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Wear of the hearth refractory and buildup (“skull”) formation play important roles for the life length of the ironmaking blast furnace. The extent of these factors during the campaign can be estimated by solving a sequence of inverse heat-conduction problems, but this requires thermocouple measurements in the lining and the effect of liquid flow is often disregarded. The model developed in the present paper aims at providing a theoretical estimation of the asymptotic inner profile of the hearth by a CFD-based approach that estimates both the iron flow and the refractory erosion and possible skull. The profile, shaped by the flowing hot metal, solidified skull, and remaining refractory, is obtained through an iterative process based on the calculated fluid flow and temperature distribution in the domain. The paper presents the assumptions behind the model, its main equations and the solution procedure, as well as a set of illustrative examples that show the versatility of the approach. The results of the model can be used to estimate the potential strengths and weaknesses of a specific hearth design and also how the lining state would be affected by changes in the boundary conditions.

Insecticides are the most economic and quick tool to control harmful agricultural insect pests which reduce crop productivity. However, these insecticides have a suppressive and negative impact on non-targeted beneficial fauna. The efficiency and mode of action of numerous insecticides are also much diverse. Therefore, we studied the sublethal impact of bifenthrin (pyrethroids) and clothianidin (neonicotinoids) on ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), taking these insecticides as the model representative for the insecticide groups. Our results revealed that both insecticides enhanced the life length of male and female adults of ladybird beetle as compared to control treatment. Bifenthrin reduced the survival rate of larvae and adults as compared to clothianidin and control as well as lowered the fecundity rate of C. septempunctata. After control treatment, the developmental period of each larval instar was shorter in clothianidin than bifenthrin. Adult emergence was also less in clothianidin than in the control group. However, clothianidin triggered the fecundity of the female ladybird beetle. Higher fecundity was recorded in clothianidin treatment as compared to bifenthrin and control which means clothianidin is a better option in integrated pest management (IPM) program as compared to bifenthrin involving the ladybird beetle as a natural biocontrol agent.

Decreasing the rise time of pulse width modulated waveforms (PWM) has been observed to reduce the life length of high voltage motors. To solve this problem, the advantages of employing multilevel PWM waveforms with adjustable rise times operating above partial discharge inception are discussed in this paper. Examples of how the voltage supply circuits can be designed to enable investigation of this well as measured results are presented. To elucidate this approach, it is investigated what influence the choice of inverter levels has on the partial discharge (PD) characteristics within motor winding material applying adjustable rise times. The test objects were fed from either three- or four level inverter voltage waveforms to resemble realistic stress conditions as in field application. Presented experimental results show that the total peak and summed PD magnitude (exposure) drops considerably when applying a longer rise time at the critical voltage flanks and is shown to reduce the wear of the winding insulation material, showing the consistency between PD pattern and wear. It is further suggested that the presence of PDs can be eliminated by adjusting the rise times at the most critical voltage flanks and thus enhance the life of the machine winding. The presented principles can be implemented for various PWM pattern.

Simple Summary The dogma that adipose tissue is a simple energy storage tissue is no longer accepted since it has been proved that it also has an incontestable multifunctional role acting like a true standalone organ resembling to endocrine or immune organs. Nevertheless, the scarcity of longitudinal studies involving pediatric subjects hinder disclosure regarding the long-term effect of this inflammation into adulthood and the outcome of interventional strategies on reducing the complications associated with this low-grade systemic inflammation. Abstract Pediatric obesity is not only an energetic imbalance, but also a chronic complex multisystem disorder that might impair both the life length and quality. Its pandemic status should increase worldwide awareness regarding the long-term life-threatening associated complications. Obesity related complications, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, or hepatic ones, affect both short and long-term wellbeing, and they do not spare pediatric subjects, defined as life-threatening consequences of the systemic inflammatory status triggered by the adipose tissue. The energetic imbalance of obesity clearly results in adipocytes hypertrophy and hyperplasia expressing different degrees of chronic inflammation. Adipose tissue might be considered an immune organ due to its rich content in a complex array of immune cells, among which the formerly mentioned macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, but also eosinophils along with T and B cells, acting together to maintain the tissue homeostasis in normal weight individuals. Adipokines belong to the class of innate immunity humoral effectors, and they play a crucial role in amplifying the immune responses with a subsequent trigger effect on leukocyte activation. The usefulness of complete cellular blood count parameters, such as leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, erythrocytes, and platelets as predictors of obesity-triggered inflammation, was also proved in pediatric patients with overweight or obesity. The dogma that adipose tissue is a simple energy storage tissue is no longer accepted since it has been proved that it also has an incontestable multifunctional role acting like a true standalone organ resembling to endocrine or immune organs.

Advancement in wearable healthcare technology allows a digital revolution in healthcare that is intended to extend life length and improve life quality. Until now, numerous efforts for wearable device-mediated healthcare systems have been focused on achieving accurate monitoring and robust operation by developing cutting-edge biosensors rather than by optimizing the placement position of well-established biosensors. Much therefore still remains unclear about the optimal position involved in biosensor placement. This leads to the need for systematic optimization of biosensor placement position. Here, the placement positions of 2 biosensor arrays (i.e., ECG-TC array and PPG-TC array) are optimized to achieve high-accuracy measurement and high-robustness operation in monitoring both body temperature and heart rate, which are commonly measured as core vital signs in wearable healthcare systems. The ECG-TC array is composed of an electrocardiography (ECG) sensor (for heart rate measurement) and a thermocouple (TC) sensor (for body temperature measurement) while the PPG-TC array consists of a photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor and a TC sensor. 34 major parts in the human body are scored in terms of monitoring accuracy (MA) and operational robustness (OR), which results in the MA index and OR index. Next, the body part having the maximum value, calculated as the product of two indices, is determined as the optimal placement position. The MA index is calculated from the signal magnitude of each biosensor and the OR index is assessed by quantifying the user accessibility, skin extensibility, and perspiration weight of each body part. Our study shows that the ECG-TC array needs to be placed on armpit, chest, and back thigh and the PPG-TC array on thumb, finger, and ear. This means the optimal placement position of biosensor-based wearable healthcare systems is affected by a combination of different biosensors. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to better understanding of biosensors and lead to further improvement in wearable healthcare devices.

Hypoxia regulated genes (HRGs) formed a complex molecular interaction network (MINW), contributing to many aspects of glioblastoma (GBM) tumor biology. However, little is known about the intrinsic structures of the HRGs-MINW, mainly due to a lack of analysis tools to decipher MINWs. By introducing general hyper-geometric distribution, we obtained a statistically reliable gene set of HRGs (SR-HRGs) from several datasets. Next, MINWs were reconstructed from several independent GBM expression datasets. Algebraic topological analysis was performed to quantitatively analyze the amount of equivalence classes of cycles in various dimensions by calculating the Betti numbers. Persistent homology analysis of a filtration of growing networks was further performed to examine robust topological structures in the network by investigating the Betti curves, life length of the cycles. Random networks with the same number of node and edge and degree distribution were produced as controls. As a result, GBM-HRGs-MINWs reconstructed from different datasets exhibited great consistent Betti curves to each other, which were significantly different from that of random networks. Furthermore, HRGs-MINWs reconstructed from normal brain expression datasets exhibited topological structures significantly different from that of GBM-HRGs-MINWs. Analysis of cycles in GBM-HRGs-MINWs revealed genes that had clinical implications, and key parts of the cycles were also identified in reconstructed protein-protein interaction networks. In addition, the cycles are composed by genes involved in the Warburg effect, immune regulation, and angiogenesis. In summary, GBM-HRGs-MINWs contained abundant molecular interacting cycles in different dimensions, which are composed by genes involved in multiple programs essential for the tumorigenesis of GBM, revealing novel interaction diagrams in GBM and providing novel potential therapeutic targets.

Introduction: Whether patients with early-onset dementia have poorer or improved survival compared with those with a late onset largely depends on the survival measure. Survival estimates for early-onset mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnosis are particularly scarce. We aimed to estimate life expectancy (LE) in patients with early-onset dementia or early MCI, and loss in expectation of life (LEL) for these groups. Comparisons were made with the general Norwegian population and a subgroup of patients with late-onset dementia. Methods: Early onset was defined as receiving a diagnosis of MCI or dementia before age 65 years. LE and LEL were predicted using flexible parametric survival models. Our study population was comprised of newly diagnosed (incident) cases (n = 4,906), aged 50–90 years at the time of diagnosis (672 were diagnosed before age 65 years, of which 291 were diagnosed with dementia), in the Norwegian register of persons assessed for cognitive symptoms (NorCog) between 2009 and 2017, and patients were followed up for mortality or censorship until January 2018. Results: Among the early-onset patients, 8 and 23% died during follow-up, in the MCI and dementia groups, respectively. Both early-onset MCI and especially early-onset dementia were associated with lower LE than in the general Norwegian population; LE for 60-year-old women in 2016 was 26 years in the general population, 20 years in MCI patients, and 7 years in dementia patients. The corresponding LE at 80 years was 10, 6, and 5 years. Thus, LEL were particularly pronounced for patients with early dementia. The diagnosis-specific LE pattern in men was similar to that in women. Discussion: Early-onset MCI was associated with substantial life years lost (5–6 years), but the loss was particularly pronounced for those with early-onset dementia, reducing the expected life length by 2 decades.

Mining is an important source of revenue for many developing countries, however, the social, environmental and economic impacts of mining are often poorly monitored. The recent transition of a gold mine in Western Tanzania—from large-scale gold mine under private, multinational ownership, to medium-scale public and national owned mine with limited life length offers a prime opportunity to understand the implications of changes in ownership and scale on the local economy and community well-being. We conducted 44 semi-structured interviews with community members in four villages adjacent to the mine site. We find that the local economy and public service provision contracted in response to the mine transition and downscaling, with ramifications for food security and healthcare access. Community members also highlighted the lack of information surrounding the mine transformation. This illustrates that considering the post-transition phase of large-scale mines is important for providing long run sustainable livelihood strategies in mining communities.

The barrier layer (BL) is a layer of water separating the thermocline from the density mixed layer in the upper ocean, which has the capability of reducing the negative feedback effect caused by tropical cyclone (TC) acting on the upper ocean and back on the TC itself. This study analyzed in-situ Argo floats measurements, data-assimilated HYCOM/NCODA reanalysis, and the longer-term (1961–2010) variations of Ocean Reanalysis System 4 (ORAS4) based BL in the TC main development region (MDR) to characterize the BL in the western North Pacific (WNP) for different temporal scales and to understand its role in resisting TC induced sea surface cooling. First, the result indicates that the effect of BL on TC enhancement in the MDR of WNP might be overestimated. Further analysis based on partial correlation shows that the BL plays a key role in resisting the cooling response only while BL is strong (BL thickness ≥ 5 m) and TC wind forcing is weak. Meanwhile, the distribution of BL demonstrates markedly the mesoscale characteristic. BL with thickness 0–5 m occupies the highest proportion (~67.55%), while thicker BL (BL thickness (BLT) larger than 5 m) takes up about 25–30%. Besides, there are ~3% with BL thicker than 30 m. For life length, BLT with 0–5 m is limited to 5 days, while BL with thickness more than 30 m can persist for more than 30 days. The scenario is attributed to diverse processes that result in different characteristic temporal scales of BL. Additionally, the analysis of coverage region and average BLT in the recent decade shows a serious situation: both the spatial coverage and BLT increase sharply from 2001 to 2010, which implies that TC–BL interactions might occur more frequently and more vigorously in future if the changing trend of BL remains unchanged.

Cognitive ageing is the general process when certain mental skills gradually deteriorate with age. Across species, there is a pattern of a slower brain structure degradation rate in large-brained species. Hence, having a larger brain might buffer the impact of cognitive ageing and positively affect survival at older age. However, few studies have investigated the link between relative brain size and cognitive ageing at the intraspecific level. In particular, experimental data on how brain size affects brain function also into higher age is largely missing. We used 288 female guppies (Poecilia reticulata), artificially selected for large and small relative brain size, to investigate variation in colour discrimination and behavioural flexibility, at 4–6, 12 and 24 months of age. These ages are particularly interesting since they cover the life span from sexual maturation until maximal life length under natural conditions. We found no evidence for a slower cognitive ageing rate in large-brained females in neither initial colour discrimination nor reversal learning. Behavioural flexibility was predicted by large relative brain size in the youngest group, but the effect of brain size disappeared with increasing age. This result suggests that cognitive ageing rate is faster in large-brained female guppies, potentially due to the faster ageing and shorter lifespan in the large-brained selection lines. It also means that cognition levels align across different brain sizes with older age. We conclude that there are cognitive consequences of ageing that vary with relative brain size in advanced learning abilities, whereas fundamental aspects of learning can be maintained throughout the ecologically relevant life span.

Aims To identify the rate at which neonates (less than 28 days old) are admitted to the children’s ward and the indication for admission. To highlight potentially avoidable causes for neonatal admissions, with a view to reducing them. Methods We identified our population by comparing our local birth rate, and or neonatal admission rate to the children’s ward. Secondly, we audited all neonatal admissions to the children’s ward over a 12 week period. We reviewed electronic records and assessed 5 criteria: Reason for admission Source of referral Day of life of admission Duration of admission Whether admission potentially avoidable Results Our local birth rate is 2,000 annually. This equates to approximately 450 livebirths over the 12 week period. 32 neonates out of 450 live births during this timeframe were admitted to the children’s ward. A hospital admission rate of 7%. Reason for admission:11 (34%) suspected/confirmed sepsis10 (31%) jaundice8 (25%) weight loss3 (9%) other Source of referral:17 (53%) community midwives6 (19%) GP6 (19%) A&E3 (9%) other Day of life on admission:7 (21%) attended within the first 4 days of life8 (25%) attended on day 5 of life8 (25%) attended between days 6–15 of life9 (28%) attended between days 16–28 of life Length of Stay:8 (25%) stayed 1 night15 (47%) stayed 2 nights9 (28%) stayed longer Admission avoidable?12 (38%) were avoidable16 (50%) were not avoidable4 (13%) were not clearly avoidable or unavoidable Conclusion 7% of babies are admitted to paediatrics in the neonatal period. 38% of admissions were avoidable. Almost all avoidable admissions are breastfed babies admitted with weight loss. Nearly all were referred by the community midwifery team on day 5, co-inciding with newborn blood spot screening. Weight loss >13% was common. All were discharged home within 2 days with a feeding plan. We are now looking at how to support these families in the community to prevent avoidable neonatal admissions to paediatrics. Source of referral

Reliability of a system is defined as the probability that the system can fulfill all its functions during a specified time period without failure. The reliability of a system, as a function of time, R(t), is the probability that the system functions without failure for at least t time units. In reliability theory one specifies the life length distribution of the system and its hazard function \(h(t)=\tfrac {f(t)}{1-F(t)}\), where F and f are the c.d.f. and p.d.f. of the life distribution. In many studies the life distribution belongs to the Weibull family. The exponential distribution is a special case of Weibull, in which the hazard function is a constant. Other Weibull distributions have either monotone increasing or monotone decreasing hazard rate function. There are however many other types of life distributions. We also distinguish between repairable systems and non-repairable ones. For an introductory textbook on reliability analysis, see Bolfarine and Zacks (Prediction Theory for Finite Populations, Springer, New York, 1992).

It plays an important role to accurately track multiple vehicles in intelligent transportation, especially in intelligent vehicles. Due to complicated traffic environments it is difficult to track multiple vehicles accurately and robustly, especially when there are occlusions among vehicles. To alleviate these problems, a new approach is proposed to track multiple vehicles with the combination of robust detection and two classifiers. An improved ViBe algorithm is proposed for robust and accurate detection of multiple vehicles. It uses the gray-scale spatial information to build dictionary of pixel life length to make ghost shadows and object’s residual shadows quickly blended into the samples of the background. The improved algorithm takes good post-processing method to restrain dynamic noise. In this paper, we also design a method using two classifiers to further attack the problem of failure to track vehicles with occlusions and interference. It classifies tracking rectangles with confidence values between two thresholds through combining local binary pattern with support vector machine (SVM) classifier and then using a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier for the second time to remove the interference areas between vehicles and other moving objects. The two classifiers method has both time efficiency advantage of SVM and high accuracy advantage of CNN. Comparing with several existing methods, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of our experiment results showed that the proposed method not only effectively removed the ghost shadows, and improved the detection accuracy and real-time performance, but also was robust to deal with the occlusion of multiple vehicles in various traffic scenes.

Introduction: Adiponectin is one of the plasma protein derived from adipose tissue which has a positive effect on the metabolism of fat and lipid, resulting from its own receptors. Increase in body mass index (BMI) has a direct relationship with life length. Obesity has effects on secretion of some hormones related to adipokines. Adiponectin is an adipokine having an opposite relationship with insulin resistance and breast cancer. There is also an association between breast cancer incidence and obesity. Adiponectin level decreases in women affected by breast cancer and knowing this fact can help treat and prevent the cancer by giving adiponectin supplements. The present study compared the adiponectin levels in women affected by breast cancer and healthy females as a control group. Material and Method: In this study, 80 women with breast cancer and 80 healthy females as controls were selected and adiponectin level was compared between them. Result: Breast cancer group had higher BMI mean (28.77 ± 6.05) and lower adiponectin level in comparison to control group (p= 0.0001). Conclusion: Considering our findings, breast cancer risk is higher in women with higher BMI. Therefore, informing women in this regard could have a great effect on preventing this wide-spread disease. Taking adiponectin supplements as pills or injection could be a preventing step for breast cancer, which needs to be further cultivated in future studies.

The review article is devoted to an actual problem of modern medicine - combined pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These 2 diseases take the first place in the structure of people’s mortality. The rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus increases annually along with life length and according to different data reaches 35.8%. In the article scientists’ modern perception and known facts from scientific literature are presented. Special attention is given to cytokine status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cytokines classification based on mechanism of action and their role in pathogenesis is presented. Systemic inflammation characteristic for both diseases presents as the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines level in the blood and decrease of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Determining cytokines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus has prognostic value. Mutual negative influence of these two diseases is directly associated with the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are considered the reason for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the attempts to study cytokine status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus the issues of treatment of combined pathology, diagnostic concentration of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, their role in pathogenesis and clinical presentation are still an open question. Certainly it is necessary to continue studying the cytokine status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus to answer those questions.

During various applications in aerospace, ships, autos, and aircraft, 7075 Al alloy will frequently contact other materials, and therefore suffer from slight abrasion. However, the poor tribological properties of 7075 Al alloy greatly affect its performance and life length, leading to limitations in its application. Preparing roughness structures on the surface is regarded as a promising method to improve the properties of materials. However, the tribological properties of 7075 Al alloy cannot be enhanced significantly by roughness structures in complex dynamic changeable environments, owing to the incomplete understanding of the effect of roughness structures. Given the above issues, in this paper, micro-scale structures (linear grooves, gridding grooves, and arc grooves) were designed and prepared on 7075 Al alloy surfaces by a surface treatment (laser micro-engraving), which provides excellent controllability of the morphology and dimensions of as-prepared roughness structures. The tribological properties of the as-prepared surfaces were investigated systemically. The effect of micro-scale structures on the tribological properties was studied. The wear mechanism and tribological properties improvement mechanism of the surfaces were clarified. Furthermore, the effect degree of the enhancement factors of the micro-scale structures on the tribological properties was explored under different conditions. The results indicate that the micro-scale structures play an important role in improving the tribological properties of Al alloy under different sliding speeds. The improvement mechanism can be summarized by four factors. However, the effect degrees of these factors on the tribological properties exhibit considerable differences. This study not only develops specific micro-scale structures that can dramatically improve the tribological properties of 7075 Al alloy under different conditions, but also offers guidance for the construction of appropriate roughness structures that can dramatically improve the tribological properties of Al alloy according to the friction conditions.

In recent decades, there has been a downward trend in length of productive life (LPL) in Holstein cows across industrial dairy herds. This study examined the factors that might influence LPL and estimated the genetic parameters of LPL in Holstein dairy herds in Isfahan province, Iran. LPL is defined as the number of days between the first calving and the end of recording. Data consisted of 35 137 records of productive life from registered cows that started first calving between 1991 and 2012. Cows that remained alive at the end of the study were considered right-censored. The average lifetime for culled and censored cows was 938 and 1003 days, respectively. A survival analysis was applied using a proportional risk model with a Weibull distribution. Milk production was divided into five groups, where the culling risk of cows with a milk yield of less than 1.5 standard deviations (SD) of the mean was 3.5 times greater than the culling risk of high-producing cows producing more than 1.5 SD above the mean. Results showed that culling risk increased almost linearly beyond the milk production groups. Furthermore, somatic cell count and age at first calving significantly increased the culling risk across the herds. The results for the combined effect of parity × stage of lactation showed a decrease in culling risk during the first calving, and an increase during the further parities. Moreover, a higher age at first calving was observed, reflecting a lower risk of culling. Estimated heritability were 0.074 and 0.18 based on a logarithmic scale and original scale, respectively. According to the results, use of Weibull models showed that the proportional culling risk was higher in low-production cows, but a higher risk ratio was revealed in high-milk-production cows. However, there were some fluctuations in genetic trends, but an overall increase was observed in LPL which will lead to a longer LPL of Holstein cows in Isfahan province.

An aircraft engine is a system of systems with several degrees of complexity. It is important to perform the correct amount of maintenance at each individual maintenance event. A mathematical replacement model is used to ensure that the correct maintenance is performed. The reliability of the results from the mathematical replacement model will be improved if there is a better way to estimate the life length for on-condition engine parts.

Trade competition generated R&D labor demand is strongest for medium life length products and is more relevant for skilled workers. Forward citation lag of patents captures product life lengths. The theoretically predicted non-monotonic relationship is observed in the empirical analysis.

In this paper, we have developed single and double acceptance sampling plans when the product life length follows the power Lindley distribution. The sampling plans have been developed by assuming infinite and finite lot sizes. We have obtained the operating characteristic curves for the resultant sampling plans. The sampling plans have been obtained for various values of the parameters. It has been found that for a finite lot size, the sampling plans provide smaller values of the parameters to achieve the specified acceptance probabilities.

Functional traits are an important aspect of long‐term breeding strategies for dairy cattle. In this regard, it is necessary to develop simple methods for estimating the economic value of herd life. In this study, the economic daily value of herd life was estimated when survival rate varied between −0.05 and 0.05 from the basal survival rate. The extension days per survival rate were 26.5 days in Hokkaido and 20.3 days in other regions. The increases in values of annual income per day of herd life were 95.18 yen in Hokkaido and 101.80 yen in other regions. The relative economic weights of milk yield to herd life per genetic standard deviation were 0.668 in Hokkaido and 1.03 in other regions. Estimated increments in yearly profits based on young sire selection for herd life were 963 yen in Hokkaido and 1,030 yen in other regions. The estimated increments in annual profits based on young sire selection for milk yield were 1,268 yen in Hokkaido and 2,097 yen in other regions. Given that economic value was linearly correlated with herd‐life length, the linear regression coefficients between these factors could be used to estimate the economic value of herd‐life length.

Актуальність. Аналіз медико-статистичних даних щодо розвитку медико-демографічної ситуації у світі і в Україні, наукової літератури, нормативно-правових документів України і авторитетних міжнародних організацій свідчить про швидке постаріння населення, поширення захворюваності та смертності від хронічних неінфекційних та інфекційних захворювань, низьку доступність паліативної та хоспісної допомоги (ПХД) для населення в Україні. Мета. На підставі медико-соціального аналізу сучасних міжнародних визначень, підходів і стандартів паліативної допомоги визначити оптимальні моделі надання ПХД в Україні. Матеріали та методи. Під час проведення роботи були використані нормативно-правові документи міжнародних організацій і України, інформаційно-аналітичні матеріали діяльності закладів паліативної та хоспісної медицини, дані галузевої статистики, наукова література. При обробці матеріалів використовувались загальноприйняті методи. Результати. Порівняльний медико-соціальний аналіз вітчизняного законодавства, нормативно-правових документів України та авторитетних міжнародних організацій свідчить, що визначення «паліативна допомога» в українському законодавстві не зовсім відповідає сучасній міжнародній практиці, оскільки відповідно до нормативно-правової бази України, поняття «паліативна допомога» є видом медичної допомоги та застосовується тільки стосовно інкурабельних пацієнтів із прогнозованою (обмеженою) тривалістю життя і членів їх сімей, у той час як Всесвітня організація охорони здоров’я (ВООЗ) визначає паліативну допомогу як підхід, що дозволяє поліпшити якість життя пацієнтів (дітей, дорослих) і їх сімей, які зіштовхнулися з проблемами, пов’язаними із загрозливими для життя захворюваннями. Безумовно, такий підхід значно розширює контингент пацієнтів, збільшує потребу у ПХД. Обґрунтовується мультидисциплінарна та міжсекторальна модель надання паліативної допомоги у стаціонарних і амбулаторних умовах, зокрема вдома, умови створення та впровадження доступної, якісної й ефективної системи паліативної допомоги в Україні. Автори показують важливість і значення розробки стратегії створення та розвитку системи ПХД в Україні, заснованої на міжнародно визнаних визначеннях, а також обговорюють можливі моделі й рівні інтеграції ПХД населенню в практику охорони здоров’я. Висновки. Відповідно до визначення ВООЗ, паліативна допомога є підходом, що надає можливість поліпшити якість життя пацієнтів (дітей, дорослих) і їх сімей, які зіштовхнулися з проблемами, пов’язаними із загрозливим (небезпечним) для життя захворюванням, що значно розширює контингент пацієнтів, збільшує потребу у ПХД. Сьогодні ПХД є сучасним мультидисциплінарним пацієнт-сім’я-орієнтованим підходом, який найбільш адекватно забезпечує потреби та належну якість життя паліативних пацієнтів і членів їх сімей, сприяє забезпеченню прав, збереженню людської гідності тяжкохворих, зокрема інкурабельних пацієнтів з обмеженим прогнозом тривалості життя. Порівняльний аналіз нормативно-правових документів України й авторитетних міжнародних організацій свідчить, що визначення «паліативна допомога» в українському законодавстві не зовсім відповідає сучасній міжнародній практиці, оскільки в Україні паліативна допомога є видом медичної допомоги і застосовується тільки стосовно інкурабельних пацієнтів з обмеженим прогнозом тривалості життя і членів їх сімей. В умовах реформування системи громадської охорони здоров’я в Україні урядовці, політики, фахівці з ПХД, правозахисники, представники громадських організацій повинні взяти на себе відповідальність за створення та впровадження інноваційного підходу — доступної, якісної та ефективної системи ПХД населенню, що вимагає удосконалення, оптимізації нормативно-правових документів відповідно до міжнародних підходів та стандартів. Служба ПХД, яка базується на міжнародних стандартах і підходах, повинна стати невід’ємною інтегрованою складовою системи охорони здоров’я та соціального захисту населення України, що буде свідченням європейського вибору нашої держави., Актуальность. Анализ медико-статистических данных по развитию медико-демографической ситуации в мире и Украине, научной литературы, нормативно-правовых документов Украины и авторитетных международных организаций свидетельствует о быстром старении населения, распространении заболеваемости и смертности от хронических неинфекционных и инфекционных заболеваний, низкой доступности паллиативной и хосписной помощи (ПХП) для населения Украины. Цель. На основании медико-социального анализа современных международных определений, подходов и стандартов паллиативной помощи определить оптимальные модели оказания ПХП в Украине. Материалы и методы. При выполнении работы были использованы нормативно-правовые документы международных организаций и Украины, информационно-аналитические материалы деятельности учреждений паллиативной и хосписной медицины, данные отраслевой статистики, научная литература. При обработке использовались общепринятые методы. Результаты. Сравнительный медико-социальный анализ отечественного законодательства, нормативно-правовых документов Украины и авторитетных международных организаций свидетельствует, что определение «паллиативная помощь» в украинском законодательстве не совсем соответствует современной международной практике, поскольку в соответствии с нормативно-правовой базой Украины, понятие «паллиативная помощь» является видом медицинской помощи и применяется только в отношении инкурабельных пациентов с прогнозируемой (ограниченной) продолжительностью жизни и членов их семей, в то время как Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) определяет паллиативную помощь как подход, позволяющий улучшить качество жизни пациентов (детей, взрослых) и их семей, столкнувшихся с проблемами, связанными с угрожающими жизни заболеваниями. Безусловно, такой подход значительно расширяет контингент пациентов, увеличивает потребность в ПХП. Обосновывается мультидисциплинарная и межсекторальная модель оказания паллиативной помощи в стационарных и амбулаторных условиях, в том числе на дому, условия создания и внедрения доступной, качественной и эффективной системы паллиативной помощи в Украине. Авторы показывают важность и значение разработки стратегии создания и развития системы ПХП в Украине, основанной на международно признанных определениях, а также обсуждают возможные модели и уровни интеграции ПХП населению в практику здравоохранения. Выводы. Согласно определению ВОЗ, паллиативная помощь является подходом, позволяющим улучшить качество жизни пациентов (детей, взрослых) и их семей, столкнувшихся с проблемами, связанными с угрожающим (опасным) для жизни заболеванием, что значительно расширяет контингент пациентов, увеличивает потребность в ПХП. Сегодня ПХП является современным мультидисциплинарным пациент-семья-ориентированным подходом, который наиболее адекватно обеспечивает потребности и надлежащее качество жизни паллиативных пациентов и членов их семей, способствует обеспечению прав, сохранению человеческого достоинства тяжелобольных, в том числе инкурабельных пациентов с ограниченным прогнозом продолжительности жизни. Сравнительный анализ нормативно-правовых документов Украины и авторитетных международных организаций свидетельствует, что определение «паллиативная помощь» в украинском законодательстве не совсем соответствует современной международной практике, поскольку в Украине паллиативная помощь является видом медицинской помощи и применяется только в отношении инкурабельных пациентов с ограниченным прогнозом продолжительности жизни и членов их семей. В условиях реформирования системы общественного здравоохранения в Украине чиновники, политики, специалисты по ПХП, правозащитники, представители общественных организаций должны взять на себя ответственность за создание и внедрение инновационного подхода — доступной, качественной и эффективной системы ПХП населению, что требует усовершенствования и оптимизации нормативно-правовых документов в соответствии с международными подходами и стандартами. Служба ПХП, основанная на международных стандартах и подходах, должна стать неотъемлемой интегрированной составляющей системы здравоохранения и социальной защиты населения Украины, что будет свидетельством европейского выбора нашего государства., Baskground. The analysis of medical and statistical data сoncerning the development of a medical and demographic situation in the world and in Ukraine, scientific literature, normative legal documents of Ukraine and authoritative international organizations shows the rapid aging of population, the spread of morbidity and mortality from chronic non-infectious and infectious diseases, low availability of palliative and hospice care (PHC) for the population in Ukraine. Objective: to determine the best models for the PHC in Ukraine based on a medical and social analysis of current international definitions, approaches and standards of palliative care. Materials and methods. The legal documents of international organizations and Ukraine, informational and analytical materials of activities of palliative and hospice care institutions, statistic data and scientific literature were used. Common methods were used. Results. A comparative analysis of the normative legal documents of Ukraine and authoritative international organizations shows that the definition of palliative care in the Ukrainian legislation is somewhat inconsistent with modern international practice; in accordance with the legal and regulatory framework of Ukraine, the definition of palliative care is a kind of medical care and relates only to terminally ill patients with predicted (limited) longevity and their family members, while World Health Organization (WHO) defines palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness. Of course, such approach greatly expands the cohort of patients and increases the need for PHC. Medico-statistical data testify to the rapid aging of the population in Ukraine and in the world, the spread of mortality from life-threatening and incurable diseases, in particular from cancer and chronic non-infectious and infectious diseases, low availability of palliative care for the population. The article substantiates multidisciplinary and intersectoral model of the palliative care in in-patient and out-patient settings, including home care, the conditions for the creation and implementation of affordable, high-quality and efficient palliative care system in Ukraine. The authors demonstrate the importance and implications of a strategy of PHC development in Ukraine based on internationally recognized definitions, and discuss possible models and levels of PHC integration in health care practice. Conclusions. According to the WHO definition, palliative care is an approach that can improve the quality of life of patients (children and adults) and their families facing with life-threatening illnesses that significantly expands the cohort of patients and increases the need for PHC. Now, PHC is a modern multidisciplinary patient-family-oriented approach that most adequately provides the needs and quality of life of palliative patients and their families, promotes the protection of rights and the preservation of the human dignity of the severely ill persons, including incurable patients with limited life expectancy. A comparative analysis of the normative legal documents of Ukraine and authoritative international organizations shows that the definition of palliative care in Ukrainian legislation is not entirely consistent with current international practice, because in Ukraine, palliative care is a kind of medical care and applies only to incurable patients with a limited prognosis of a life length and members of their families. The government officials, politicians, PHC specialists, human rights defenders and public organizations representatives should take responsibility for the creation and implementation of an innovative approach — an affordable, high-quality, and efficient PHC system for the population and optimization of regulatory documents in accordance with international approaches and standards in the context of reforming the public health system in Ukraine. PHC service, based on international standards and approaches, should become an integral part of the health care system and social protection for Ukraine population.

Screening for prostate cancer (PC) is still controversial despite randomized trials has found that PC mortality is decreased. The major concern is the high rate of over-diagnosis and subsequent harms that may follow in many men who never would have had any symptoms during life-time if not screened. The high rate of over-diagnosis is driven by the large reservoir of small non-significant cancers that increases with age and found in more than half of men over 70 years, the low specificity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) but also by current "blind" biopsy technique that risk accidentally to hit these small non-significant cancers. The risk of over-diagnosis is increasing with age and the trade-off by screening men in high age is probably higher. At what age harms exceeds benefits is not established but modelling studies has demonstrated that after 65-70 years the quality adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained are decreasing but still on the positive side if screening is continued up to 75 years. A dilemma is that most PC deaths occur in men after the age 80 and the effect of screening seems not to last as long as was thought, already 10 years after termination of screening PC mortality has caught up in the screening arm to a level similar to that in the control group. In the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) screening was terminated between 71 and 75 years and the first effect of screening on mortality was discernible after 7 years and has been relatively stable around 20% since 9 years after study start. It seems questionable from any standpoint to invite men for screening with an expected life length below 10 years, which is the expected life-length of an averaged 78-year-old man in 2018. However, the balance between harms and benefits specifically in the age 70-80 need more attention as also costs need. Permanent side-effects from (unnecessary) treatments and their impact on quality of life must be evaluated better and related to age and individual variations. In future better screening methods with more specific markers and introduction of imaging will hopefully decrease the present large risk of over-diagnosis in elderly men and thereby expand efficient screening to men in the age group >70 who actually is the high risk group of dying from PC.

© 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Australia has historically been an important market for American media exports. As far as film trade relations between the two countries go, there is an anecdotal perception that distributors follow a ‘10% rule’ to predict the popularity of Hollywood titles in Australia, expecting American films to earn around one-tenth of their domestic box office receipts when screened downunder. Nonetheless, as prevalent as this ‘rule’ has been in the industry, it has not been seriously tested. This article addresses the gap in both scholarship and business practices and uses the ‘10% rule’ as a starting point to discuss various facets of the relationship between the two markets. We measure the popularity of American films among Australian audiences as well as contrast the differences that emerge in terms of distribution and exhibition in these markets. The article compares box office revenues, screening counts, life length in theatres and release delay in both markets. In addition, we examine how Australian exhibitors and audiences differ from the US in terms of preference towards genre, distribution company and production origin. The discussion is informed by a large dataset of global film screenings from the Kinomatics Project in conjunction with box office data compiled by Rentrak. We find no support for the ‘10% rule’ but strong evidence that audience tastes as well as distribution and exhibition practices differ across regions.

Old machine reconditioning projects extend the life length of machines with reduced investments, however they frequently involve complex challenges. Due to the lack of technical documentation and the fact that the machines are running in production, they can require a reverse engineering phase and extremely short commissioning times. Recently, emulation software has become a key tool to create Digital Twins and carry out virtual commissioning of new manufacturing systems, reducing the commissioning time and increasing its final quality. This paper presents an industrial application study in which an emulation model is used to support a reconditioning project and where the benefits gained in the working process are highlighted. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0Edited by Lihui Wang Twin

This paper describes the notch and flank wear specific to a SiC whisker reinforced alumina tool in air jet assisted (AJA) turning of nickel-base superalloy Inconel 718 at high cutting speeds. An AJA machining experiment has revealed that the air jet applied to the tool tip in addition to coolant dramatically reduces the depth-of-cut notch wear. As a result, the width of flank wear, but not the size of notch wear, determined the life of a ceramic tool in AJA machining of Inconel 718. This is a reason for the large extension and small variation of the tool life when high speed AJA machining is adopted. The maximum tool life length reached 2160 m at a cutting speed of 660 m/min under the given cutting conditions. Finally, the mechanisms of the notch and flank wear of a SiC whisker reinforced alumina tool in AJA machining are discussed from the viewpoints of tribochemical reactions and tool wear anisotropy.

In order to overcome the on-line monitoring system's technical problems for polluted insulators, which are susceptible to EMI(electromagnetic interference), on-site power supply required, poor accuracy and low reliability, this paper proposes an insulator surface ESDD (equivalent salt deposit density) detection scheme for contamination measure based on high humidity-sensitive PI-FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating coated by polyimide) sensor. First of all, through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, and based on the exploration of several aspects—PAA (polyamic acid) solution concentration, viscosity, PI (polyimide) film thickness — a high humidity-sensitive PI-FBG sensor was developed. Then, The ESDD sensing experiment was carried out based on the developed high humidity-sensitive PI-FBG. Finally, to test the sensor's stability and life length, performance experiments were repeated after 6months from the time when the sensor was manufactured. By the developed high humidity-sensitive PI-FBG sensor and its result of experiment on salt sensitivity, the PI-FBG sensor was proved that, with its good stability, it can be used for the ESDD detection on the surface of insulator in the future.

The electric motorcycle development rapidly in recent years. The electric motorcycle usually uses battery pack consisted of 4~6 lead-acid cells. A battery management system for lead-acid batteries will effectively improve the life length of the battery pack. A high precision of cell monitoring is necessary to SOC estimation. Monitoring schemes are usually too costly for mass production. In this paper, a low cost high precision cell voltage and current monitoring scheme is introduced. We use the voltage divide circuit to monitor the cell voltage, and manganin resistor was used to measure the current. They both software calibrated to improve the precision. The system was fully tested and the precision of monitoring meets the demand of further SOC estimation.

A new class of test statistics is proposed for testing the hypothesis that an item has stochastically the same life length as a used item of any age against the alternate hypothesis that an item has Laplace increasing failure rate on average (LIFRA). This newly proposed class of tests is based on weighted integrals. The test is shown to be consistent. This class of tests gives great flexibility because a weight parameter a may be chosen appropriately to yield high power against specific alternatives. The empirical distribution function and the power of the proposed test are calculated via simulation to permit applications and to show superior performance versus five other tests. Finally an application to a real-life data is given.

We look into how local consumers receive foreign cultures embedded in imported movies against customized local cultures in domestic movies in the Korean movie market. We theorize that imported movies (mostly, American movies), which often have bigger budgets and superior moviemaking techniques, suffer from cultural discount in appealing to local (Korean) viewers. By contrast, homemade domestic (Korean) movies appeal to their own national market more effectively with customized cultural content (cultural categorization). Specifically, before movie release, imported movies tend to generate generally lower expectations because of local viewers’ cultural discount of those movies. Conversely, local domestic movies tend to generate generally higher but more polarized expectations arising from local viewers’ cultural categorization of the movies. These aspects lead domestic movies to perform better in theaters in the number of viewers and the movie’s life length. Imported movies, however, attain similar levels of viewer satisfaction because they have smaller and differentiated customer bases. Using multiple-source Korean movie data, we empirically support our theory. Finally, we discuss the practical importance of understanding and strategically utilizing these cultural issues from Hollywood studios’ perspective.

The paper concerns mortality in Poland. The aim of the article is to identify factors determining average life length of men and women in 66 subregions of Poland. We use spatial quantile regression methodology which allows studying dependencies between variables in different quantiles of the response distribution. Moreover, this statistical tool is robust against violations of the classical regression assumption about the multidimensional distribution of error term. Artykuł podejmuje problem analizy umieralności w Polsce. Celem pracy jest badanie wpływu wybranych czynników na średnią długość życia kobiet i mężczyzn w 66 podregionach Polski. Stosujemy modele kwantylowej autoregresji przestrzennej. W analizie wykorzystujemy metodologię wielorakiej regresji kwantylowej, która umożliwia analizę zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi w różnych kwantylach Rozkładu zmiennej niezależnej. Ponadto narzędzie to jest odporne na założenie klasycznej regresji dotyczące postaci wielowymiarowego rozkładu składnika losowego.

The most direct purpose of collecting warranty data is tracking associated costs. However, they are also useful for quantifying a relationship between use rate and product time-to-first-failure and for estimating the distribution of product time-to-first-failure (which is modeled in this article as depending on use rate and a unit potential life length under continuous use). Employing warranty data for such reliability analysis purposes is typically complicated by the fact that some parts of some warranty data records are missing. A pseudo-likelihood methodology is introduced to deal with some kinds of incomplete warranty data (such as that available in a motivating real case from a machine manufacturer). A use rate distribution, the distribution of time to first failure, and the time associated with a cumulative probability of first failure are estimated, based on the proposed approach and available data.

Mussels can be used as fertiliser in organic farming, particularly on stockless farms, which need external nutrients but have limited access to fertiliser products. Mussels are filter feeders and accumulate nutrients bound in e.g. phytoplankton. When harvested and used onshore, their accumulated nutrients are removed from the water, thus decreasing eutrophication. This LCA study assessed the environmental impact of mussel farming on the Swedish coast of the Baltic Sea for subsequent use as agricultural fertiliser. The functional unit was related to the agronomic value of the mussels, including plant-available nitrogen, phosphorus and liming effect. Flow of cadmium to soil was also assessed. In one scenario the mussels were composted and in another they were inertly stored to avoid nitrogen losses and other emissions from storage. Use of mussels on agricultural land fulfils three functions: fertilisation, liming and a reduction in eutrophication. The results clearly showed the importance of integrated assessment of these three functions. Due to significant nitrogen losses from the composting process, the compost scenario resulted in a higher impact on acidification, global warming potential and energy use than the inert storage scenario. Alternative techniques to composting for handling mussels should thus be developed, for example direct use of the mussels as fertiliser without prior storage, or inert storage. Energy use was strongly related to production of materials for mussel cultivation, so choice and life length of materials is important when introducing mussel farming. The cadmium content of mussels is relatively high, but they often supply less cadmium to the field than the fertiliser and liming products they replace. Reducing eutrophication by cultivating mussels for fertiliser proved more energy-efficient than reducing eutrophication in wastewater treatment plants.

Excavator vibration speed not only directly affects the life length of excavator, but also contains security risks which even relate to the life safety. This article focuses on the Large Excavator Multidimensional Intelligent Vibration Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis System, which allows the excavator to perform vibration detection and warning of the key components under normal using state, and realizes online monitoring as well as remote consultation.

The data used in this study were 6426 records of Karakul lambs’ length of life and survival rate from 228 sires and 1894 dams collected from year 1992 to 2009. Linear and hazard ratio models with Weibull function were used in the analyses. Factors included in the models were non-genetic factors of year and month of birth, sex of lamb, type of birth and age of dam and lambs’ birth weight fitted as linear and quadratic covariate. Results showed that the overall mean of lamb's life length and cumulative survival rate up to yearling were 274.32 days and 85.43%, respectively. The effect of year, month and type of birth, sex of lamb and lamb's birth weight as linear and quadratic covariates were significant ( P P > 0.05). The survival rate and hazard ratio of lambs born in the first and second lambing month were higher and lower than the third month, respectively. The male lambs had lower survival rate and higher hazard ratio compared with females. Lambs with average birth weight had higher survival rate and lower hazard ratio than lambs with low and high birth weight. Although, lambs born from younger and older dams tended to have lower survival rate and higher hazard ratio, but they had not any significant differences with lambs born from middle age dams. Twin lambs had lower survival rate and higher hazard ratio than single lambs. According to the results obtained in this study, analyzing the effect of non-genetic factors on length of life and survival rate of lambs with linear and survival models produced the same result and these models can be used interchangeably.

A framework involving independent competing risks permits observing failures due to a specific cause and failures due to a competing cause, which constitute survival times from the cause of primary interest. Is observing more failures more informative than observing survivals? Intuitively, due to the definitiveness of failures, the answer seems to be the former. However, it has been shown before that this intuition holds when estimating the mean but not the failure rate of the exponential model with a gamma prior distribution for the failure rate. In this article, we address this question at a more general level. We show that for a certain class of distributions failures can be more informative than survivals for prediction of life length and vice versa for some others. We also show that for a large class of lifetime models, failure is less informative than survival for estimating the proportional hazards parameter with gamma, Jeffreys, and uniform priors. We further show that, for this class of lifetime models, on average, failure is more informative than survival for parameter estimation and for prediction. These results imply that the inferential purpose and properties of the lifetime distribution are germane for conducting life tests. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013

CubeSats are a good opportunity to test new technologies and materials on orbit. These innovations can be later used for improving of properties and life length of Cubesat or other satellites as well. VZLUSAT-1 is a small satellite from the CubeSat family, which will carry a wide scale of payloads with different purposes. The poster is focused on measuring of degradation and properties measurement of new radiation hardened composite material in orbit due to space environment. Material properties changes can be studied by many methods and in many disciplines. One payload measures mechanical changes in dependence on Young's modulus of elasticity which is got from non-destructive testing by mechanical vibrations. The natural frequencies we get using Fast Fourier Transform. The material is tested also by several thermometers which measure heat distribution through the composite, as well as reflectivity in dependence on different coatings. The satellite also will measure the material radiation shielding properties. There are PIN diodes which measure the relative shielding efficiency of composite and how it will change in time in space environment. Last one of material space testing is measurement of outgassing from tested composite material. It could be very dangerous for other parts of satellite, like detectors, when anything was outgassing, for example water steam. There are several humidity sensors which are sensitive to steam and other gases and measures temperatures as well.

Mindfulness refers to an awareness that emerges by intentionally focusing on the present experience in a nonjudgmental or evaluative manner. Evidence regarding its efficacy has been increasing exponentially, and recent research suggests that the practice of meditation is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this potential relationship are unknown. We examined the telomere lengths of a group of 20 Zen meditation experts and another 20 healthy matched comparison participants who had not previously meditated. We also measured multiple psychological variables related to meditation practice. Genomic DNA was extracted for telomere measurement using a Life Length proprietary program. High-throughput quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization (HT-Q-FISH) was used to measure the telomere length distribution and the median telomere length (MTL). The meditators group had a longer MTL (p = 0.005) and a lower percentage of short telomeres in individual cells (p = 0.007) than those in the comparison group. To determine which of the psychological variables contributed more to telomere maintenance, two regression analyses were conducted. In the first model, which applied to the MTL, the following three factors were significant: age, absence of experiential avoidance, and Common Humanity subscale of the Self Compassion Scale. Similarly, in the model that examined the percentage of short telomeres, the same factors were significant: age, absence of experiential avoidance, and Common Humanity subscale of the Self Compassion Scale. Although limited by a small sample size, these results suggest that the absence of experiential avoidance of negative emotions and thoughts is integral to the connection between meditation and telomeres., We thank Zen Master Dokusho Villalba and the Spanish Soto Zen Community for their support and collaboration throughout the study, as well as Life Length for technical assistance. We thank also to Elena Casao and laboratory Labco for their collaboration. The project has received funding from the Network for Prevention and Health Promotion in primary Care (RD12/0005) grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain), co-financed with European Union ERDF funds. The funding source did not have any influence on the design of the study, data collection and analysis or writing of the manuscript.

In previous chapters we have discussed some popular models of ordered random variables when the sample is arranged in increasing order. The simplest of these models is Order Statistics and is discussed in detail in Chap. 2. The comprehensive model for ordered random variables arranged in ascending order is Generalized Order Statistics and is discussed in detail in Chap. 4. The generalized order statistics produce several models for ordered random variables arranged in ascending order as special cases for various choices of the parameters involved. Often it happen that the sample is arranged in descending order for example the life length of an electric bulb arranged from highest to lowest. In such situations the distributional properties of variables can not be studied by using the models of ordered random variables discussed earlier. The study of distributional properties of such random variables is studied by using the inverse image of Generalized Order Statistics and is popularly known as Dual Generalized Order Statistics (DGOS).