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Abstract Three dinuclear Pd(II) complexes (1, 2, and 3) with intense red phosphorescence at room temperature are here synthesized using strong ligand field strength compounds. All three complexes are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. Complexes 2 and 3 are characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystalline data of 2 and 3 reveal complex double‐layer structures, with Pd–Pd distances of 2.8690(9) Å and 2.8584(17) Å, respectively. Furthermore, complexes 1, 2, and 3 show phosphorescence at room temperature in their solid states at the wavelengths of 678, 601, and 672 nm, respectively. In addition, they show phosphorescence at 634, 635, and 582 nm, respectively, in the 2 wt.% (PMMA) films, and phosphorescence at 670, 675, and 589 nm, respectively, in the deoxygenated CH2Cl2 solutions. Among three complexes, complex 1 shows red emission at 634 nm with phosphorescent quantum yield Ф = 67% in the 2 wt.% PMMA film. Furthermore, complex 1‐based organic light‐emitting diode is fabricated using a vapor‐phase deposition process, and their maximum external quantum efficiency reaches 20.52%, which is the highest percentage obtained by using the dinuclear Pd(II) complex triplet emitters with the CIE coordinates of (0.62, 0.38).

Geo-text data, which combine geographical locations with textual information (e.g., geo-tagged tweets), are typically visualized using tag maps. Since tags are rich in attribute information, tag maps are an intuitive method of visualizing how attribute domains carried by tags vary across space. However, users may be interested not only in the overall spatial distribution of tags but also in exploring detailed attributes-in-space analyses, such as examining how a subclass of attribute domains is distributed globally or checking whether all attribute subclasses exhibit the same global distribution pattern. To date, the methods for representing tags with visual encoding (e.g., size, color) to extend various attributes-in-space tasks to support exploratory analysis remain unclear. In this work, we extended tag maps to support exploratory analysis by distinguishing space searching into local or global spaces and attribute domains into within or between attribute classes, supporting four types of attributes-in-space tasks: global-within, local-within, global-between, and local-between tasks. We evaluated our exploratory tag map through two case studies: investigating major disaster occurrences from 1981 to 2020 and examining the leading causes of death in 2000 and 2019 for Spain, France, Germany and Italy. We used eye-tracking and a questionnaire to evaluate our exploratory tag map for comparison. Both methods had similar self-reported usability scores in terms of aesthetics, density, layout, and legibility. However, our exploratory tag map was more effective and efficient and had a lower cognitive load.

ABSTRACTThe role of cartography in environmentally-sustainable development is twofold: first, useful and usable maps enable sense making and decision making about environmental processes, impacts, and protections; second, maps themselves, as digital tools, can be more energy efficient in minimizing our impact on the environment. In this paper, we elevate this energy awareness as a key design consideration for maps and introduce a novel conceptual framework for considering the carbon footprint of the content, form, and use of maps. We first systematically investigate how specific map design decisions impact the energy consumption of digital devices. We then discuss the possible ways that digital maps can be greener, outlining a series of ‘big questions’ about the content, form, and use context of maps needing future research to realize greener maps. Finally, we assert that green cartography requires not only novel techniques to design green maps but also greater attention to shaping individual, organizational, and social attitudes towards environmentally-friendly maps.