Search

Background/Objectives: Stressors occurring across the life course are considered to have a cumulative impact on health, but there is no instrument for assessing lifetime stressor exposure in Korea. Therefore, we validated the Stress and Adversity Inventory (Adult STRAIN) in Korean. Methods: We translated the Adult STRAIN into Korean and examined its concurrent, predictive, and comparative predictive validity in 218 Korean adults (79 men, 139 women; Mage = 29.5; 19–50 years old) recruited from a psychiatric setting. We assessed concurrent validity using Pearson's correlations, predictive validity using multiple regression models, and comparative predictive validity using multivariate logistic regression to identify participants with lifetime psychiatric diagnoses. Results: The Korean STRAIN exhibited sufficient usability and acceptability; good concurrent validity with other measures of early adversity, life events, and perceived stress (rs = 0.48–0.61); and strong predictive validity in relation to anxiety and depressive symptoms (β = 0.08–0.47; ΔR2 = 0.11–0.21). Each domain of Korean-style stress, based on the timing, type, life domain, and sociopsychological characteristics of stress exposure, showed a different distribution of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis probabilities (odds ratios = 1.20–4.85). Finally, the test–retest reliability for total lifetime stressor count and severity over four weeks was high. Conclusions: The Korean STRAIN is a practical, valid, and reliable instrument for researchers and clinicians to efficiently assess lifetime stressor exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of stress research, there still exist substantial gaps in our understanding of how social, environmental, and biological factors interact and combine with developmental stressor exposures, cognitive appraisals of stressors, and psychosocial coping processes to shape individuals stress reactivity, health, and disease risk. Relatively new biological profiling approaches, called multi-omics, are helping address these issues by enabling researchers to quantify thousands of molecules from a single blood or tissue sample, thus providing a panoramic snapshot of the molecular processes occurring in an organism from a systems perspective. In this review, we summarize two types of research designs for which multi-omics approaches are best suited, and describe how these approaches can help advance our understanding of stress processes and the development, prevention, and treatment of stress-related pathologies. We first discuss incorporating multi-omics approaches into theory-rich, intensive longitudinal study designs to characterize, in high-resolution, the transition to stress-related multisystem dysfunction and disease throughout development. Next, we discuss how multi-omics approaches should be incorporated into intervention research to better understand the transition from stress-related dysfunction back to health, which can help inform novel precision medicine approaches to managing stress and fostering biopsychosocial resilience. Throughout, we provide concrete recommendations for types of studies that will help advance stress research, and translate multi-omics data into better health and health care.

Depressive symptoms during the perinatal period have broad and enduring health implications for birthing parents and their offspring. Rising prevalence rates of perinatal depression highlight the need for research examining factors influencing depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and trajectories during the early postnatal period. Grounded in bioecological systems theory, this longitudinal multimethod study examined whether prenatal bioecological factors predict depressive symptoms from pregnancy to 36 months postpartum. Participants were 162 pregnant individuals, oversampled for high emotion dysregulation, who completed a life stress interview and physiological assessment during the 3rd trimester and a self-report measure of depression at five time-points (3rd trimester, within 48 h of birth, 7, 18, and 36 months postpartum). Multilevel models were used to test study aims. Participants exhibited the highest levels of depressive symptoms at 3rd trimester, and substantial variability in depressive symptom trajectories over time. Lower resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of parasympathetic nervous system functioning, in the 3rd trimester was associated with higher concurrent depressive symptoms. Higher levels of stress related to partner relationships, finances, and health were concurrently associated with more depressive symptoms during pregnancy and decreases in depressive symptoms over time. Specifically, depressive symptoms decreased only for individuals who reported high levels of stress during pregnancy. Although grounded in bioecological systems theory, this study did not assess the macrosystem. Results of this study underscore the importance of multilevel predictors of perinatal health and highlights potential targets for preventing depression and promoting well-being during the perinatal transition. • Depressive symptoms peaked during third trimester of pregnancy. • Bioecological factors during pregnancy were associated with trajectory of depressive symptoms. • Lower RSA during pregnancy was associated with higher depressive symptoms during pregnancy. • Higher life-stress during pregnancy was associated with higher depressive symptoms during pregnancy. • For women with high stress during pregnancy, depressive symptoms decreased over perinatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and emotional maltreatment are salient risk factors for the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women. However, the type- and timing-specific effects of emotional maltreatment experienced during adolescence on future depressive symptomatology in women with CSA have not been explored. The goal of this study was to fill this gap. Methods In total, 203 women (ages 20–32) with current depressive symptoms and CSA (MDD/CSA), remitted depressive symptoms and CSA (rMDD/CSA), and current depressive symptoms without CSA (MDD/no CSA) were recruited from the community and completed self-report measures. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and a detailed maltreatment history was collected using the Maltreatment and Abuse Chronology of Exposure (MACE). Differences in maltreatment exposure characteristics, including multiplicity and severity of maltreatment, as well as the chronologies of emotional maltreatment subtypes were compared among groups. A random forest machine-learning algorithm was utilized to assess the impact of exposure to emotional maltreatment subtypes at specific ages on current depressive symptoms. Results MDD/CSA women reported greater prevalence and severity of emotional maltreatment relative to rMDD/CSA and MDD/no CSA women [ F (2,196) = 9.33, p < 0.001], specifically from ages 12 to 18. The strongest predictor of current depressive symptoms was parental verbal abuse at age 18 for both MDD/CSA women (variable importance [VI] = 1.08, p = 0.006) and MDD/no CSA women (VI = 0.68, p = 0.004). Conclusions Targeting emotional maltreatment during late adolescence might prove beneficial for future intervention efforts for MDD following CSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Empathy is sharing and understanding others' feelings and emotions. The stress of life seems to push people away not only from mental wellness but also from empathy for others. This notion, however, lacks empirical verification. This study aims to investigate the impact of life stress on three dimensions of empathy (viz., for physical pain, emotions, and music). Method: Via an online survey, 619 Chinese participants were recruited from among clinical workers and the general population to complete a set of questionnaires, including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI), the Empathy Quotient (EQ), the Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS), the Music Empathizing (ME) inventory, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). Results: Results revealed that the perceived life stress negatively predicted participants' empathy for emotions, as well as for music, but not for physical pain. Furthermore, mediation analyses illuminated that participants' psychological wellness (e.g., burnout and mindfulness) mediated the predictive pathway from life stress to empathy. Conclusions: Overall, the current study revealed the subtle distinctions among the three empathy dimensions under the impacts of life stress. Moreover, the current results hinted at the potential of stress reduction (e.g., mindfulness training) in empathy promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research links life stressors, including acute, chronic, and early life stress, to the development of ruminative brooding. However, singular forms of life stress rarely occur in isolation, as adolescents typically encounter stressors that vary on important dimensions (e.g. types, timings, quantities) across development. The current study employs latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify natural clusters of life stress that, over time, may be differently associated with ruminative brooding. Evaluations of episodic, chronic, and early life stress were conducted with community-recruited mid-adolescents (N = 241, M age = 15.90 years, 53% female) and their parents using the UCLA Life Stress Interview and lifetime adversity portions of the Youth Life Stress Interview. Analyses identified four distinct patterns: low stress , high peer stress , moderate home / family stress , and multifaceted / high school stress. Adolescents in the high peer stress and moderate home / family stress profiles were at highest risk for developing a brooding style over time. Despite high overall levels of stress, teens in the multifaceted / high school stress profile were at not at elevated risk for developing a brooding style. Findings demonstrate the utility of person-centered approaches to identify patterns of stress exposure that heighten risk for brooding over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate whether maternal stress in pregnancy is associated with pubertal timing in girls and boys and to explore potential mediation by childhood body mass index (BMI) and childhood psychosocial stress. Cohort study. Not applicable. In total, 14,702 girls and boys from the Puberty Cohort, nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Maternal stress was obtained from a computer-assisted telephone interview in gestational weeks 30–32 as maternal life stress and emotional distress in pregnancy using questions on the basis of validated screening tools. Maternal life stress and emotional distress in pregnancy were analyzed separately and in an interaction analysis. Pubertal timing was measured half-yearly from age 11 years and throughout pubertal development and assessed as Tanner stages 1–5 (breast and pubic hair development in girls and genital and pubic hair development in boys), menarche in girls, voice break and first ejaculation in boys, and occurrence of acne and axillary hair in both girls and boys. A combined estimate for overall pubertal timing was derived using Huber-White robust variance estimation. Mean differences in age at attaining the pubertal milestones according to prenatal exposure to no (reference), low-, moderate-, or high-maternal stress in pregnancy were estimated using a multivariable censored regression model. Potential mediation by childhood BMI and childhood psychosocial stress was investigated in separate models. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, prenatal exposure to high-maternal life stress (combined estimate: −1.8 months [95% CI, −2.7 to −0.8] and −0.9 months [95% CI, −1.8 to 0.0]), high maternal emotional distress (combined estimate: −1.5 months [95% CI, −2.5 to −0.5] and −1.7 months [95% CI, −2.8 to −0.7]), and both high-maternal life stress and emotional distress (combined estimate: −2.8 months [95% CI, −4.2, to −1.4] and −1.7 months [95% CI, −3.1 to −0.2]) were associated with earlier pubertal timing in girls and boys, respectively. The associations were not mediated by childhood BMI or childhood psychosocial stress. Prenatal exposure to maternal stress in pregnancy was associated with earlier pubertal timing in girls and boys in a dose-dependent manner. The associations were not mediated by childhood BMI or childhood psychosocial stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) and life stress in college students, and explore risk factors of DGBI in college students and the role of life stress. Methods: A total of 2,578 college students filled up validated questionnaires assessing GI symptoms, lifestyle, and life stress. Participants were diagnosed as DGBI based on the Rome III criteria. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression analysis and mediation effect model were employed to explore potential risk factors of DGBI and the mediating role of life stress and lifestyle in DGBI. Results: A total of 437 of 2,578 (17.0%) college students were diagnosed with DGBI. College students with DGBI had higher levels of life stress, including eight specific categories. Females (1.709 [1.437, 2.033]), staying up late (1.519 [1.300, 1.776]), and life stress (1.008 [1.006, 1.010]) were risk factors for DGBI, while postgraduates (0.751 [0.578, 0.976]) and regular diet (0.751 [0.685, 0.947]) were protective factors. Males and poor family economic were associated with a higher risk of DGBI after controlling stress, while an association between grade and DGBI was mediated by stress, regular diet, and sleep habits. Conclusion: DGBI was common among college students. Life stress and lifestyle were associated with DGBI and mediated partial association between grade and DGBI in college students. More attention should be paid to undergraduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress generation posits that (a) individuals at-risk for psychopathology may inadvertently experience higher rates of prospective dependent stress (i.e., stressors that are in part influenced by their thoughts and behaviors) but not independent stress (i.e., stressors occurring outside their influence), and (b) this elevated dependent stress, in some measure, is what places these individuals at-risk for future psychopathology. In recognition of 30 years of stress generation research, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using frequentist and Bayesian approaches (102 articles with 104 eligible studies, N = 31,541). Generally strong support was found for psychopathology predicting dependent stress (e.g., dsOverall psychopathology = 0.36–0.52, BF10 = 946.00 to 4.65 × 1018). Moderator analyses for dependent stress revealed larger effects for briefer assessments periods, shorter follow-ups, and self-report measures than for interviews. Among risk factors, depressogenic cognitive styles (ds =.26–.50, BF10 = 47.50 to 1.00 × 105) and general interpersonal vulnerability (ds =.26–.44, BF10 = 2.72 to 2708.00) received the strongest support as stress generation mechanisms, and current evidence is modest for protective factors predicting dependent stress. Overall, larger effects were generally found for prospective prediction of dependent stress than independent stress. Evaluations of mediation in the research literature were relatively few, limiting the current review to qualitative analysis of the mediation component of stress generation. General support was found, however, for dependent stress as a mediator for psychopathology and associated risk factors in relation to subsequent psychopathology. The current review ends with recommendations for future research and integration of stress generation within minority stress frameworks. Public Significance Statement: Stress generation is the process by which individuals' characteristics, behaviors, and psychopathology inadvertently generate stress in their lives. This systematic review and meta-analysis of 102 studies provides a comprehensive evaluation on the prospective association between (a) psychopathology, (b) biopsychosocial risk factors, (c) protective factors, and (d) sociodemographic characteristics in relation to dependent and independent stress. We found robust effects for associations between overall dependent stress and (a) overall psychopathology, particularly depression, and (b) cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities. Some supportive evidence was found, however, for small associations with independent stress. In short, there is robust evidence that psychopathology predicts future dependent stressors and that these stressors may in turn lead to further psychopathology. Prevention and intervention efforts aimed at addressing and preventing dependent stressors may be critical to reduce psychopathology. Findings further our understanding of stress generation in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of mental health problems across development, with key future research directions discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAlthough evidence has accumulated regarding the association between various stressors and depression, few studies have considered the context in which multiple stressors coexist simultaneously. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of seven major life stressors on depressive symptoms: workplace stress, family relationships, interpersonal conflicts, health problems, financial strains, traumatic events, and mannerisms, and analyzed its variation in subgroups.MethodsData from 12,541 Korean employees were analyzed. Sociodemographic data such as gender, age, education, marital status, working hours, and income level were collected from the study participants, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was employed to assess depressive symptoms. Additionally, life stressors experienced during the previous month and their severity were investigated via a questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the independent effects of seven major life stressors on depressive symptoms, while controlling for sociodemographic factors. Subgroup analysis was also conducted to determine whether the effect of stressors varied by gender, age, working hours, and income level.ResultsWorkplace stress (β = 0.411, p

AbstractDespite decades of stress research, there still exist substantial gaps in our understanding of how social, environmental, and biological factors interact and combine with developmental stressor exposures, cognitive appraisals of stressors, and psychosocial coping processes to shape individuals’ stress reactivity, health, and disease risk. Relatively new biological profiling approaches, called multi-omics, are helping address these issues by enabling researchers to quantify thousands of molecules from a single blood or tissue sample, thus providing a panoramic snapshot of the molecular processes occurring in an organism from a systems perspective. In this review, we summarize two types of research designs for which multi-omics approaches are best suited, and describe how these approaches can help advance our understanding of stress processes and the development, prevention, and treatment of stress-related pathologies. We first discuss incorporating multi-omics approaches into theory-rich, intensive longitudinal study designs to characterize, in high-resolution, the transition to stress-related multisystem dysfunction and disease throughout development. Next, we discuss how multi-omics approaches should be incorporated into intervention research to better understand the transition from stress-related dysfunction back to health, which can help inform novel precision medicine approaches to managing stress and fostering biopsychosocial resilience. Throughout, we provide concrete recommendations for types of studies that will help advance stress research, and translate multi-omics data into better health and health care.

AbstractAlthough dysregulated stress biology is becoming increasingly recognized as a key driver of lifelong disparities in chronic disease, we presently have no validated biomarkers of toxic stress physiology; no biological, behavioral, or cognitive treatments specifically focused on normalizing toxic stress processes; and no agreed-upon guidelines for treating stress in the clinic or evaluating the efficacy of interventions that seek to reduce toxic stress and improve human functioning. We address these critical issues by (a) systematically describing key systems and mechanisms that are dysregulated by stress; (b) summarizing indicators, biomarkers, and instruments for assessing stress response systems; and (c) highlighting therapeutic approaches that can be used to normalize stress-related biopsychosocial functioning. We also present a novel multidisciplinary Stress Phenotyping Framework that can bring stress researchers and clinicians one step closer to realizing the goal of using precision medicine-based approaches to prevent and treat stress-associated health problems.

Adolescents' suicidal behavior frequently is preceded by interpersonal stress, but not all who experience distress attempt to end their lives. Recent theories have posited individual differences in stress-related inflammatory reactivity may be associated with psychopathology risk; this study examined inflammatory reactivity as a moderator of the prospective association between interpersonal stress and adolescents' suicidal behavior. Participants included 157 at-risk adolescent females (ages 12 to 16 years) and assessed individual differences in proinflammatory cytokine responses to a brief laboratory-based social stressor, both interpersonal and non-interpersonal life events, and suicidal behavior over an 18-month follow-up period. Measuring levels of the key proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) before and after an experimentally-induced social stressor, results revealed that blunted cytokine reactivity heightened the effect of high interpersonal stress exposure on risk for suicidal behaviors over the subsequent 9 months. Significant effects were not revealed for non-interpersonally themed stress. Finding highlight the urgent need for more research examining inflammation reactivity among adolescents.

Previous studies indicate that COVID‐19 confinement has led to an increase in psychological distress and a decrease in overall well‐being. This longitudinal study aims to investigate how stress mindset and personality traits moderate the impact of life stress on the development of emotional well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic confinement. Our study collected daily life stress and emotions data from 134 participants over 14 consecutive days using the diary method. We used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to analyze the data, examining within‐person and between‐person effects. Life stress predicted moderate increases in positive emotions and strong increases in negative emotions over time. A stress‐is‐enhancing stress mindset was associated with greater positive emotions at baseline and mitigated the link between life stress and negative emotions. Among the Big Five personality traits, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were associated with higher baseline levels of positive emotions. Agreeableness and conscientiousness mitigated the link between life stress and negative emotions. Neuroticism was associated with higher baseline levels of negative emotions and moderately mitigated the link between life stress and positive emotions. The interaction between neuroticism and stress‐is‐enhancing mindset predicted greater negative emotions and mitigated the link between life stress and positive emotions. In contrast, the interaction between stress‐is‐enhancing mindset and the other four personality traits mitigated the positive link between life stress and negative emotions. Overall, these findings suggest that life stress from confinement leads to a decrease in daily emotional well‐being as the confinement prolongs. Personality traits—agreeableness, conscientiousness, and a stress‐is‐enhancing stress mindset—act as protective roles in mitigating life stress' effect on reduced emotional well‐being over time. The findings advance our knowledge in understanding the roles of personality traits and stress‐is‐enhancing mindset in explaining the heterogeneity in the impact of life stress on emotional well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing research underscores low positive emotion (PE) as a vital component of depression risk in adolescence. Theory also suggests that PE contributes to adaptive coping. However, it is unclear whether naturalistic experiences of emotions contribute to long-term depression risk, or whether daily PE levels equip adolescents to cope with later naturalistic stressors, reducing risk for depression. The current study examines whether PE (and negative emotion [NE]) assessed via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) (a) predict prospective increases in depression, and (b) moderate the association between later life stressors and depression. Longitudinal study of community-recruited adolescents, with EMA at baseline. Adolescents (n = 232) completed contextual threat life stress interviews, interview and self-report measures of depression at baseline and 1.5 year follow-up. At baseline, they completed a seven-day EMA of emotion. Preregistered analyses showed that daily NE, but not PE, predicted increased depression over time and moderated the association between interpersonal episodic stress and self-reported depression. Results did not support daily PE as a buffer against depressogenic effects of life stress, but point to daily NE as a marker of depression risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic impacted work and home life exacerbating pre-existing stressors and introducing new ones. These impacts were notably gendered. In this paper, we explore the different work and home life related stressors of professional workers specifically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic through the gender-based analysis of two pan Canadian surveys: The Canadian Community Health Survey (2019, 2020, 2021) and the Healthy Professional Worker Survey (2021). Analyses revealed high rates of work stress among professional workers compared to other workers and this was particularly notable for women. Work overload emerged as the most frequently selected source of work stress, followed by digital stress, poor work relations, and uncertainty. Similar trends were noted in life stress among professional workers, particularly women. Time pressure consistently stood out as the primary source of non-work stress, caring for children and physical and mental health conditions. These findings can help to develop more targeted and appropriate workplace mental health promotion initiatives that are applicable to professional workers taking gender more fully into consideration.

Abstract Background Ice hockey is played by women and men but the arena they play in may differ substantially. Potential differences in general conditions to play the sport may be associated to perceived stress, which has shown to be related to athletic injury in other sports. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and compare general conditions for playing ice hockey, stress levels, and the association between perceived stress and injury occurrence among elite female and male players. Methods Prior to the 2022–2023 season all female and male players from the top ice hockey leagues in Sweden were invited to an online survey. Players provided information about their general conditions for playing ice hockey and reported perceived stress during the previous season on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; sum score range 0–40) and current stress on the Single Item Stress Question (SISQ; scale range 1–5). Injuries during the previous season were self-reported on a modified version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center – Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Results We received responses from 360 players (170 females and 190 males). Female players more frequently reported additional occupations besides ice hockey and less medical support during games and practices than male players (p

Objective: It is widely acknowledged that emotional states can influence skin conditions, yet limited research has delved into the impact of stress on skin cancer development. This retrospective study sought to expand the perspective on skin cancer risk factors by investigating the complex relationship between stressful life events and the incidence of skin cancer. Methods: The sample included 268 individuals followed‐up in a dermatological clinic, in three groups: Patients who had previously been diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma and are currently in remission (32%), those who had been diagnosed with non‐melanoma skin cancer (30%), and a control group who are at risk for skin cancer (38%). Participants filled in questionnaires regarding childhood and adulthood life events, and loss and gain of resources following their subjectively most stressful event in adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the associations of life events with skin cancer occurrence, and mediating and moderating effects of resource loss/gain. Results: Adverse childhood experiences were associated with melanoma occurrence, with the melanoma group reporting significantly more such experiences compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Resource loss from subjectively significant stressful life events in adulthood partially mediated the association between adverse childhood experiences and melanoma incidence. Conclusions: The findings suggest that there may be intricate connections between stress, life events, adaptation to change, and skin cancer, which future research may further unravel. This study underscores the need for a more comprehensive approach to stress management, coping strategies development, and skin cancer prevention in healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth with legal system involvement are especially likely to experience parental harshness (PH) and exposure to community violence (ETV), two common forms of life stress. However, most studies examine these stressors separately or collapse across them in ways that preclude examination of their co-occurrence. Consequently, it is unclear 1) how PH and ETV simultaneously fluctuate across development and 2) how these fluctuations predict future mental health problems in legal system-involved youth. We used group-based multi-trajectory modeling to estimate simultaneous trajectories of PH and ETV in 1027 legal system-involved youth and regression analyses to understand how trajectory membership predicted mental health problems three years later. Four trajectories of co-occurrence were identified (1: Low ; 2: Moderate and Decreasing ; 3: Moderate PH/High ETV ; 4: High PH/Moderate ETV). Compared to the Low trajectory, all trajectories with PH/ETV elevations predicted violent crime and substance problems; trajectory 3 (Moderate PH/High ETV) predicted nonviolent crime and depression/anxiety symptoms; trajectory 4 (High PH/Moderate ETV) predicted depression diagnosis. These results elucidate how PH and ETV typically co-occur across adolescence for legal system-involved youth. They also reveal important commonalities and dissociations among types of mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although life stress and adversity are well‐known risk factors for mental health problems and cognitive impairment among older adults, limited research has comprehensively examined the impact of both childhood and adulthood adversity on psychiatric and cognitive impairment symptoms over a prolonged period. To address this issue, we investigated how lifetime adversity exposure is related to symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment in a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of older adults in the United States. Method: We analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study (1992–2016). The sample included 3496 individuals (59.9% female), aged ≥64 years old (Mage = 76.0 ± 7.6 years in 2016). We used the individual‐level panel data and ordinary least squares regressions to estimate associations between childhood and adulthood adversities, and later‐life depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment. Results: Many participants experienced a significant early life (38%) or adulthood (79%) stressor. Moreover, experiencing one childhood adversity (vs. none) was associated with a 17.4% increased risk of adulthood adversity. Finally, as hypothesized, childhood adversity exposure was related to experiencing more depression and anxiety symptoms in later life, whereas adulthood stressor exposure predicted more cognitive impairment as well as more depression and anxiety symptoms. Discussion: These findings demonstrate significant associations between lifetime adversity and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment in older adults. Screening for lifetime stressors may thus help healthcare professionals and policymakers identify individuals who could potentially benefit from interventions designed to reduce stress and enhance resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The role of lifestyle behaviors on illness intrusiveness is largely unknown • Greater life stress was associated with higher illness intrusiveness • Higher physical activity engagement was associated with lower illness intrusiveness • Physical activity indirectly affected illness intrusiveness through disability • Disability also had an indirect effect through physical activity. To explore which modifiable lifestyle behaviors contribute to illness intrusiveness in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Cohort study. Community-based comprehensive MS center. Adults with MS (N=154) who completed an online battery of self-report questionnaires. Not applicable. Illness intrusiveness was measured with the 13-item Illness Intrusiveness Ratings Scale. Lifestyle behaviors were measured using the respective components of the Simple Lifestyle Indicator Questionnaire (ie, Diet, Physical Activity, Alcohol, Smoking, and Life Stress) and self-reported body mass index (BMI). After controlling for age, race, sex, disease duration, and level of physical disability ("disability"), life stress was associated with greater illness intrusiveness (b=4.65, P <.001), and physical activity was associated with less illness intrusiveness (b=-0.67, P =.009). Exploratory mediation analyses revealed physical activity had an indirect effect on illness intrusiveness through disability (b=-0.39, 95% CI: -0.68, -0.16). Conversely, disability also displayed an indirect effect on illness intrusiveness through physical activity (b=0.57, 95% CI: 0.12, 1.16). Life stress and physical activity are 2 modifiable lifestyle behaviors that contribute to illness intrusiveness, with the latter also having an indirect effect through disability. These findings may help inform future behavioral interventions for improving health-related quality of life in persons with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although greater lifetime stressor exposure has been associated with physical and mental health issues in the general population, relatively little is known about how lifetime stressors impact the physical and mental health of elite athletes or the factors moderating this association. Given that many elite athletes show signs of perfectionism, and that this trait has been linked with ill-health, it is possible that perfectionism may moderate the lifetime stressor-health relationship. To test this possibility, we examined how cumulative lifetime stressor exposure was associated with general mental and physical health complaints in elite athletes, and the extent to which these associations were moderated by perfectionism. Participants were 110 elite athletes (64 female; Mage = 29.98 years, SD = 10.54) who completed assessments of lifetime stressor exposure, physical health, psychological distress, and perfectionism. As hypothesised, hierarchical regression analyses revealed that experiencing more severe lifetime stressors was related to poorer physical and mental health. Furthermore, self-oriented perfectionism moderated the association between lifetime stressor count and severity and physical health, but not mental health. Overall, these data demonstrate stressor-specific effects among elite athletes and highlight the potential importance of assessing lifetime stressor exposure and perfectionistic tendencies in order to improve athlete health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ice hockey is played by women and men but the arena they play in may differ substantially. Potential differences in general conditions to play the sport may be associated to perceived stress, which has shown to be related to athletic injury in other sports. Therefore, this study aimed to describe and compare general conditions for playing ice hockey, stress levels, and the association between perceived stress and injury occurrence among elite female and male players. Methods: Prior to the 2022–2023 season all female and male players from the top ice hockey leagues in Sweden were invited to an online survey. Players provided information about their general conditions for playing ice hockey and reported perceived stress during the previous season on the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10; sum score range 0–40) and current stress on the Single Item Stress Question (SISQ; scale range 1–5). Injuries during the previous season were self-reported on a modified version of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center – Overuse Injury Questionnaire. Results: We received responses from 360 players (170 females and 190 males). Female players more frequently reported additional occupations besides ice hockey and less medical support during games and practices than male players (p <.001). General stress levels were significantly higher among female players (mean PSS score [SD]: 17.4 [5.6] vs 14.1 [5.6], p < 0.001; SISQ median [IQR]: 3 [2–3] vs 2 [1–3], p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant but weak correlation between past season injury and perceived stress (PSS score: rho 0.29; SISQ: rho 0.24). This correlation was stronger among males than females (PSS score: 0.38 vs 0.162; SISQ: 0.29 vs 0.16, p's < 0.05). Players with substantial injuries during previous season had higher previous and current stress levels than players without injury, a difference that was largest and statistically significant only among male players. Conclusions: General conditions for playing elite ice hockey are inequal for female and male athletes. Stress levels of elite ice hockey players were comparable to the general population. Experience of severe injuries during the previous season was associated to higher levels of perceived stress. This association is stronger among male players, which may be due to greater economic dependency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shown that lifetime stressor exposure can negatively impact sport performers. However, this work has predominantly relied on quantitative methods, which has provided limited information regarding how stressors occurring over the life course affect health, well-being, and performance. This study aimed to explore how relatively high levels of lifetime (non-sport and sport-specific) stressor exposure influenced sport performers' health, well-being, and performance. To identify participants who had experienced high lifetime (non-sport and sport-specific) stressors, we used criterion-based purposeful sampling from a prior study. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews, complemented by timelining, were conducted with 22 sport performers (17 female; Mage = 25.89, SD = 10.20). We used reflexive thematic analysis to develop three overarching themes that illustrate how high lifetime (non-sport and sport-specific) stressor exposure influences sport performers' health, well-being, and performance. These were: psychological (e.g., maladaptive coping strategies), social (e.g., difficulties in building relationships), and behavioral (e.g., risky behaviors) factors. These findings can help practitioners identify sport performers at risk of developing stress-related health, well-being, and performance problems, and may aid the development of effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveExposure to stressors in daily life and dysregulated stress responses are associated with increased risk for a variety of chronic mental and physical health problems, including anxiety disorders, depression, asthma, heart disease, certain cancers, and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this fact, stress exposure and responses are rarely assessed in the primary care setting and infrequently targeted for disease prevention or treatment.MethodIn this narrative review, we describe the primary reasons for this striking disjoint between the centrality of stress for promoting disease and how rarely it is assessed by summarizing the main conceptual, measurement, practical, and reimbursement issues that have made stress difficult to routinely measure in primary care. The following issues will be reviewed: a) assessment of stress in primary care, b) biobehavioral pathways linking stress and illness, c) the value of stress measurements for improving outcomes in primary care, d) barriers to measuring and managing stress, and e) key research questions relevant to stress assessment and intervention in primary care.ResultsOn the basis of our synthesis, we suggest several approaches that can be pursued to advance this work, including feasibility and acceptability studies, cost-benefit studies, and clinical improvement studies.ConclusionsAlthough stress is recognized as a key contributor to chronic disease risk and mortality, additional research is needed to determine how and when instruments for assessing life stress might be useful in the primary care setting, and how stress-related data could be integrated into disease prevention and treatment strategies to reduce chronic disease burden and improve human health and well-being.

BackgroundA decline in cortical thickness during early life appears to be a normal neuromaturational process. Accelerated cortical thinning has been linked with conversion to psychosis among individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). Previous research indicates that exposure to life event stress (LES) is associated with exaggerated cortical thinning in both healthy and clinical populations, and LES is also linked with conversion to psychosis in CHR-P. To date, there are no reports on the relationship of LES with cortical thickness in CHR-P. This study examines this relationship and whether LES is linked with cortical thinning to a greater degree in individuals at CHR-P who convert to psychosis compared with individuals at CHR-P who do not convert and healthy control subjects.MethodsControlling for age and gender (364 male, 262 female), this study examined associations between LES and baseline cortical thickness in 436 individuals at CHR-P (375 nonconverters and 61 converters) and 190 comparison subjects in the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study.ResultsFindings indicate that prebaseline cumulative LES is associated with reduced baseline cortical thickness in several regions among the CHR-P and control groups. Evidence suggests that LES is a risk factor for thinner cortex to the same extent across diagnostic groups, while CHR-P status is linked with thinner cortex in select regions after accounting for LES.ConclusionsThis research provides additional evidence to support the role of LES in cortical thinning in both healthy youth and those at CHR-P. Potential underlying mechanisms of the findings and implications for future research are discussed.

The aim of the study: to analyze and evaluate the relationship between previous life events of a stressful nature in patients who have surgical diseases of the thyroid gland. Materials and methods. We used the questionnaire method (The Life Experiences Survey Irwin G. Sarason, 1978) of patients before planned surgical intervention on the thyroid gland. The number of positive and negative events that happened to patients during the previous year was evaluated. Results. Among individuals, significantly more adverse events were reported by patients with Graves’ disease (128.0 ± 2.3 points) and proliferative hyperthyroid nodular goiter (105.0 ± 1.7 points) compared to patients treated surgically for euthyroid nodular goiter (53.0 ± 0.7 points of negative events) and thyroid carcinomas (62.0 ± 0.8 points of negative events). Conclusions. It has been proven that stress and negative life events can be triggers for dysfunction and development of thyroid gland diseases. Analysis of a patient survey before thyroid surgery indicated a possible relationship between acute stress and the initiation of Graves’ disease and proliferative hyperthyroid nodular goiter.

A history of stressors in athletes represents psychosocial factors that may lead to sport injury. However, empirical studies have provided varying results for the relationship between stress history and sport injury. We examined prior literature on the stress history - sport injury relationship within a systematic review and, by meta-analysis, we offered a pooled estimate of the strength of this relationship. We searched seven major academic databases (Sportdiscus, Psyinfo, Academic Search Premier, Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed) from January 2000 to September 2023 and identified 19 empirical studies that examined injuries in sports contexts for meta-analysis. In 19 empirical studies of moderate to high publication quality, we found moderate heterogeneity (Q(17) = 98.61; p <.001), low sensitivity (I2 77.82–83.77), and low publication bias (Z-value = 7.74; p <.001). Further, using a random effect estimate-r, we found a low but significant correlation between stress history and sport injury, yielding a small overall effect size (ES) of r =.12. Furthermore, moderation analyses found adolescents (r =.14), contact-sport athletes (r =.09), non-elite athletes (r =.13), and non-European athletes (America r =.16; Asia r =.14; Oceania r =.14) to have a relatively higher ES than their counterparts in this stress history/sport injury relationship. We concluded that inevitable life stressors may lead to many negative consequences for athletes, such that sports professionals should provide stress management educational programs to enhance athletes' health and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis has undergone substantial revision since its first appearance in the DSM-III. Much of the controversy surrounds the definition of trauma, or Criterion A. Our study sought to evaluate the DSM- 5-TR 's Criterion A and severity of PTSD symptoms in college students. Participants were 1500 college students who completed an online questionnaire about mental health symptoms. Responses to the Criterion A assessment were double coded by researchers to determine if the DSM- 5-TR ' s Criterion A was met. Interpersonal agreement between raters was high (kappa =.81). Participants were compared across groups based on their PTSD Criterion A status: (1) DSM-Congruent, (2) DSM-Incongruent, (3) DSM-Ambiguous, and (4) Denied Trauma, using analysis of variance and multiple regression. Participants who reported a trauma that was coded as Criterion A by researchers had the highest levels of PTSD symptoms, even after controlling for perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and gender (p <.001). Comparing across groups, the DSM-Congruent Criterion A group had significantly higher overall PTSS than those in the DSM-Incongruent Criterion A group and also significantly higher hyperarousal symptoms. However, the DSM-Congruent Criterion A group did not differ from the DSM-Ambiguous trauma group on any PTSD symptom cluster. The lack of significant differences in scores between individuals with DSM- Congruent, DSM-Incongruent, and DSM-Ambiguous traumas provides evidence about the subjective nature of trauma and how college-age individuals interpret their symptoms of PTSD. Clinical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to specific stressors has been found to associate with higher adiposity in adulthood. However, the potential overlapping effects of stress domains have been overlooked, as well as the role of parenting‐related stressors that mothers are widely exposed to in mid‐adulthood. Therefore, we assessed the association of overlapping effects of stress domains, including parenting‐related stress, with subsequent adiposity in mothers. In 3957 mothers from the population‐based Generation R Study, life stress was assessed during the first 10 years of child‐rearing and measured as a reflective latent variable of stress domains. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the association of life stress and its individual domains with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference after 14 years of follow‐up. Greater life stress over the course of 10 years was associated with a higher BMI (standardized adjusted difference: 0.57 kg/m2 [95% CI: 0.41–0.72]) and a larger waist circumference (1.15 cm [0.72–1.57]). When examining individual stress domains, we found that life events was independently associated with a higher BMI (0.16 kg/m2) and contextual stress was independently associated with a higher BMI (0.43 kg/m2) and larger waist circumference (1.04 cm). Parenting stress and interpersonal stress were not independently associated with adiposity at follow‐up. The overlap of multiple domains of stress in mothers is associated with a higher risk of adiposity. This effect was stronger than for individual life stress domains, reiterating the need to consider overlapping effects of different life stress domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life stress sometimes causes of mental health problem, such as depression, anxiety and hyperactive etc. Physical handicapped became a grand source of life stress. The purpose of this study to find out the effect of life stress, depression on mental health of physically handicapped people. A total 200 patients of the comprises the sample where 157 were male and 43 Female and among them 44 were lower class, 130 were middle class and 26 were higher class socio-economic background. The patients were from CRP hospital, Dhaka. The adaptation form of Holmes & Rahe Life Stress, Beck Depression Inventory and Goldberg Mental Health scale were used to measure the life stress, depression and mental health problems. The results have showed that sex and socio-economic class had significant difference in life stress, depression and mental health of physical handicapped people. The study recommended that how to utilize the manpower with their difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive disorders in athletes are thought to be at least as common as the general population. However, athletes have a unique set of risk factors that can affect the likelihood of developing depression. Screening tools have been developed specifically for athletes such as the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool (SMHAT). The management of the depressed athlete should involve an individualized approach, with methods such as counseling, interpersonal therapy, or cognitive behavioral therapy being used. Some may require antidepressant medication. Depressive disorders are also linked to sucidality in athletes, and the team physician and sporting organisation should have a crisis management plan in place for mental health emergencies. Tackling the stigma that remains in sport is a key part to improving mental wellbeing for all athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although dysregulated stress biology is becoming increasingly recognized as a key driver of lifelong disparities in chronic disease, we presently have no validated biomarkers of toxic stress physiology; no biological, behavioral, or cognitive treatments specifically focused on normalizing toxic stress processes; and no agreed-upon guidelines for treating stress in the clinic or evaluating the efficacy of interventions that seek to reduce toxic stress and improve human functioning. We address these critical issues by (a) systematically describing key systems and mechanisms that are dysregulated by stress; (b) summarizing indicators, biomarkers, and instruments for assessing stress response systems; and (c) highlighting therapeutic approaches that can be used to normalize stress-related biopsychosocial functioning. We also present a novel multidisciplinary Stress Phenotyping Framework that can bring stress researchers and clinicians one step closer to realizing the goal of using precision medicine-based approaches to prevent and treat stress-associated health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are important predictors of stress generation—the process by which individuals with certain traits are likely to experience higher levels of dependent (self-generated), but not independent (fateful), stressful life events. Positive affect (PA) dampening, the tendency to downregulate positive moods by reducing their intensity and duration, may weaken interpersonal ties and therefore increase vulnerability to stress generation, particularly in the interpersonal domain. The present study examined longitudinal associations between PA dampening and stress generation in an adolescent sample (N = 241, Mage = 15.9, 51.8% female) assessed at baseline and at follow-up 1.5 years later. Dampening was assessed with a self-report questionnaire and stress exposure was assessed using contextual threat-based interview methods. Preregistered analyses revealed that PA dampening did not prospectively predict episodic interpersonal or non-interpersonal dependent stress; instead, dampening was associated with greater episodic independent stress, inconsistent with the stress generation model. Higher dampening at baseline also predicted increases in chronic stress in both interpersonal and non-interpersonal domains over follow-up. Findings suggest that PA regulation strategies may contribute to sustained stressful contexts, rather than discrete life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many correctional officers who work in close proximity with inmates are at a heightened risk of experiencing feelings of psychological distress. We analyzed 501 surveys collected from correctional officers within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to identify characteristics of officers who are likely to exhibit signs of depression. Our findings reveal that female officers, as well as officers who work in higher custody levels, are more likely than other officers to report higher levels of depressive symptomatology. We also found that officers who experienced high levels of self-reported job-related stress were more likely to suffer from depression. Officers with attitudes favorable to the mistreatment of inmates also reported higher levels of depression. Officers who perceived their coworkers were engaging in boundary violations were no more or less likely to exhibit signs of depression. Given these findings, we conclude that organizational and supervisory support, coupled with positive incentives and employee assistance programs, may help mitigate the risks of depression for correctional officers, thereby making these salient staff more efficient and effective in the prison workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the training, work and Life Stress demands of a mixed gender group of 48 top amateur short-distance triathletes using an online retrospective epidemiological survey and the Life Events Survey for Collegiate Athletes. On superficial inspection, these mainly masters athletes appeared to undergo all the types of training that are recommended for the aging athlete. However, there were significant scheduling differences between their weekday vs. their weekend training, suggesting that age-groupers' outside sports commitments may affect their training efficacy. The triathletes claimed to periodize, to obtain feedback on and to modify their training plans when appropriate—and some evidence of this was obtained. Over the year preceding the ITU World Age-Group Championships, they averaged 53%, 33% and 14% of their combined swim, cycle and run training time, respectively, within intensity zones 1, 2 and 3. Although the triathletes specifically stated that their training was focused on preparation for the ITU World Age-Group Championships, the way that they modified their training in the month before the event suggested that this aim was not necessarily achieved. Sports-related stress accounted for most—42.0 ± 26.7%—of their total Life Stress over the preceding year (vs. 12.7 ± 18.6% for Relationship-, 31.3 ± 25.9% for Personal- and 14.0 ± 21.1% for Career-related Stress). It affected most athletes, and was overwhelmingly negative, when it related to failure to attain athletic goal(s), to injury and/or to illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Broadening the concept of suffering in dementia to five types of suffering including suffering of family caregivers as proposed by Terman et al., may help raise awareness on a need to relieve suffering when living with dementia and adopt a holistic approach. However, as objective criteria in advance care plans for severe enough suffering to stop assisted feeding or other life‐sustaining treatment in people with advanced dementia, these still need interpretation in the context of, for example, available treatment, and change in coping. New is the proposal to broaden severe enough suffering to suffering of family, including “bi‐directional empathic suffering.” We believe this creates new dilemmas regarding responsibility and may increase feelings of guilt. Quantifying suffering by adding up moderate suffering could further complicate matters. Therefore, we argue that a health care professional should guide the process and assume responsibility over current decisions to follow a person's previous wishes.

Abstract Background Higher vocational college students face more life stress, which can easily result in depression and hinder their healthy growth. This study aimed to explore the roles of survival situation and personality temperament in the relationship between life stress and depression. Methods A self-compiled "College Students' Life Stress and Mental Health Questionnaire" was used to survey 4800 students in a Chinese higher vocational college. The questionnaire consisted of five subscales: life stressors scale, stress response scale, depression scale, personality temperament types scale, and survival situations scale. The sample included 4705 students, of whom 3449 (73.30%) were males and 1256 (26.70%) were females, with 990 urban students (21.04%), 3715 rural students (78.96%). The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 33 years. The data were analyzed using SPSS v26, PROCESS v3.3, and AMOS v23. Results (1) The depression rate of higher vocational students was 18.10% (with a severe depression rate of 1.60%). Life stress could explain 43.80% of depressive episodes (p

Abstract Aim Pregnancy prepares the mother for the transition to motherhood. Maternal concerns during pregnancy cause reduced time spent with the spouse and lack of social support; additional stresses such as marital conflicts could impact maternal competency. This study aimed to assess the predictive effect of marital conflicts with the mediating role of perceived stress and pregnancy concern on maternal competency. Methods This was a longitudinal study. It was done on 250 mothers referred to selected health centers in Alborz province. The sampling method was convenient. Marital conflicts, perceived stress, and pregnancy concerns questionnaires were completed in the third trimester of pregnancy, and the maternal competency questionnaire was completed 6 weeks after delivery. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and smart partial least squares. Results The results of structural equations showed that marital conflicts have a negative and significant effect on maternal competency (β = −0.14), marital conflicts have a positive and significant effect on perceived stress (β = 0.42), and marital conflicts have a positive and significant effect on pregnancy concern (β = 0.31). Also, perceived stress negatively and significantly affected maternal competency (β = −0.36). Discussion Results of the study showed the necessities for screening and identifying mothers with conflicts and assessing the perceived stress of mothers will improve the mental health of pregnant mothers and consequently increase maternal competency.

Background. The problem of maintaining subjective well-being in situations of uncertainty becomes extremely relevant in the context of the global challenges of modern society. The significant role of conscious self-regulation (SR) in achieving subjective well-being has been shown in samples of students at various levels of education, but has not yet been considered in samples of young people from various ethno-regional groups. The study of cross-cultural aspects of SR influence on subjective well-being in conditions of uncertainty is intended to supplement this section of psychological knowledge and is in demand by modern psychological practice in the regions characterized by ethno-cultural diversity. Objective. The study had its purpose to reveal ethno-regional specifics in the relationship of conscious self-regulation, tolerance to uncertainty, levels of stress, aggression, and subjective well-being. Methods. The diagnostic complex included V.I. Morosanova’s questionnaire “Style of self-regulation of behavior, SSPM-2020”, the questionnaire for diagnosing the subjective well-being of a person by R.M. Shamionov, T.V. Beskova; the questionnaire of tolerance / intolerance to uncertainty by T.V. Kornilova and M.A. Chumakova, the questionnaire of perceived stress by T. Young, the questionnaire for diagnosing aggression by S.N. Enikolopov, N.P. Tsibulsky. Sample. The study involved 1099 respondents aged 16 to 35 years (679 women) from the Karachay-Circassian Republic, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, the Stavropol Territory, Moscow and the Moscow Region. Results. A path analysis of the connection between conscious self-regulation and subjective well-being was carried out for 7 ethno-regional groups of respondents. This allowed for establishing both direct and indirect (through reduction of stress and aggression) effect of the SR component “persistence” on the subjective well-being of participants. Along with general patterns, the study revealed the ethno-regional specificity of the resource role of conscious SR in achieving subjective well-being. For the dominant ethnic groups, SR components “modeling”, “persistence”, and “reliability” serve as the resources of subjective well-being. Intolerance to uncertainty turned to be a predictor of their subjective well-being. For the non-dominant ethnic groups, SR components “planning”, “persistence”, and “reliability” serve as the resources of subjective well-being. Tolerance to uncertainty is predicting their subjective well-being. Conclusions. The study provides empirical evidence of the direct and indirect influence of the conscious SR components on the level of subjective well-being of the young people in various ethno-regional groups.

Background: Health of the adolescents is an important determinant of adult health. Multiple factors may affect the adolescents' health. Aim: This exploratory cross-sectional study was to explore the effects of life stress, social support, and family hardiness on quality of life (QoL) in rural adolescents (15 to 19 years old) whose family had encountered adverse disaster events. Methods: Purposive sampling was used to recruit 350 adolescents met study criteria with 265 completing all questionnaires (response rate = 75.71%). Based on stress process model, we hypothesized that life stress and social support would directly and indirectly influence QoL, and family hardiness mediates the effects of life stress on QoL. Path analysis was employed to analyze the association among life stress, social support, family hardiness, and QoL. Results: The study showed that life stress, social support and family hardiness are significantly associated with adolescents' QoL: life stress (β = ‒ 0.30, P < 0.001), social support (β = 0.18, P = 0.010), and family hardiness (β = 0.21, P = 0.002). Life stress and social support had significant association with family hardiness: life stress (β = ‒0.23, P = 0.001) and social support (β = 0.29, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Life stress directly and indirectly influences QoL through family hardiness. Family hardiness can buffer the effects of life stress. Social support could improve the adolescents' QoL. To promote QoL, it is important for healthcare providers to attend rural adolescents' life stress, and provide psychosocial interventions to enhance family hardiness and social support.

Background:Mental health problems, especially anxiety and depression, during the pandemic caused by Omicron variant have aroused a great concern. The drastic change in daily routine leads to a higher level of life stress. Since postgraduate students usually have worse mental health problems, they could be vulnerable to life stress. Social support would be a protective factor against depression and anxiety, and might play a moderating role between life stress and these mental health indices.Aims:This study is to explore the relationship between life stress and mental health, and how social support alleviates such relationship.Methods:A set of online questionnaires, including (1) items of 11 points visual analog scale (VAS) to measure postgraduate students’ current life stress and social support, (2) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and (3) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), was handed out to postgraduate students from several universities in Shanghai. Data of 110 postgraduate students were collected and analyzed. Pearson correlations and mediate effect tests were conducted to verify the potential relationship.Results:(1) Life stress was positively correlated with the level of anxiety and depression. Social support was negatively correlated with life stress and the level of anxiety and depression. (2) The interaction between social support level and life stress played a significant role in predicting anxiety level (β = –0.020, p = 0.044). The interaction between social support level and life stress also predicted the level of depression (β = –0.025, p = 0.009).Conclusions:High-level social support had effectively mitigated the steep slope between the restrained life stress and mental health, which indicated that more available social support would be promising to alleviate the risk of anxiety and depression during the static management period.

Gender differences in psychological disorders have distinct gender profiles, with males more susceptible to aggressive behavior, hypertension, and substance abuse and females more prone to depression and anxiety. Likewise, stress responses among both genders vary physiologically and psychologically, which could lead to complications in many ways. Therefore, this study aimed to determine gender differences in life satisfaction and psychological stress levels among allied health college students. Using a purposive sampling technique, a comparative cross-sectional study recruited 190 male and 190 female students. The self-administered questionnaire included questions related to sociodemographics and two validated scales, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Descriptive statistics were calculated for the study variables, and the students' locality was compared by gender using the chi-square test. Moreover, other sociodemographics, PSS, and SWLS scores were compared by gender using the Mann‒Whitney U test, and the chi-square test was used to determine gender differences in the outcomes of SWLS. The study results showed that the PSS and SWLS scores were higher among female students than their male counterparts, which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Furthermore, female students were more satisfied with their life than male students, which was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). Our study highlights that female first-year allied health students are more likely to encounter psychological stress, despite being more satisfied with their lives than male students. Therefore, establishing a student support committee within the allied health faculty or university is recommended to provide counseling and guidance in healthy ways to cope with psychological stress for both male and female students.

Previous studies suggested that athletes' psychological capital level is related to life stress and burnout. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influences of university baseball athletes' psychological capital on their life stress and burnout and provide practical suggestions for athletes and coaches to reduce their life stress and burnout. In this study, we used athletes' control variables (grade, year of training experience, and training days per week) and psychological capital (self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) to predict their life stress and burnout. A total of 428 division I baseball athletes from 16 teams of the national college baseball sports league in Taiwan participated in this survey, with a return rate of 89.2%. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among the above-mentioned variables. The results showed that the athletes demographics such as grade (β = 0.03, p > 0.05) and years of baseball training experience (β = 0.00, p > 0.05) had no significant influences on athlete burnout, while the days of baseball training per week (β = 0.32, p < 0.05) had a positive influence on athlete burnout. As for psychological capital, self-efficacy (β = −0.09, p < 0.05), hope (β = −0.27, p < 0.05), and optimism (β = −0.20, p < 0.05) had negative influences on life stress, while resilience (β = −0.07, p > 0.05) had no significant influences on life stress. Hope (β = −0.20, p < 0.05) had negative influences on athlete burnout, while self-efficacy (β = −0.00, p > 0.05), optimism (β = −0.06, p > 0.05), and resilience (β = −0.01, p > 0.05) had no significant influences on athlete burnout. Life stress (β = 0.52, p < 0.05) had significant influences on the burnout. Based on our research findings, suggestions were made to reduce the athletes' life stress and athlete burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life stress is a significant predictor of cyberbullying. However, previous studies have not investigated the roles of emotional and cognitive characteristics, such as expressive suppression and online disinhibition, in explaining the associations between life stress and cyberbullying perpetration/victimization. To fill this gap, a two-wave longitudinal design was used to investigate these two mediating variables as the underlying mechanisms among adolescents after controlling for possible covariates. A total of 724 Chinese adolescents (female: 41.2%) aged 12 to 16 years old (M = 13.36, SD = 0.77) participated in this survey. They completed self-report questionnaires on life stress, expressive suppression, online disinhibition (including benign and toxic disinhibition), cyberbullying perpetration, and cyberbullying victimization. The survey was conducted in two waves, six months apart. The correlational analyses showed that life stress was positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration/victimization cross-sectionally and longitudinally. After controlling other variables, life stress did not predict cyberbullying perpetration cross-sectionally or longitudinally, but cross-sectionally predicted cyberbullying victimization. The results only revealed the significant mediation effects of expressive suppression and online disinhibition at the first time point. Specifically, toxic disinhibition mediated the relationship between life stress and cyberbullying perpetration/victimization, and benign disinhibition mediated the relationship between life stress and cyberbullying victimization. In addition, life stress cross-sectionally and positively predicted cyberbullying victimization through the serial mediating roles of expressive suppression and benign disinhibition. The results of the multi-group analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the hypothesized model for the male and female groups. This study reveals how life stress is related to cyberbullying perpetration/victimization. Reducing expressive suppression and online disinhibition may be effective in preventing cyberbullying among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have examined the role adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have on specific diet patterns. This study assessed the association between ACEs and daily fruit and vegetable intake (FVI). Data were derived from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) which surveys 50 states and three U.S. territories. Participants who completed the ACEs module were included in the analyses (N = 106,967). Total ACEs included the summed responses from the domains of abuse, household challenges, and neglect. FVI was reported by number of times consumed per day. The two fruit items included fruit (fresh, frozen, and canned) and fruit juice. The four vegetable items included leafy greens, fried potatoes, non-fried potatoes, and other vegetables. All fruit and vegetable items were analyzed separately to see which specific items drove the relationship between total ACEs and total FVI, equaling a total of 8 regression models. Every model controlled for poor mental health days, sex, age, ethnicity, income, body mass index, and physical activity. Total ACEs were positively associated with daily intake of fried potatoes (β = 0.008, p =.025), other potatoes (β = 0.008, p =.049), and other vegetables (β = 0.024, p

Background: Life stress and blunted reward processing each have been associated with the onset and maintenance of major depressive disorder. However, much of this work has been cross-sectional, conducted in separate lines of inquiry, and focused on recent life stressor exposure, despite the fact that theories of depression posit that stressors can have cumulative effects over the lifespan. To address these limitations, we investigated whether acute and chronic stressors occurring over the lifespan interacted with blunted reward processing to predict increases in depression over time in healthy youth. Method: Participants were 245 adolescent girls aged 8–14 years old (M age = 12.4, s.d. = 1.8) who were evaluated at baseline and two years later. The reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential measure of reward responsiveness, was assessed at baseline using the doors task. Cumulative lifetime exposure to acute and chronic stressors was assessed two years later using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adolescents (Adolescent STRAIN). Finally, depressive symptoms were assessed at both baseline and follow-up using the Children's Depression Inventory. Results: As hypothesized, greater lifetime acute stressor exposure predicted increases in depressive symptoms over two years, but only for youth exhibiting a blunted RewP. This interaction, however, was not found for chronic stressors. Conclusions: Lifetime acute stressor exposure may be particularly depressogenic for youth exhibiting a blunted RewP. Conversely, a robust RewP may be protective in the presence of greater acute lifetime stressor exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relations between disruptions experienced by young adults in the US during the COVID‐19 pandemic and their psychological adjustment. An online sample (N = 180, Mage = 24.8) reported on the impact of the pandemic on their living arrangements, work status, and finances; their psychological adjustment overall and with specific reference to the pandemic; and whether they lived alone and, if living with others, there were children in the home. Results indicated a moderate association between financial strain and poor overall adjustment and a small association between job‐related problems and sleep disruption. Women experienced negative effects of pandemic‐related disruptions on their adjustment. Men were particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of financial strain. The results show the negative psychological effects of disruptions brought about by the COVID‐19 pandemic on young adults' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse social experiences are often linked to suicidal behavior in adolescence, perhaps particularly for girls. Social problem-solving abilities may indicate more or less adaptive responses to adverse social experiences that contribute to adolescent girls' risk for suicidal behavior. While social problem-solving is implicated in cognitive and behavioral theories of suicidal behavior, prior work is largely cross-sectional and examines bivariate associations between social problem-solving, assessed in neutral conditions, and suicidal behavior. Using a novel performance-based task, this study assessed social problem-solving in adolescent girls (N = 185, Mage = 14.66, SD = 1.41) before and after an experimentally simulated social stressor and examined associations between social problem-solving and past-year suicidal behavior. Prospective analyses tested whether greater changes in specific social problem-solving domains following the social stressor predicted greater likelihood of suicidal behavior over a 9-month follow-up in contexts of elevated, real-life interpersonal stress. Results revealed that adolescent girls who showed greater changes (i.e., reflecting declines) in problem-solving effectiveness following acute social stress were more likely to exhibit suicidal behavior over the following 9 months, but only if they also experienced elevated interpersonal stress in real life. State-dependent changes in social problem-solving may indicate a cognitive vulnerability following social stress that, in combination with cumulative interpersonal stress in real life, distinguishes adolescent girls at heightened risk for future suicidal behavior. Findings demonstrate the importance of examining suicide risk factors under conditions that may more closely mirror the interpersonal contexts in which adolescents' risk for suicidal behavior may be elevated. General Scientific Summary: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents, and rates of suicide attempts are particularly high among adolescent girls. This study suggests that deficits in social problem-solving, particularly in problem-solving effectiveness, in contexts of elevated, real-life interpersonal stress may distinguish adolescent girls at greater risk for future suicidal behavior. Findings highlight the importance of studying state-dependent changes in suicide risk factors under conditions that may more closely mirror the interpersonal contexts in which adolescents' risk for suicidal behavior may be heightened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]