann, EP, Polakovicova, I, Poon, IKH, Powell, BH, Prada, I, Pulliam, L, Quesenberry, P, Radeghieri, A, Raffai, RL, Raimondo, S, Rak, J, Ramirez, M, Raposo, G, Rayyan, MS, Regev-Rudzki, N, Ricklefs, FL, Robbins, PD, Roberts, DD, Rodrigues, SC, Rohde, E, Rome, S, Rouschop, KMA, Rughetti, A, Russell, AE, Saa, P, Sahoo, S, Salas-Huenuleo, E, Sanchez, C, Saugstad, JA, Saul, MJ, Schiffelers, RM, Schneider, R, Schoyen, TH, Scott, A, Shahaj, E, Sharma, S, Shatnyeva, O, Shekari, F, Shelke, GV, Shetty, AK, Shiba, K, Siljander, PR-M, Silva, AM, Skowronek, A, Snyder, OL, Soares, RP, Sodar, BW, Soekmadji, C, Sotillo, J, Stahl, PD, Stoorvogel, W, Stott, SL, Strasser, EF, Swift, S, Tahara, H, Tewari, M, Timms, K, Tiwari, S, Tixeira, R, Tkach, M, Toh, WS, Tomasini, R, Torrecilhas, AC, Pablo Tosar, J, Toxavidis, V, Urbanelli, L, Vader, P, van Balkom, BWM, van der Grein, SG, Van Deun, J, van Herwijnen, MJC, Van Keuren-Jensen, K, van Niel, G, van Royen, ME, van Wijnen, AJ, Helena Vasconcelos, M, Vechetti, IJ, Veit, TD, Vella, LJ, Velot, E, Verweij, FJ, Vestad, B, Vinas, JL, Visnovitz, T, Vukman, KV, Wahlgren, J, Watson, DC, Wauben, MHM, Weaver, A, Webber, JP, Weber, V, Wehman, AM, Weiss, DJ, Welsh, JA, Wendt, S, Wheelock, AM, Wiener, Z, Witte, L, Wolfram, J, Xagorari, A, Xander, P, Xu, J, Yan, X, Yanez-Mo, M, Yin, H, Yuana, Y, Zappulli, V, Zarubova, J, Zekas, V, Zhang, J-Y, Zhao, Z, Zheng, L, Zheutlin, AR, Zickler, AM, Zimmermann, P, Zivkovic, AM, Zocco, D, Zuba-Surma, EK, Thery, C, Witwer, KW, Aikawa, E, Jose Alcaraz, M, Anderson, JD, Andriantsitohaina, R, Antoniou, A, Arab, T, Archer, F, Atkin-Smith, GK, Ayre, DC, Bach, J-M, Bachurski, D, Baharvand, H, Balaj, L, Baldacchino, S, Bauer, NN, Baxter, AA, Bebawy, M, Beckham, C, Zavec, AB, Benmoussa, A, Berardi, AC, Bergese, P, Bielska, E, Blenkiron, C, Bobis-Wozowicz, S, Boilard, E, Boireau, W, Bongiovanni, A, Borras, FE, Bosch, S, Boulanger, CM, Breakefield, X, Breglio, AM, Brennan, MA, Brigstock, DR, Brisson, A, Broekman, MLD, Bromberg, JF, Bryl-Gorecka, P, Buch, S, Buck, AH, Burger, D, Busatto, S, Buschmann, D, Bussolati, B, Buzas, E, Byrd, JB, Camussi, G, Carter, DRF, Caruso, S, Chamley, LW, Chang, Y-T, Chen, C, Chen, S, Cheng, L, Chin, AR, Clayton, A, Clerici, SP, Cocks, A, Cocucci, E, Coffey, RJ, Cordeiro-da-Silva, A, Couch, Y, Coumans, FAW, Coyle, B, Crescitelli, R, Criado, MF, D'Souza-Schorey, C, Das, S, Chaudhuri, AD, de Candia, P, De Santana Junior, EF, De Wever, O, del Portillo, HA, Demaret, T, Deville, S, Devitt, A, Dhondt, B, Di Vizio, D, Dieterich, LC, Dolo, V, Dominguez Rubio, AP, Dominici, M, Dourado, MR, Driedonks, TAP, Duarte, F, Duncan, HM, Eichenberger, RM, Ekstrom, K, Andaloussi, SEL, Elie-Caille, C, Erdbrugger, U, Falcon-Perez, JM, Fatima, F, Fish, JE, Flores-Bellver, M, Forsonits, A, Frelet-Barrand, A, Fricke, F, Fuhrmann, G, Gabrielsson, S, Gamez-Valero, A, Gardiner, C, Gaertner, K, Gaudin, R, Gho, YS, Giebel, B, Gilbert, C, Gimona, M, Giusti, I, Goberdhan, DC, Goergens, A, Gorski, SM, Greening, DW, Gross, JC, Gualerzi, A, Gupta, GN, Gustafson, D, Handberg, A, Haraszti, RA, Harrison, P, Hegyesi, H, Hendrix, A, Hill, AF, Hochberg, FH, Hoffmann, KF, Holder, B, Holthofer, H, Hosseinkhani, B, Hu, G, Huang, Y, Huber, V, Hunt, S, Ibrahim, AG-E, Ikezu, T, Inal, JM, Isin, M, Ivanova, A, Jackson, HK, Jacobsen, S, Jay, SM, Jayachandran, M, Jenster, G, Jiang, L, Johnson, SM, Jones, JC, Jong, A, Jovanovic-Talisman, T, Jung, S, Kalluri, R, Kano, S-I, Kaur, S, Kawamura, Y, Keller, ET, Khamari, D, Khomyakova, E, Khvorova, A, Kierulf, P, Kim, KP, Kislinger, T, Klingeborn, M, Klinke, DJ, Kornek, M, Kosanovic, MM, Kovacs, AF, Kraemer-Albers, E-M, Krasemann, S, Krause, M, Kurochkin, I, Kusuma, GD, Kuypers, S, Laitinen, S, Langevin, SM, Languino, LR, Lannigan, J, Lasser, C, Laurent, LC, Lavieu, G, Lazaro-Ibanez, E, Le Lay, S, Lee, M-S, Lee, YXF, Lemos, DS, Lenassi, M, Leszczynska, A, Li, ITS, Liao, K, Libregts, SF, Ligeti, E, Lim, R, Lim, SK, Line, A, Linnemannstoens, K, Llorente, A, Lombard, CA, Lorenowicz, MJ, Lorincz, AM, Lotvall, J, Lovett, J, Lowry, MC, Loyer, X, Lu, Q, Lukomska, B, Lunavat, TR, Maas, SLN, Malhi, H, Marcilla, A, Mariani, J, Mariscal, J, Martens-Uzunova, ES, Martin-Jaular, L, Martinez, MC, Martins, VR, Mathieu, M, Mathivanan, S, Maugeri, M, McGinnis, LK, McVey, MJ, Meckes, DG, Meehan, KL, Mertens, I, Minciacchi, VR, Moller, A, Jorgensen, MM, Morales-Kastresana, A, Morhayim, J, Mullier, F, Muraca, M, Musante, L, Mussack, V, Muth, DC, Myburgh, KH, Najrana, T, Nawaz, M, Nazarenko, I, Nejsum, P, Neri, C, Neri, T, Nieuwland, R, Nimrichter, L, Nolan, JP, Nolte-'t Hoen, ENM, Noren Hooten, N, O'Driscoll, L, O'Grady, T, O'Loghlen, A, Ochiya, T, Olivier, M, Ortiz, A, Ortiz, LA, Osteikoetxea, X, Ostegaard, O, Ostrowski, M, Park, J, Pegtel, DM, Peinado, H, Perut, F, Pfaffl, MW, Phinney, DG, Pieters, BCH, Pink, RC, Pisetsky, DS, von Strandmann, EP, Polakovicova, I, Poon, IKH, Powell, BH, Prada, I, Pulliam, L, Quesenberry, P, Radeghieri, A, Raffai, RL, Raimondo, S, Rak, J, Ramirez, M, Raposo, G, Rayyan, MS, Regev-Rudzki, N, Ricklefs, FL, Robbins, PD, Roberts, DD, Rodrigues, SC, Rohde, E, Rome, S, Rouschop, KMA, Rughetti, A, Russell, AE, Saa, P, Sahoo, S, Salas-Huenuleo, E, Sanchez, C, Saugstad, JA, Saul, MJ, Schiffelers, RM, Schneider, R, Schoyen, TH, Scott, A, Shahaj, E, Sharma, S, Shatnyeva, O, Shekari, F, Shelke, GV, Shetty, AK, Shiba, K, Siljander, PR-M, Silva, AM, Skowronek, A, Snyder, OL, Soares, RP, Sodar, BW, Soekmadji, C, Sotillo, J, Stahl, PD, Stoorvogel, W, Stott, SL, Strasser, EF, Swift, S, Tahara, H, Tewari, M, Timms, K, Tiwari, S, Tixeira, R, Tkach, M, Toh, WS, Tomasini, R, Torrecilhas, AC, Pablo Tosar, J, Toxavidis, V, Urbanelli, L, Vader, P, van Balkom, BWM, van der Grein, SG, Van Deun, J, van Herwijnen, MJC, Van Keuren-Jensen, K, van Niel, G, van Royen, ME, van Wijnen, AJ, Helena Vasconcelos, M, Vechetti, IJ, Veit, TD, Vella, LJ, Velot, E, Verweij, FJ, Vestad, B, Vinas, JL, Visnovitz, T, Vukman, KV, Wahlgren, J, Watson, DC, Wauben, MHM, Weaver, A, Webber, JP, Weber, V, Wehman, AM, Weiss, DJ, Welsh, JA, Wendt, S, Wheelock, AM, Wiener, Z, Witte, L, Wolfram, J, Xagorari, A, Xander, P, Xu, J, Yan, X, Yanez-Mo, M, Yin, H, Yuana, Y, Zappulli, V, Zarubova, J, Zekas, V, Zhang, J-Y, Zhao, Z, Zheng, L, Zheutlin, AR, Zickler, AM, Zimmermann, P, Zivkovic, AM, Zocco, D, and Zuba-Surma, EK

Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Published
2018

28. Adhesion-dependent degranulation of neutrophils requires the Src family kinases Fgr and Hck

Author

Attila Mócsai, Ligeti, E., Lowell, C. A., and Berton, G.

Subjects
Male, Mice, Knockout, Neutrophils, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Immunology, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Cell Degranulation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Lactoferrin, Mice, Pyrimidines, src-Family Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Cell Adhesion, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-hck, Animals, Humans, Pyrazoles, Immunology and Allergy, Female, Enzyme Inhibitors
Abstract

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) adherent to integrin ligands respond to inflammatory mediators by reorganizing their cytoskeleton and releasing reactive oxygen intermediates. As Src family tyrosine kinases are implicated in these responses, we investigated their possible role in regulating degranulation. Human PMN incubated on fibrinogen released lactoferrin in response to TNF-α and this response was inhibited by PP1, a Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor. This drug had no effect on lactoferrin secretion induced by PMA, an adhesion-independent agonist of PMN degranulation. However, PP1 blocked secretion in PMN plated on plain tissue culture plastic, a surface inducing PMN spreading in the absence of any stimulus. Double knockout hck−/−fgr−/− PMN adherent to collagen or fibrinogen failed to release lactoferrin in response to TNF-α but responded to PMA as wild-type PMN. Degranulation induced by spreading over tissue culture plastic was also defective in hck−/−fgr−/− PMN. Defective adhesion-dependent degranulation required the absence of both kinases, because single knockout fgr−/− or hck−/− PMN responded as wild-type cells. Analysis of lactoferrin secretion in hck−/−fgr−/− or PP1-treated, suspended PMN showed that Src kinases are not implicated in degranulation dependent on activation of protein kinase C or increase in intracellular free Ca2+ but may play a role in the response to FMLP of cytochalasin B-treated PMN. These findings identify a role for Src family kinases in a signaling pathway leading to granule-plasma membrane fusion and suggest that Fgr and Hck would be targets for pharmacological control of adhesion-dependent degranulation in the inflammatory site.

Published
1999

35. Release of acetylcholine from rat brain synaptosomes by various agents in the absence of external calcium ions.

Author

Adam-Vizi, V and Ligeti, E

Abstract

The relationship between 86Rb+ distribution across synaptosomal membrane and [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) release have been studied in a rat brain cortex synaptosomal preparation using K+, ouabain and veratridine depolarization. Decrease in membrane potential, approximated from the 86Rb+ distribution, is accompanied by an increase in [14C]ACh release, but the extent of the increase at a certain depolarization is dependent on how the depolarization is induced. A substantial depolarization by K+ is necessary to enhance ACh release, as compared to ouabain and veratridine where only a slight depolarization is accompanied by an increase in ACh release. In Ca2+‐free, EGTA‐containing medium ouabain and veratridine can also increase [14C]ACh release. The relationship between membrane potential and ACh release is very similar in the presence of ouabain and veratridine both in Ca2+‐containing and Ca2+‐free medium. The effect of ouabain and veratridine on the Na‐K exchange pump is different; ouabain can completely abolish Na‐K‐ATPase activity and 86Rb+ uptake of synaptosomes, whereas veratridine does not seem to influence the activity of the pump. m‐Chloro‐carbonylcianid phenyl hydrazon (50‐500 nM) increases [14C]ACh release in a concentration‐dependent manner without a considerable change of membrane potential or Na‐K pump activity. The Ca2+ ionophore A 23187 induces a substantial increase in [14C]ACh release in the absence of external Ca2+. In this case neither Na‐K pump activity nor membrane potential of synaptosomes is changed. A possible role of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization as a consequence of increased intracellular Na+ concentration in some depolarization‐induced transmitter release is discussed.

Published
1984
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36. Calcium uptake of rat brain synaptosomes as a function of membrane potential under different depolarizing conditions.

Author

Adam-Vizi, V and Ligeti, E

Abstract

The uptake of 45Ca2+ was measured in brain synaptosomes under conditions designed to depolarize the membranes. Membrane potential was estimated from the distribution of 86Rb+ between the intra‐ and extracellular compartments. K+ depolarization (8‐60 mM) only increased "a2+ uptake beyond a threshold depolarization of about 10 mV, whereas veratridine (5‐40 microM) induced an increased Ca2+ uptake at a concentration which depolarized the membrane less than this threshold. Ouabain did not enhance Ca2+ uptake, but the depolarization it produced did not reach threshold. Ca2+ influx already stimulated by K+ depolarization can be further enhanced by veratridine without any parallel change in membrane potential. Only the pathway mediating Ca2+ uptake during K+ depolarization can be inactivated: Ca2+ uptake evoked by K+ depolarization is decreased in synaptosomes pre‐depolarized in the presence of a high concentration of K+. In contrast, pre‐depolarization does not change Ca2+ uptake evoked by veratridine. Ca2+ channel blockers, such as verapamil and diltiazem but not nifedipine, in concentrations of 10‐100 microM, decrease the stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by high K+ concentration without influencing depolarization, whereas the effect of veratridine on Ca2+ uptake is only inhibited when its effect on Na+ channels is also prevented. It is concluded that Ca2+ uptake during K+ depolarization proceeds through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels similar to those of squid axon, whereas veratridine activates an additional Ca2+ entry, possibly via influx through open Na+ channels. Different quantitative relationships are found between acetylcholine release of synaptosomes and the amount of Ca2+ taken up by different mechanisms: the same amount of Ca2+ uptake is accompanied by a greater increase of acetylcholine release if the uptake is induced by K+ depolarization rather than veratridine.

Published
1986
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37. Regulation of capacitative Ca2+ influx in human neutrophil granulocytes. Alterations in chronic granulomatous disease.

Author

Geiszt, M, Kapus, A, Német, K, Farkas, L, and Ligeti, E

Abstract

Ca2+ entry through the capacitative (store-regulated) pathway was shown to be inhibited in neutrophil granulocytes by the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the chemoattractant N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) by a hitherto unknown mechanism. Measuring both Ca2+ and Mn2+ entry into store-depleted cells we show in the present study that inhibition of the capacitative pathway is absent in various forms of chronic granulomatous disease. To establish the possible relationship between inhibition of the capacitative pathway and ability of O-2 production and consequent membrane depolarization, gradual changes of the membrane potential were evoked in neutrophils of healthy individuals. This was accomplished by pharmacological manipulation of the membrane potential and by variations of the concentration and type of the stimulant. Close relationship was observed between membrane depolarization and inhibition of Mn2+ entry through the capacitative transport route. Our results provide an explanation for the inhibitory action of fMLP and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on capacitative cation influx and reveal that upon physiological stimulation, Ca2+ entry into neutrophils is restricted by the depolarization accompanying O-2 production.

Published
1997

47. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018):a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Author

Théry, Clotilde, Witwer, Kenneth W, Aikawa, Elena, Alcaraz, Maria Jose, Anderson, Johnathon D, Andriantsitohaina, Ramaroson, Antoniou, Anna, Arab, Tanina, Archer, Fabienne, Atkin-Smith, Georgia K, Ayre, D Craig, Bach, Jean-Marie, Bachurski, Daniel, Baharvand, Hossein, Balaj, Leonora, Baldacchino, Shawn, Bauer, Natalie N, Baxter, Amy A, Bebawy, Mary, Beckham, Carla, Bedina Zavec, Apolonija, Benmoussa, Abderrahim, Berardi, Anna C, Bergese, Paolo, Bielska, Ewa, Blenkiron, Cherie, Bobis-Wozowicz, Sylwia, Boilard, Eric, Boireau, Wilfrid, Bongiovanni, Antonella, Borràs, Francesc E, Bosch, Steffi, Boulanger, Chantal M, Breakefield, Xandra, Breglio, Andrew M, Brennan, Meadhbh Á, Brigstock, David R, Brisson, Alain, Broekman, Marike Ld, Bromberg, Jacqueline F, Bryl-Górecka, Paulina, Buch, Shilpa, Buck, Amy H, Burger, Dylan, Busatto, Sara, Buschmann, Dominik, Bussolati, Benedetta, Buzás, Edit I, Byrd, James Bryan, Camussi, Giovanni, Carter, David Rf, Caruso, Sarah, Chamley, Lawrence W, Chang, Yu-Ting, Chen, Chihchen, Chen, Shuai, Cheng, Lesley, Chin, Andrew R, Clayton, Aled, Clerici, Stefano P, Cocks, Alex, Cocucci, Emanuele, Coffey, Robert J, Cordeiro-da-Silva, Anabela, Couch, Yvonne, Coumans, Frank Aw, Coyle, Beth, Crescitelli, Rossella, Criado, Miria Ferreira, D'Souza-Schorey, Crislyn, Das, Saumya, Datta Chaudhuri, Amrita, de Candia, Paola, De Santana, Eliezer F, De Wever, Olivier, Del Portillo, Hernando A, Demaret, Tanguy, Deville, Sarah, Devitt, Andrew, Dhondt, Bert, Di Vizio, Dolores, Dieterich, Lothar C, Dolo, Vincenza, Dominguez Rubio, Ana Paula, Dominici, Massimo, Dourado, Mauricio R, Driedonks, Tom Ap, Duarte, Filipe V, Duncan, Heather M, Eichenberger, Ramon M, Ekström, Karin, El Andaloussi, Samir, Elie-Caille, Celine, Erdbrügger, Uta, Falcón-Pérez, Juan M, Fatima, Farah, Fish, Jason E, Flores-Bellver, Miguel, Försönits, András, Frelet-Barrand, Annie, Fricke, Fabia, Fuhrmann, Gregor, Gabrielsson, Susanne, Gámez-Valero, Ana, Gardiner, Chris, Gärtner, Kathrin, Gaudin, Raphael, Gho, Yong Song, Giebel, Bernd, Gilbert, Caroline, Gimona, Mario, Giusti, Ilaria, Goberdhan, Deborah Ci, Görgens, André, Gorski, Sharon M, Greening, David W, Gross, Julia Christina, Gualerzi, Alice, Gupta, Gopal N, Gustafson, Dakota, Handberg, Aase, Haraszti, Reka A, Harrison, Paul, Hegyesi, Hargita, Hendrix, An, Hill, Andrew F, Hochberg, Fred H, Hoffmann, Karl F, Holder, Beth, Holthofer, Harry, Hosseinkhani, Baharak, Hu, Guoku, Huang, Yiyao, Huber, Veronica, Hunt, Stuart, Ibrahim, Ahmed Gamal-Eldin, Ikezu, Tsuneya, Inal, Jameel M, Isin, Mustafa, Ivanova, Alena, Jackson, Hannah K, Jacobsen, Soren, Jay, Steven M, Jayachandran, Muthuvel, Jenster, Guido, Jiang, Lanzhou, Johnson, Suzanne M, Jones, Jennifer C, Jong, Ambrose, Jovanovic-Talisman, Tijana, Jung, Stephanie, Kalluri, Raghu, Kano, Shin-Ichi, Kaur, Sukhbir, Kawamura, Yumi, Keller, Evan T, Khamari, Delaram, Khomyakova, Elena, Khvorova, Anastasia, Kierulf, Peter, Kim, Kwang Pyo, Kislinger, Thomas, Klingeborn, Mikael, Klinke, David J, Kornek, Miroslaw, Kosanović, Maja M, Kovács, Árpád Ferenc, Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria, Krasemann, Susanne, Krause, Mirja, Kurochkin, Igor V, Kusuma, Gina D, Kuypers, Sören, Laitinen, Saara, Langevin, Scott M, Languino, Lucia R, Lannigan, Joanne, Lässer, Cecilia, Laurent, Louise C, Lavieu, Gregory, Lázaro-Ibáñez, Elisa, Le Lay, Soazig, Lee, Myung-Shin, Lee, Yi Xin Fiona, Lemos, Debora S, Lenassi, Metka, Leszczynska, Aleksandra, Li, Isaac Ts, Liao, Ke, Libregts, Sten F, Ligeti, Erzsebet, Lim, Rebecca, Lim, Sai Kiang, Linē, Aija, Linnemannstöns, Karen, Llorente, Alicia, Lombard, Catherine A, Lorenowicz, Magdalena J, Lörincz, Ákos M, Lötvall, Jan, Lovett, Jason, Lowry, Michelle C, Loyer, Xavier, Lu, Quan, Lukomska, Barbara, Lunavat, Taral R, Maas, Sybren Ln, Malhi, Harmeet, Marcilla, Antonio, Mariani, Jacopo, Mariscal, Javier, Martens-Uzunova, Elena S, Martin-Jaular, Lorena, Martinez, M Carmen, Martins, Vilma Regina, Mathieu, Mathilde, Mathivanan, Suresh, Maugeri, Marco, McGinnis, Lynda K, McVey, Mark J, Meckes, David G, Meehan, Katie L, Mertens, Inge, Minciacchi, Valentina R, Möller, Andreas, Møller Jørgensen, Malene, Morales-Kastresana, Aizea, Morhayim, Jess, Mullier, François, Muraca, Maurizio, Musante, Luca, Mussack, Veronika, Muth, Dillon C, Myburgh, Kathryn H, Najrana, Tanbir, Nawaz, Muhammad, Nazarenko, Irina, Nejsum, Peter, Neri, Christian, Neri, Tommaso, Nieuwland, Rienk, Nimrichter, Leonardo, Nolan, John P, Nolte-'t Hoen, Esther NM, Noren Hooten, Nicole, O'Driscoll, Lorraine, O'Grady, Tina, O'Loghlen, Ana, Ochiya, Takahiro, Olivier, Martin, Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz, Luis A, Osteikoetxea, Xabier, Østergaard, Ole, Ostrowski, Matias, Park, Jaesung, Pegtel, D Michiel, Peinado, Hector, Perut, Francesca, Pfaffl, Michael W, Phinney, Donald G, Pieters, Bartijn Ch, Pink, Ryan C, Pisetsky, David S, Pogge von Strandmann, Elke, Polakovicova, Iva, Poon, Ivan Kh, Powell, Bonita H, Prada, Ilaria, Pulliam, Lynn, Quesenberry, Peter, Radeghieri, Annalisa, Raffai, 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(CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Toronto [Canada], Institut Curie-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire, Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM) - U1192 (PRISM), Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (APHP)-Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Ouest - Hôpitaux Universitaires Île de France Ouest (HUPO)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), FEMTO-ST Institute, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-CNRS : UMR6174, Mécanismes adaptatifs : des organismes aux communautés (MECADEV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Johannes Gutenberg - University of Mainz (JGU), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona], Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Laboratoire Réactions et Génie des Procédés (LRGP), Fiocruz Minas - René Rachou Research Center / Instituto René Rachou, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Functional Genomics Unit, Institut Curie-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Vermont College of Medicine [Burlington, VT, USA], Extracellular Vesicles, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Thery, C., Witwer, K. W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M. J., Anderson, J. D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., Arab, T., Archer, F., Atkin-Smith, G. K., Ayre, D. C., Bach, J. -M., Bachurski, D., Baharvand, H., Balaj, L., Baldacchino, S., Bauer, N. N., Baxter, A. A., Bebawy, M., Beckham, C., Bedina Zavec, A., Benmoussa, A., Berardi, A. C., Bergese, P., Bielska, E., Blenkiron, C., Bobis-Wozowicz, S., Boilard, E., Boireau, W., Bongiovanni, A., Borras, F. E., Bosch, S., Boulanger, C. M., Breakefield, X., Breglio, A. M., Brennan, M. A., Brigstock, D. R., Brisson, A., Broekman, M. L. D., Bromberg, J. F., Bryl-Gorecka, P., Buch, S., Buck, A. H., Burger, D., Busatto, S., Buschmann, D., Bussolati, B., Buzas, E. I., Byrd, J. B., Camussi, G., Carter, D. R. F., Caruso, S., Chamley, L. W., Chang, Y. -T., Chaudhuri, A. D., Chen, C., Chen, S., Cheng, L., Chin, A. R., Clayton, A., Clerici, S. P., Cocks, A., Cocucci, E., Coffey, R. J., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Couch, Y., Coumans, F. A. W., Coyle, B., Crescitelli, R., Criado, M. F., D'Souza-Schorey, C., Das, S., de Candia, P., De Santana, E. F., De Wever, O., del Portillo, H. A., Demaret, T., Deville, S., Devitt, A., Dhondt, B., Di Vizio, D., Dieterich, L. C., Dolo, V., Dominguez Rubio, A. P., Dominici, M., Dourado, M. R., Driedonks, T. A. P., Duarte, F. V., Duncan, H. M., Eichenberger, R. M., Ekstrom, K., EL Andaloussi, S., Elie-Caille, C., Erdbrugger, U., Falcon-Perez, J. M., Fatima, F., Fish, J. E., Flores-Bellver, M., Forsonits, A., Frelet-Barrand, A., Fricke, F., Fuhrmann, G., Gabrielsson, S., Gamez-Valero, A., Gardiner, C., Gartner, K., Gaudin, R., Gho, Y. S., Giebel, B., Gilbert, C., Gimona, M., Giusti, I., Goberdhan, D. C. I., Gorgens, A., Gorski, S. M., Greening, D. W., Gross, J. C., Gualerzi, A., Gupta, G. N., Gustafson, D., Handberg, A., Haraszti, R. A., Harrison, P., Hegyesi, H., Hendrix, A., Hill, A. F., Hochberg, F. H., Hoffmann, K. F., Holder, B., Holthofer, H., Hosseinkhani, B., Hu, G., Huang, Y., Huber, V., Hunt, S., Ibrahim, A. G. -E., Ikezu, T., Inal, J. M., Isin, M., Ivanova, A., Jackson, H. K., Jacobsen, S., Jay, S. M., Jayachandran, M., Jenster, G., Jiang, L., Johnson, S. M., Jones, J. C., Jong, A., Jovanovic-Talisman, T., Jung, S., Kalluri, R., Kano, S. -I., Kaur, S., Kawamura, Y., Keller, E. T., Khamari, D., Khomyakova, E., Khvorova, A., Kierulf, P., Kim, K. P., Kislinger, T., Klingeborn, M., Klinke, D. J., Kornek, M., Kosanovic, M. M., Kovacs, A. F., Kramer-Albers, E. -M., Krasemann, S., Krause, M., Kurochkin, I. V., Kusuma, G. D., Kuypers, S., Laitinen, S., Langevin, S. M., Languino, L. R., Lannigan, J., Lasser, C., Laurent, L. C., Lavieu, G., Lazaro-Ibanez, E., Le Lay, S., Lee, M. -S., Lee, Y. X. F., Lemos, D. S., Lenassi, M., Leszczynska, A., Li, I. T. S., Liao, K., Libregts, S. F., Ligeti, E., Lim, R., Lim, S. K., Line, A., Linnemannstons, K., Llorente, A., Lombard, C. A., Lorenowicz, M. J., Lorincz, A. M., Lotvall, J., Lovett, J., Lowry, M. C., Loyer, X., Lu, Q., Lukomska, B., Lunavat, T. R., Maas, S. L. N., Malhi, H., Marcilla, A., Mariani, J., Mariscal, J., Martens-Uzunova, E. S., Martin-Jaular, L., Martinez, M. C., Martins, V. R., Mathieu, M., Mathivanan, S., Maugeri, M., Mcginnis, L. K., Mcvey, M. J., Meckes, D. G., Meehan, K. L., Mertens, I., Minciacchi, V. R., Moller, A., Moller Jorgensen, M., Morales-Kastresana, A., Morhayim, J., Mullier, F., Muraca, M., Musante, L., Mussack, V., Muth, D. C., Myburgh, K. H., Najrana, T., Nawaz, M., Nazarenko, I., Nejsum, P., Neri, C., Neri, T., Nieuwland, R., Nimrichter, L., Nolan, J. P., Nolte-'t Hoen, E. N. M., Noren Hooten, N., O'Driscoll, L., O'Grady, T., O'Loghlen, A., Ochiya, T., Olivier, M., Ortiz, A., Ortiz, L. A., Osteikoetxea, X., Ostegaard, O., Ostrowski, M., Park, J., Pegtel, D. M., Peinado, H., Perut, F., Pfaffl, M. W., Phinney, D. G., Pieters, B. C. H., Pink, R. C., Pisetsky, D. S., Pogge von Strandmann, E., Polakovicova, I., Poon, I. K. H., Powell, B. H., Prada, I., Pulliam, L., Quesenberry, P., Radeghieri, A., Raffai, R. L., Raimondo, S., Rak, J., Ramirez, M. I., Raposo, G., Rayyan, M. S., Regev-Rudzki, N., Ricklefs, F. L., Robbins, P. D., Roberts, D. D., Rodrigues, S. C., Rohde, E., Rome, S., Rouschop, K. M. A., Rughetti, A., Russell, A. E., Saa, P., Sahoo, S., Salas-Huenuleo, E., Sanchez, C., Saugstad, J. A., Saul, M. J., Schiffelers, R. M., Schneider, R., Schoyen, T. H., Scott, A., Shahaj, E., Sharma, S., Shatnyeva, O., Shekari, F., Shelke, G. V., Shetty, A. K., Shiba, K., Siljander, P. R. -M., Silva, A. M., Skowronek, A., Snyder, O. L., Soares, R. P., Sodar, B. W., Soekmadji, C., Sotillo, J., Stahl, P. D., Stoorvogel, W., Stott, S. L., Strasser, E. F., Swift, S., Tahara, H., Tewari, M., Timms, K., Tiwari, S., Tixeira, R., Tkach, M., Toh, W. S., Tomasini, R., Torrecilhas, A. C., Tosar, J. P., Toxavidis, V., Urbanelli, L., Vader, P., van Balkom, B. W. M., van der Grein, S. G., Van Deun, J., van Herwijnen, M. J. C., Van Keuren-Jensen, K., van Niel, G., van Royen, M. E., van Wijnen, A. J., Vasconcelos, M. H., Vechetti, I. J., Veit, T. D., Vella, L. J., Velot, E., Verweij, F. J., Vestad, B., Vinas, J. L., Visnovitz, T., Vukman, K. V., Wahlgren, J., Watson, D. C., Wauben, M. H. M., Weaver, A., Webber, J. P., Weber, V., Wehman, A. M., Weiss, D. J., Welsh, J. A., Wendt, S., Wheelock, A. M., Wiener, Z., Witte, L., Wolfram, J., Xagorari, A., Xander, P., Xu, J., Yan, X., Yanez-Mo, M., Yin, H., Yuana, Y., Zappulli, V., Zarubova, J., Zekas, V., Zhang, J. -Y., Zhao, Z., Zheng, L., Zheutlin, A. R., Zickler, A. M., Zimmermann, P., Zivkovic, A. M., Zocco, D., Zuba-Surma, E. K., dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, Celbiologie, Afd Pharmaceutics, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Biomol.Mass Spect. and Proteomics, Afd Pharmacology, CCA - Imaging and biomarkers, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Neuroinfection & -inflammation, and Amsterdam Neuroscience - Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms

Subjects
ectosome, ectosomes, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, guidelines, microparticles, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, reproducibility, rigor, standardization, Histology, Cell Biology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], size-exclusion, Medicine and Health Sciences, CELL-DERIVED MICROPARTICLES, FIELD-FLOW FRACTIONATION, requirements, circulating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, lcsh:Cytology, PROSTATE-CANCER, microparticle, Cell interaction, microvesicle, chromatography, Position Paper, guideline, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, ectosomes, exosomes, extracellular vesicles, guidelines, microparticles, microvesicles, minimal information requirements, reproducibility, rigor, standardization, MEMBRANE-VESICLES, FETAL BOVINE, Ectosomes, Exosomes, Extracellular Vesicles, Guidelines, Microparticles, Microvesicles, Minimal Information Requirements, Reproducibility, Rigor, Standardization, CIRCULATING MICROPARTICLES, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, ddc:570, exosome, SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE, ddc:610, lcsh:QH573-671, Biology, Interacció cel·lular, Science & Technology, ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons/mcrc, Cell membranes, HUMAN URINARY EXOSOMES, PREANALYTICAL PARAMETERS, minimal information requirement, SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, 1182 Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, extracellular vesicle, Human medicine, Membranes cel·lulars
Abstract

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles ("MISEV") guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these "MISEV2014" guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

Published
2018
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48. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions

Author

Juan M. Falcón-Pérez, Irene M. Ghobrial, Aija Linē, Eva Rohde, Francesco Cappello, Irina Nazarenko, María Yáñez-Mó, Saara Laitinen, Mayda Gursel, María Mittelbrunn, Krisztina Buzas, Mario Gimona, Erzsébet Ligeti, An Hendrix, Ihsan Gursel, Marie Stampe Ostenfeld, Antonio Marcilla, Joana Carvalho, Eva-Maria Krämer-Albers, Georg Lipps, Francisco Sánchez-Madrid, Thomas Lener, Carla Oliveira, Éva Pállinger, Francesc E. Borràs, Susanne G. van der Grein, Olivier De Wever, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Bernd Giebel, Anabela Cordeiro da Silva, Esther N. M. Nolte-‘t Hoen, Nuno Santarém, Willem Stoorvogel, Marina Rigau, Hernando A. del Portillo, Katsutoshi Kokubun, Marca H. M. Wauben, Alicia Llorente, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Eva Colas, Katharina Schallmoser, Maja Kosanović, Peter Kierulf, Jaume Reventós, Mireia Olivan, Jan Lötvall, Edit I. Buzás, Enriqueta Casal, Michael W. Graner, Pia Siljander, Stefano Fais, Cecilia Lässer, Marei Sammar, Niels H. H. Heegaard, Lorraine O'Driscoll, Roman Štukelj, Tuula A. Nyman, Zoraida Andreu, Mateja Manček-Keber, M. Helena Vasconcelos, Infection & Immunity, Fertility & Reproduction, dB&C I&I, LS Celbiologie-Algemeen, Yanez-Mo M., Siljander P.R.-M., Andreu Z., Zavec A.B., Borras F.E., Buzas E.I., Buzas K., Casal E., Cappello F., Carvalho J., Colas E., Cordeiro-Da Silva A., Fais S., Falcon-Perez J.M., Ghobrial I.M., Giebel B., Gimona M., Graner M., Gursel I., Gursel M., Heegaard N.H.H., Hendrix A., Kierulf P., Kokubun K., Kosanovic M., Kralj-Iglic V., Kramer-Albers E.-M., Laitinen S., Lasser C., Lener T., Ligeti E., Line A., Lipps G., Llorente A., Lotvall J., Mancek-Keber M., Marcilla A., Mittelbrunn M., Nazarenko I., Nolte-'t Hoen E.N.M., Nyman T.A., O'Driscoll L., Olivan M., Oliveira C., Pallinger E., Del Portillo H.A., Reventos J., Rigau M., Rohde E., Sammar M., Sanchez-Madrid F., Santarem N., Schallmoser K., Ostenfeld M.S., Stoorvogel W., Stukelj R., Van Der Grein S.G., Helena Vasconcelos M., Wauben M.H.M., and De Wever O.

Subjects
Proteomics, Cellular distribution, MATURE DENDRITIC CELLS, Review, Review Article, Urine, Embryo development, Monocyte, Protein processing, Vascular biology, Feces, Vesícules seminals, SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLAST MICROVILLOUS MEMBRANES, Cell selection, Pregnancy, T lymphocyte, Bile, CELL-DERIVED EXOSOMES, Biogenesis, Lung lavage, Uterus fluid, Innate immunity, Male genital system, lcsh:Cytology, Microvesicle, OUTER-MEMBRANE VESICLES, Blood clotting, prokaryote, Eukaryota, Extracellular vesicle, RNA analysis, Cell biology, Blood, Cerebrospinal fluid, Liver metabolism, microvesicle, Morphogen, Human, Nervous system, Cell signaling, Breast milk, Natural killer cell, Fisiologia, Extracellular vesicles, Exosome, lcsh:QH573-671, Saliva, Biology, Biology and Life Sciences, DNA, Plant, RNA transport, Cell function, Macrophage, Molecular biology, Physiology, Medizin, FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR, eukaryote, Protein glycosylation, Extracellular space, Tissue repair, Espai extracel·lular, Reticulocyte, Seminal plasma, Mesenchymal stem cell, Antigen presenting cell, Seminal vesicles, Nose mucus, Biofilm, Neutrophil, MicroRNA, PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, Lipid, Amnion fluid, Prokaryota, microparticle, Cell interaction, Cell transport, eukaryote, exosome, extracellular vesicle, microparticle, microvesicle, physiology, prokaryote, Bone mineralization, Microorganism, Histology, Adaptive immunity, Membrane vesicle, Computational biology, Membrane receptor, Stress, Cell communication, Mast cell, MESENCHYMAL STEM-CELLS, HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS, exosome, Cytokine, Synovial fluid, Cell Biology, Nonhuman, IMMUNE-MODULATORY FEATURES, Review article, DNA content, physiology, RNA, INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS, extracellular vesicle, Body fluid, Lectin
Abstract

The authors wish to thank Dr R Simpson and Dr D Taylor for critical reading of the manuscript and acknowledge the Horizon 2020 European Cooperation in Science and Technology programme and its support of our European Network on Microvesicles and Exosomes in Health & Disease (ME-HaD; BM1202 www.cost.eu/COST_Actions/bmbs/Actions/BM1202). In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This is due to their capacity to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both recipient and parent cells. While intensive investigation has targeted the role of EVs in different pathological processes, for example, in cancer and autoimmune diseases, the EV-mediated maintenance of homeostasis and the regulation of physiological functions have remained less explored. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the physiological roles of EVs, which has been written by crowd-sourcing, drawing on the unique EV expertise of academia-based scientists, clinicians and industry based in 27 European countries, the United States and Australia. This review is intended to be of relevance to both researchers already working on EV biology and to newcomers who will encounter this universal cell biological system. Therefore, here we address the molecular contents and functions of EVs in various tissues and body fluids from cell systems to organs. We also review the physiological mechanisms of EVs in bacteria, lower eukaryotes and plants to highlight the functional uniformity of this emerging communication system.

Published
2015
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49. MICy: a Novel Flow Cytometric Method for Rapid Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration.

Author

Kállai A, Kelemen M, Molnár N, Tropotei A, Hauser B, Iványi Z, Gál J, Ligeti E, Kristóf K, and Lőrincz ÁM

Subjects
Bacteria growth & development, Enterococcus faecalis drug effects, Enterococcus faecalis growth & development, Escherichia coli drug effects, Escherichia coli growth & development, Klebsiella pneumoniae drug effects, Klebsiella pneumoniae growth & development, Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods, Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug effects, Pseudomonas aeruginosa growth & development, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Staphylococcus aureus growth & development, Streptococcus pyogenes drug effects, Streptococcus pyogenes growth & development, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Bacteria drug effects, Flow Cytometry methods
Abstract

Early initiated adequate antibiotic treatment is essential in intensive care. Shortening the length of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) can accelerate clinical decision-making. Our objective was to develop a simple flow cytometry (FC)-based AST that produces reliable results within a few hours. We developed a FC-based AST protocol (MICy) and tested it on six different bacteria strains (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis) in Mueller-Hinton and Luria-Bertani broth. We monitored the bacterial growth by FC to define the optimal time of AST. All bacteria were tested against 12 antibiotics and the MIC values were compared to microdilution used as reference method. McNemar and Fleiss' kappa inter-observer tests were performed to analyze the bias between the two methods. Susceptibility profiles of the two methods were also compared. We found that FC is able to detect the bacterial growth after 4-h incubation. The point-by-point comparison of MICy and microdilution resulted in exact match above 87% (2642/3024) of all measurements. The MIC values obtained by MICy and microdilution agreed over 80% (173/216) within ±1 dilution range that gives a substantial inter-observer agreement with weighted Fleiss' kappa. By using the EUCAST clinical breakpoints, we defined susceptibility profiles of MICy that were identical to microdilution in more than 92% (197/213) of the decisions. MICy resulted 8.7% major and 3.2% very major discrepancies. MICy is a new, simple FC-based AST method that produces susceptibility profile with low failure rate a workday earlier than the microdilution method. IMPORTANCE MICy is a new, simple and rapid flow cytometry based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) method that produces susceptibility profile a workday earlier than the microdilution method or other classical phenotypic AST methods. Shortening the length of AST can accelerate clinical decision-making as targeted antibiotic treatment improves clinical outcomes and reduces mortality, duration of artificial ventilation, and length of stay in intensive care unit. It can also reduce nursing time and costs and the spreading of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we present the workflow and methodology of MICy and compare the results produced by MICy to microdilution step by step.

Published
2021
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50. Mac-1 Receptor Clustering Initiates Production of Pro-Inflammatory, Antibacterial Extracellular Vesicles From Neutrophils.

Author

Szeifert V, Kolonics F, Bartos B, Khamari D, Vági P, Barna L, Ligeti E, and Lőrincz ÁM

Subjects
Cells, Cultured, Humans, Macrophage-1 Antigen immunology, Extracellular Vesicles immunology, Extracellular Vesicles metabolism, Macrophage-1 Antigen metabolism, Neutrophils immunology, Neutrophils metabolism
Abstract

Depending on the prevailing environmental conditions, neutrophilic granulocytes release extracellular vesicles (EV) which have either anti-inflammatory effects on other neutrophils or pro-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of functionally heterogenic EVs. We show that selective stimulation of Mac-1 integrin (complement receptor 3) by specific ligands initiates the generation of EVs which are able to impair bacterial growth and to induce the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 (aEV). However, direct Mac-1 stimulation results in aEV release only if neutrophils were activated on ligand coated surfaces whereas soluble ligands are ineffective. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microcopy, an increased clustering of Mac-1 molecules could be visualized in neutrophils added to C3bi coated surfaces; moreover antibody induced cluster formation triggers aEV release as well. Mac-1 induced production of aEV apparently necessitates a strong calcium signal as it fully depends on the presence of extracellular calcium. However, initiation of a strong calcium signal by an ionophore only results the generation of EV devoid of any antibacterial or pro-inflammatory effect. Our results thus demonstrate that stimulation and clustering of Mac-1 is necessary and sufficient for initiation of aEV biogenesis. In contrast, an intracellular calcium signal is necessary but by itself not sufficient for the production of antibacterial and pro-inflammatory EVs., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Szeifert, Kolonics, Bartos, Khamari, Vági, Barna, Ligeti and Lőrincz.)

Published
2021
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