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The release of the generative pre-trained transformer (GPT) series has brought artificial general intelligence (AGI) to the forefront of the artificial intelligence (AI) field once again. However, the questions of how to define and evaluate AGI remain unclear. This perspective article proposes that the evaluation of AGI should be rooted in dynamic embodied physical and social interactions (DEPSI). More specifically, we propose five critical characteristics to be considered as AGI benchmarks and suggest the Tong test as an AGI evaluation system. The Tong test describes a value- and ability-oriented testing system that delineates five levels of AGI milestones through a virtual environment with DEPSI, allowing for infinite task generation. We contrast the Tong test with classical AI testing systems in terms of various aspects and propose a systematic evaluation system to promote standardized, quantitative, and objective benchmarks and evaluation of AGI.

This article proposes an event-triggered resilient control algorithm for cigarette weight control systems to defend against denial of service attacks (DoS) attacks and false data injection (FDI) attacks. First, the mathematical model of the system is derived by considering its physical and electromagnetic characteristics. Then, an attack detection mechanism is designed to identify potential FDI attacks. A predictive compensation algorithm is also developed to mitigate the influence of these attacks, incorporating an observer to estimate unknown compensation signals. Due to limited network resources, we employ an event-based model-free adaptive control (MFAC) framework, where data is transmitted only when specific conditions are violated. Throughout the entire control process, only the input and output data of the system are used. Finally, simulation comparisons are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our method.

Abstract Small-strain shear modulus ( $$G_0$$ G 0 ) of soils is a crucial dynamic parameter that significantly impacts seismic site response analysis and foundation design. $$G_0$$ G 0 is susceptible to multiple factors, including soil uniformity coefficient ( $$C_u$$ C u ), void ratio (e), mean particle size ( $$d_{50}$$ d 50 ), and confining stress ( $$\sigma '$$ σ ′ ). This study aims to establish a $$G_0$$ G 0 database and suggests three advanced computational models for $$G_0$$ G 0 prediction. Nine performance indicators, including four new indices, are employed to calculate and analyze the model’s performance. The XGBoost model outperforms the other two models, with all three models achieving $$R^2$$ R 2 values exceeding 0.9, RMSE values below 30, MAE values below 25, VAF values surpassing 80%, and ARE values below 50%. Compared to the empirical formula-based traditional prediction models, the model proposed in this study exhibits better performance in IOS, IOA, a20-index, and PI metrics values. The model has higher prediction accuracy and better generalization ability.

Abstract In cold regions, the freezing of pore water in rock affects the mechanical behavior of the rock. This paper studied the ice content of frozen sandstone at different temperatures and its effects on the mechanical properties of sandstone. First, the progressive freezing treatment (from 25.0 to − 30.0 °C) and in-situ nuclear magnetic resonance test were conducted to study the evolution of the ice content of sandstone with temperature. This evolution was quantitatively described by the frozen ratio defined as the percentage of the mass of ice and the total mass of water. Then, the mechanical properties of frozen sandstone at different temperatures (25.0 °C, 0.0 °C, − 5.0 °C, − 10.0 °C, − 20.0 °C and − 30.0 °C, respectively) were tested, such as P-wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), peak strain and elastic modulus. Finally, the effects of the frozen ratio on these properties were discussed. The results show that the pore water in sandstone shows three stages as the temperature decreases: stable liquid (from 25.0 to 0.0 °C), sharp phase transition (from 0.0 to − 2.5 °C) and slow phase transition (from − 2.5 to − 30.0 °C). Especially, the capillary and bulk water in sandstone is almost completely frozen in the sharp phase transition stage. As the temperature decreases, the frozen ratio first remains constant, then increases rapidly and finally increases slowly. Moreover, as the frozen ratio increases, the P-wave velocity, UCS and peak strain increase while the elastic modulus decreases. Interestingly, the compressive failure mode of sandstone changes from brittle to ductile as the frozen ratio increases.

The cracking of geopolymer caused by its brittleness characteristics could reduce the stability and durability of the building structure. Studying the cracking behavior of fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites (FRGCs) is important to evaluate the toughness strengthening of geopolymer. This paper presents a real-time study on the cracking characteristics of FRGCs under splitting tensile load based on high-speed digital image correlation (HDIC) technology. The splitting tensile test was conducted on the FRGC with different fiber content. The real-time variation of strain and displacement field during the splitting process was analyzed. The influence of fiber content on the mechanical properties and crack behavior of FRGCs was discussed. Considering the splitting strength and crack width, the optimal fiber content for FRGCs that satisfied the crack resistance requirement was proposed. The results show that the incorporation of fiber can delay the cracking time and reduce strain change during the splitting process. The splitting tensile strength and the deformation increase as fiber content increases, while the crack width decreases as fiber content increases. The FRGC with 2.0% fiber content can maintain a crack width smaller than 0.1 mm, which satisfies the crack resistance requirements of practical engineering for economic consideration.

In addition to a physical comprehension of the world, humans possess a high social intelligence—the intelligence that senses social events, infers the goals and intents of others, and facilitates social interaction. Notably, humans are distinguished from their closest primate cousins by their social cognitive skills as opposed to their physical counterparts. We believe that artificial social intelligence (ASI) will play a crucial role in shaping the future of artificial intelligence (AI). This article begins with a review of ASI from a cognitive science standpoint, including social perception, theory of mind (ToM), and social interaction. Next, we examine the recently-emerged computational counterpart in the AI community. Finally, we provide an in-depth discussion on topics related to ASI.

In the present study, we tried to understand the spatially distributed damage in sandstone samples under the coupled stress-freeze-thaw (SFT) conditions. Firstly, uniaxial compressive stresses (i.e. 0 MPa, 10 MPa, 20 MPa, and 25 MPa) were applied to the samples, and then freeze-thaw (FT) cycles (0, 8, 16, and 24) were performed on the uniaxially stressed samples to realize the SFT coupling. Next, real-time CT scanning was conducted to observe the induced damage. The total porosity was introduced to quantitatively evaluate the damage degree. The local porosity variation, with the distance from the center of the sandstone sample, was analyzed to understand the spatial distribution of damage. Finally, the coupling effects of SFT on the damage gradient were discussed. The results indicate that the porosity rises with FT cycles, and the applied stresses can accelerate the increase in porosity. The damage increases exponentially with the distance from the center of the sample. The damage presents a spatial gradient distribution, not the commonly used uniform distribution in various studies. The damage gradient increases with FT cycles, and the increasing rate in damage gradient decreases at uniaxial stress of 0 MPa and 10 MPa first, but the increasing rate in damage gradient increases with FT cycles then at stress increasing to 20 MPa.

Underground thermal engineering such as geothermal exploitation usually involves the response of impact loads due to the drilling operation and blasting load. This study investigated the dynamic mechanical properties and fragmentation characteristics of granite subjected to thermal cycling under natural cooling, water cooling, and liquid nitrogen cooling. Firstly, split Hopkinson pressure bar tests were performed on granite under three different cooling methods to study the dynamic mechanical parameters with thermal cycles. Subsequently, the damage factors were calculated to evaluate the damage on granite and the relationship between damage and stress. Finally, the granite fragments after impact were sieved, and the fractal dimension and average fragment size were introduced to analyze the fragmentation characteristics. The results demonstrate that the degradation of dynamic mechanical properties mainly occurs in the first four thermal cycles; with the increase of damage factor, the stress decreases linearly under the three cooling methods, and the damage caused by liquid nitrogen cooling to granite is the most significant, followed by water cooling. Fragments of granite change from axial splitting failure to a more complex composite failure mode. In addition, with the decrease of the average fragment size, the fractal dimension of the granite gradually increases, resulting in the higher fragmentation degree and the better uniformity of fragmentation.

Studies about the pre-stretching effect on the mechanical behavior of cold-rolled 5%Mn medium manganese steel have adopted optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Results showed that pre-stretching would change the ferrite morphology from massive and lath-like to strip-like. With the pre-stretching increasing from 0% to 14%, the dislocation density and yield strength both grew gradually, which corresponded to growth from 6.49 × 1014 m−2 to 7.98 × 1014 m−2 and growth from 765 MPa to 1109 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the austenite volume fraction, elongation and product of strength and elongation were all reduced with the pre-stretch increase. The stabilized retained austenite with pre-stretch delayed the occurrence of the TRIP effect and improved the work hardening rate. As a result, the Lüders band disappeared at 2% pre-stretch and the PLC band vanished from the stress–strain curve at 14% pre-stretch.

Among all kinds of compact cesium beam clocks, the optically detected magnetic-state-selected cesium beam clock (OMCC) combines the advantages of the magnetic state selecting scheme and fluorescence detecting method. This paper presents an overview of the OMCC. Technical issues, noise sources, frequency shifts and improvements of OMCC are reviewed. Finally, the frequency stability of five OMCC is given, which is better than the stability of the high-performance version of Microsemi 5071A.

In order to study the effect of anisotropy on the safe service of B+F dual-phase X80 pipeline steel, the slow strain tensile and polarization behaviors of hot rolled ferrite + bainite dual-phase X80 pipeline steel at three angles(0°, 45° and 90°) with rolling direction were analyzed by metallography, scanning electron microscopy, slow strain tensile test and electrochemical polarization method in simulated seawater. The result shows that the dual-phase X80 pipeline steel is composed of polygonal ferrite and lath bainite, and the content ratio of ferrite and bainite is about 1∶1. The slow tension yield strength of X80 pipeline steel with different angles from rolling direction decreases significantly with the increase of sampling angle in simulated seawater environment, which indicates that seawater has obvious stress corrosion to X80 pipeline steel; the slow strain tensile stress-strain curve of B+F dual-phase X80 pipeline steel parallel to rolling direction(0°) shows dome shape, the yield strength and tensile strength are the highest, the yield strength ratio is 0.81, and the uniform elongation is 13.4%, which can meet the application requirement; the self-corrosion potential of B+F dual-phase X80 pipeline steel perpendicular to the rolling direction(90°) is the most negative and the self-corrosion current is the largest, which indicates the seawater corrosion resistance is the worst; the corrosion resistance of dual-phase pipeline steel in the direction of 45° from the rolling direction in simulated seawater is the best due to the most positive self-corrosion potential. The research on the slow strain tensile anisotropy of B+F dual-phase X80 pipeline steel in simulated seawater environment can improve its safe service, and has some reference value for the actual production of large deformation pipeline steel.

In this study, we attempted to investigate the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage to granite with respect to associated deterioration mechanisms. First, thermal shock experiments were conducted on granite specimens by slowly preheating the specimens to high temperatures, followed by rapid cooling in tap water. Then, the spatial gradient distributions of thermal shock-induced damage were investigated by computed tomography (CT) and image analysis techniques. Finally, the influence of the preheating temperature on the spatial gradients of the damage was discussed. The results show that the thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause more damage to granite than that induced by slow cooling. The thermal shock induced by rapid cooling can cause spatial gradient distributions of the damage to granite. The damage near the specimen surface was at a maximum, while the damage inside the specimen was at a minimum. In addition, the preheating temperature can significantly influence the spatial gradient distributions of the thermal shock-induced damage. The spatial gradient distribution of damage increased as the preheating temperature increased and then decreased significantly over 600 °C. When the preheating temperature was sufficiently high (e.g. 800 °C), the gradient can be ignored.

Recent progress in deep learning is essentially based on a “big data for small tasks” paradigm, under which massive amounts of data are used to train a classifier for a single narrow task. In this paper, we call for a shift that flips this paradigm upside down. Specifically, we propose a “small data for big tasks” paradigm, wherein a single artificial intelligence (AI) system is challenged to develop “common sense,” enabling it to solve a wide range of tasks with little training data. We illustrate the potential power of this new paradigm by reviewing models of common sense that synthesize recent breakthroughs in both machine and human vision. We identify functionality, physics, intent, causality, and utility (FPICU) as the five core domains of cognitive AI with humanlike common sense. When taken as a unified concept, FPICU is concerned with the questions of “why” and “how,” beyond the dominant “what” and “where” framework for understanding vision. They are invisible in terms of pixels but nevertheless drive the creation, maintenance, and development of visual scenes. We therefore coin them the “dark matter” of vision. Just as our universe cannot be understood by merely studying observable matter, we argue that vision cannot be understood without studying FPICU. We demonstrate the power of this perspective to develop cognitive AI systems with humanlike common sense by showing how to observe and apply FPICU with little training data to solve a wide range of challenging tasks, including tool use, planning, utility inference, and social learning. In summary, we argue that the next generation of AI must embrace “dark” humanlike common sense for solving novel tasks. Keywords: Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Causality, Intuitive physics, Functionality, Perceived intent, Utility

With the implementation of the “double carbon” policy in various countries in the world, the demand for grain-oriented electrical steel with low iron loss and high magnetic induction is increasing. Reducing the thickness of the steel sheets is an effective method to reduce the iron loss.The sheet thickness reduction means the increasing cold rolling reduction rate, especially the secondary cold rolling reduction rate, will directly affect the texture evolution of the secondary recrystallization process. In this paper, the secondary cold rolling reduction rate of commercial grain-oriented silicon steel was studied by means of X-Ray Diffraction, Electron Backscatter Diffraction. The results showed that Ultra-thin oriented silicon steel cannot be obtained by increasing the secondary cold rolling reduction rate alone; the optimum secondary cold rolling reduction rate was 59.2%. The grain size increased as the secondary cold rolling reduction rate increased and favorable texture content decreased, which was disadvantage to obtain a secondary recrystallization environment.

The reaction between gypsum rock and water results in swelling deformation and swelling pressure. Swelling deformation and swelling pressure cause damage to underground engineering such as tunnels. It is of significance to study the swelling characteristics of gypsum rock. The variation in maximum radial free-swelling ratio, axial free-swelling ratio, lateral restricted-swelling ratio and lateral restricted-swelling pressure of gypsum rock with a water immersion time of 2880 min were investigated experimentally. The early swelling characteristics were further discussed and described by an S-shaped model. The results show that the swelling ratio and swelling pressure increase rapidly as the immersion time increases for the first 120 min. Subsequently, the swelling ratio and swelling pressure increase slowly and become stable as the immersion time further increases. At the 120th minute, the maximum radial free-swelling ratio, axial free-swelling ratio, lateral restricted-swelling ratio and lateral restricted-swelling pressure of gypsum rock reach more than 80% of their final values (2880 min in the present study). Based on the swelling characteristics of gypsum rock during the first 120 min, an S-shaped swelling-time model was introduced to describe the early swelling behavior of gypsum rock.

The medium carbon steel warm deformation was carried out in a Gleeble-3500 simulator, and the microstructure was observed on a scan electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OM). The results show that the dynamic reversal transformation (DRT) of austenite occurred during the multipass deformation at a temperature of 675 °C. The austenite grain size is about 3.4 μm at the stain of 2.67. The thermodynamics was discussed based on the stress activation model. The critical stress of DRT is in the range of 265.94–294.28 MPa, which is related to the Schmit factor, without considering the distortion energy. Meanwhile, the submicron ferrite was obtained after the air cooling stage. The texture of the ultrafine ferrite possessed the characteristics of good, deep drawing properties.

The evolutions of microstructure and texture of ultra-thin high-grade non-oriented silicon steel for new energy vehicles were investigated in this paper, and the formation mechanism of typical recrystallized α *-fiber texture was described. The results show that: The microstructure of the hot rolled plate was inhomogeneous along the thickness direction because of the shear force and temperature gradient, resulting in the texture in each layer of the hot rolled plate appearing rotational distribution around the Goss orientation. After normalizing, the fully recrystallized microstructure was obtained, and α *-fiber texture was formed. Banded structure was obtained in the cold rolled sheet, with α -fiber texture {114}〈110〉 dominated. The typical α *-fiber texture was formed after annealing recrystallization, which mainly consist of {114} and {113}. The {114} oriented grains were mainly nucleated within the deformed {114} grains and at the grain boundaries of α -fiber deformed grains, and without size, quantity and strength advantages. {111} is dominated in the early stage of recrystallization, but {114} became the main texture with size, strength and quantitative advantages in the late stage of recrystallization.

Moisture content is an important meat quality trait. The fast and low-cost detection for the moisture content of meat or meat products is continuously concerned by researchers. At radio frequencies, the dielectric properties of meat are strongly affected by its moisture content. Therefore, we proposed a fast detection method for moisture content of pork meat by using a quarter-wavelength transmission line at 150 MHz and an interdigital electrode-based probe. In this paper, we simulated the electric field distribution around the probe. To verify the performance of the designed device, relevant calibrations, and tests were conducted. The measurement results of moisture content obtained by our device and the network analyzer at 150 MHz were compared. The results indicate that our device can distinguish the change of moisture content between 72% and 80% in the minced pork meat. This method has considerable potential as a means for rapid determination of meat moisture content.

Robot navigation in the environment with obstacles is still a challenging problem. In this paper, the navigation problems with wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) are reviewed, the navigation mechanism of WMRs is analyzed in detail, the methods of solving the sub problems such as mapping, localization and path planning which all both related to robot navigation are summarized and the advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods are expounded. Especially in the agricultural field, the precise navigation of robots in the complex agricultural environment is the prerequisite for the completion of various tasks. This paper is aimed at the special complexity of the agricultural environment, prospected the application of the solution to the navigation problem of WMRs in agricultural engineering, put forward the research direction to solve the problems of precise navigation in agricultural environments.

This study investigated the effects of freezing temperature under freeze-thaw cycling conditions on the mechanical behavior of sandstone. First, the sandstone specimens were subjected to 10-time freeze-thaw cycling treatments at different freezing temperatures (−20, −40, −50, and −60 °C). Subsequently, a series of density, ultrasonic wave, and static and dynamic mechanical behavior tests were carried out. Finally, the effects of freezing temperature on the density, P-wave velocity, stress–strain curves, static and dynamic uniaxial compressive strength, static elastic modulus, and dynamic energy absorption of sandstone were discussed. The results show that the density slightly decreases as temperature decreases, approximately by 1.0% at −60 °C compared with that at 20 °C. The P-wave velocity, static and dynamic uniaxial compressive strength, static elastic modulus, and dynamic energy absorption obviously decrease. As freezing temperature decreases from 20 to −60 °C, the static uniaxial compressive strength, static elastic modulus, dynamic strength, and dynamic energy absorption of sandstone decrease by 16.8%, 21.2%, 30.8%, and 30.7%, respectively. The dynamic mechanical behavior is more sensitive to the freezing temperature during freeze-thawing cycling compared with the static mechanical behavior. In addition, a higher strain rate can induce a higher dynamic strength and energy absorption.

A highly reproducible plant electrical signal–light-induced bioelectrogenesis (LIB) was obtained by means of periodic illumination/darkness stimulation of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) leaves. By stimulating the same position of the same leaf with different concentrations of NaCl, we observed that the amplitude and waveform of the LIB was correlated with the intensity of stimulation. This method allowed us to link dynamic ion fluxes induced by periodic illumination/darkness to salt stress. The self-referencing ion electrode technique was used to explore the ionic mechanisms of the LIB. Fluxes of H+, Ca2+, K+, and Cl− showed periodic changes under periodic illumination/darkness before and after 50 mM NaCl stimulation. Gray relational analysis was used to analyze correlations between each of these ions and LIB. The results showed that different ions are involved in surface potential changes at different stages under periodic illumination/darkness. The gray relational grade reflected the contribution of each ion to the change in surface potential at a certain time period. The ion fluxes data obtained under periodic illumination/darkness stimulation will contribute to the future development of a dynamic model for interpretation of electrophysiological events in plant cells.

This study experimentally investigated the nonlinearity of fluid flow in smooth intersecting fractures with a high Reynolds number and high hydraulic gradient. A series of fluid flow tests were conducted on one-inlet-two-outlet fracture patterns with a single intersection. During the experimental tests, the syringe pressure gradient was controlled and varied within the range of 0.20–1.80 MPa/m. Since the syringe pump used in the tests provided a stable flow rate for each hydraulic gradient, the effects of hydraulic gradient, intersecting angle, aperture, and fracture length on the nonlinearities of fluid flow have been analysed for both effluent fractures. The results showed that as the hydraulic gradient or aperture increases, the nonlinearities of fluid flow in both the effluent fractures and the influent fracture increase. However, the nonlinearity of fluid flow in one effluent fracture decreased with increasing intersecting angle or increasing fracture length, as the nonlinearity of fluid flow in the other effluent fracture simultaneously increased. In addition, the nonlinearities of fluid flow in each of the effluent fractures exceed that of the influent fracture.

Influence of temperature scheme on the microstructure and properties variation of medium carbon steel warm deformation was studied with testing equipment of Gleeble-3500, SEM, TEM, EBSD, and φ350 reversal rolling mill. The results show that the temperature of 650 facilitates the formation of ultrafine homogeneous microstructure. The microstructure formed during temperature range of 650–700 °C is relative homogeneous and fine. The mechanical properties of warm rolling are influenced by the cooling modes. The lower cooling rate is benefit to the combination of strength and ductility.

In order to develop a third-generation automobile steel with powerful strength and elongation, we propose a method through high temperature quenching and two-phase region reverse-phase transformation annealing to develop such steel with 0.13% C and 5.4% Mn. To investigate the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of manganese steel, SEM, XRD and TEM are employed in our experiments. Experimental results indicate that the microstructure after quenching is mainly lath martensite microstructure with average of lath width at 0.5 μm. The components of the steel after along with reverse-phase transformation annealing are ultra-fine grain ferrite, lath martensite and different forms of austenite microstructure. When the temperature at 625 °C, the components of the steel mainly includes lath martensite microstructure and ultra-fine grain ferrite and the fraction of austenite volume is only 5.09%. When the annealing temperature of reverse-phase transformation increase into 650 °C and 675 °C, the austenite appears in the boundary of the ferritic grain boundary and the boundary of lath martensite as the forms of bulk and lath. The phenomenon appears in the bulk of austenite, and the size of is 0.22 μm, 0.3 μm. The fraction of austenite volume is 22.34% at 675 °C and decreases into 9.32% at 700 °C. The components of austenite mainly includes ultra-fine grained ferrite and lath martensite. Furthermore, the density of decreases significantly, and the width of martensite increases into 0.32 μm. In such experimental settings, quenching at 930 °C with 20 min and at 675 °C with 30 min reverse-phase transformation annealing, the austenite volume fraction raises up to 22.34%.

Many physiology and bioinformatics research institutions and websites have opened their own data analysis services and other related Web services. It is therefore very important to be able to quickly and effectively select and extract features from the Web service pages to learn about and use these services. This facilitates the automatic discovery and recognition of Representational State Transfer or RESTful services. However, this task is still challenging. Following the description feature pattern of a RESTful service, the authors proposed a Feature Pattern Search and Replace (FPSR) method. First, they applied a regular expression to perform a matching lookup. Then, a custom string was used to substitute the relevant feature pattern to avoid the segmentation of its feature pattern and the loss of its feature information during the segmentation process. Experimental results showed in the visualization that FPSR obtained a clearer and more obvious boundary with fewer overlaps than the test without using FPSR, thereby enabling a higher accuracy rate. Therefore, FPSR allowed the authors to extract RESTful service page feature information and achieve better classification results.

Texture control, which is affected by composition, hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing, is the core element to improve the magnetic properties of grain-oriented silicon steel and is one of the key scientific problems in developing electrical steel technology. The research and control of first factors have been very mature, and the integrated regulation of upstream and downstream processes has become a breakthrough point for improving texture. For the common grain-oriented silicon steel based on the "two-stage cold rolling method", primary recrystallization is the stage achievement of smelting, hot rolling, first cold rolling, and decarburization annealing. The grain size and texture characteristics of the primary recrystallization are the only standards to measure the pre-process technology and is the pointer of whether the secondary recrystallization can occur in the subsequent process or not, which are extremely important to improve the magnetic properties. This paper studied the hot rolling, the first cold rolling and decarburization annealing of grain-oriented silicon steel by using XRD, EBSD technologies. The results showed that the hot rolled plate is not as thinner as better, only the optimum ratio of the thickness of hot rolled plate and the first cold reduction rate can obtain optimal primary recrystallization. The minimum iron loss value and maximum magnetic induction intensity are obtained under the primary cold rolling reduction rate controlled at 77.27%, the average grain size of the primary recrystallization is 14 µm, the iron loss P1.7/50 is reduced to 1.02 W/Kg, and the magnetic induction intensity B8 can reach 1.910 T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]