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e-ISBN 978-967-25534-8-9urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA98B916-8D65-4121-AF04-9505B9A93AEBThe history of the present handbook goes back to the first years of this century. During the early days of the BOR/MOL collection (Mollusca collection of Universiti Malaysia Sabah), material of land snails appeared difficult to identify. Literature on Sabah snails was generally scarce, scattered over mainly 19th century publications,and covered only a part of the species present in the material.To address this problem, the first author started a manuscript with a concise overview over the Sabah snail fauna, which would finally develop into this handbook. The first unpublished version started circulating among Sabah students of the snail fauna around 2002. It covered all snail families, but while some are shortly revised, others are no more than an uncritical list of species names. Unidentified species were listed with numbers (e.g. ‘Charopa sp. 2’), or with codes (‘Charopa sp. BO-02’), or with unpublished species names (‘Charopa infrastriata’, without a valid description following ICZN rules). A new, more extensive but still unpublished version of the manuscript appeared in 2006. The informal species names (i.e. nomina nuda) increasingly posed a problem because they were used in publications by students of the Bornean snail fauna. Also, the many shortcomings of the manuscript directly translated into misidentifications in those publications. This made the production and publication of the present, more carefully considered handbook a matter of urgency. Having said that, the authors in no way claim that this work is more than a step on the long road leading to a representative knowledge of the land snail fauna of Sabah.List of New Taxa:GenusLeucocharopion Vermeulen & Liew 2022 http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/dda152c2-f7a3-4e62-af02-980da189b85cSundacharopa Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A2F50EBA-0AB4-44D3-841C-4BD01FDE2AAASpeciesArinia insularum Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:12DBFDED-4E00-44DC-B11C-6EF7AA128954Atopos rapax Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:99A75053-F53E-46BE-BBFB-90B94D3CF407Boysidia melichroma Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A93D7ADC-F300-4D80-9856-F5BCD3880DF9Carychium diplotylon Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C15A05F6-CE4A-4FEF-B385-20835BE1FA1AChamalycaeus leiodomus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0BB45717-7029-4807-83E1-1E84A76FACD3Chamalycaeus orthosalpinx Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0EEA80E1-42C2-4EE8-B79E-34A54B72BBF0Diplommatina amblyrhombos Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EC8E15E3-7420-4762-96F5-6C53CE8B6FD9Diplommatina megalotis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5400A075-BFB4-4493-8ED7-1252D5D7D195Diplommatina subalpina Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D88DAFED-1FB2-41C2-8656-3C172F0D1FF8Diplommatina trusmadiensis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A05E0459-9542-40F6-A410-0D640CADFFA2Hemiplecta montivaga Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:94D6545D-3F93-4E7E-A394-027F5269BEF4Japonia janus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D0667C1F-332E-471F-BD7D-D836F75EB565Japonia jucunda meridionalis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8FB7A6A3-E9BC-4BB8-A2AC-73BC5DF11C53Japonia monggisensis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B9B405F-3D15-4FFE-A18A-243944B73171Japonia quinquelirata infracincta Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EEC26EAB-79D6-4306-B930-352F565CACD6Japonia subrudis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4B5C2038-50B9-4612-ACC9-AC336BE90943Japonia tambunanensis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ED3A0C50-7834-4752-A332-921F84979A8DLeucocharopion lissoderma Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3D7C2EA-D1FA-4509-961B-AA5663D12892Macrochlamys subcorpulenta Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3ADB4B30-5DBD-4875-B428-A3B9F2C02D4AMacrochlamys tenuiarata Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B16755D9-D0D3-493B-A492-640AC86A5116Macrochlamys trilobata Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A7615E58-2770-4A40-BB32-90C6A683AA3AMacrochlamys trusmadiensis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4CC9839A-A7C3-495E-B43D-A448C77E31D3Microparmarion basifixus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E2640C09-EDB6-479D-A4F2-C95412014C78Microparmarion convolutus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:581E9031-0DF5-47E0-87A8-781537C23298Paralaoma albella Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BC67E612-1CF0-47C4-8B6A-AB2005E7DFB7Plectostoma aversum Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3065059-7D1B-4A23-BFB9-89A84D6982DAPlectostoma immunitum Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:70BBB4C2-BF09-48B4-B27A-35F18A4916B8Plectostoma urunense Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:634A4B32-830C-4CFA-AF1A-C98A4643A6ACPterocyclos fraterculus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F6CCA281-6055-483B-86D3-CCB29C2A63CFScabrina serpentinitica Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7920892F-9C41-4EC4-9406-A663931A954DSundacharopa argos Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9589F3B1-8D87-41A4-A93A-085EE4C0EDD0Sundacharopa cancellatula Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0C809909-E8C1-41FB-ABA3-6FFAB81260BCSundacharopa infrastriata Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2D842BE7-EAB3-45FA-984E-E4869998CC8ASundacharopa jugalis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:22E9E555-0E1C-4CDD-BD49-F29A02C31789Sundacharopa lissobasis Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FC4E6426-F18D-4E57-8DC7-F27AFF34F9F2Sundacharopa platycephala Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F218BEAE-578C-45EB-BAFB-0E8DF95635C7Sundacharopa turgidula Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:ACE12154-E008-4080-B5A8-ABFEFDA592ECVidena nepiadelphos Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:77DA381C-F55E-4CE2-8409-3055554DD3A9Vitrinula discus Vermeulen & Liew, 2022 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BA902572-83F9-4504-80AB-14FE9C8C9422

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (1.09GB) here or high resolution (9.48GB) via https://drive.google.com/file/d/1TibZiis514mbO5KVwj8ckxT7npZktUuV/view?usp=sharingThis is Part V of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the State of Kelantan. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (493MB) or high resolution (4.30GB).This is Part II of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored".Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Perak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part IV of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Pahang. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part VII of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the Federal Territory of Labuan and the state of Sabah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (488MB) or high resolution (3.94GB).This is Part I of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we first provide the definition of limestone outcrops and outline the methodology used in this project; specifically methods used in the mapping of 1393 limestone outcrops in Malaysia. Next, we include summary information on: 1) their number and size; 2) forest cover; 3) mining status; 4) presence of recreational, tourism and religious sites; 5) biodiversity records; 6) grouping into limestone clusters; 7) a scheme for conservation prioritisation and 8) a limestone conservation roadmap. Finally, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the following states: Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Terengganu, Selangor and Perlis.

This is Part III of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Kedah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

This is Part VI of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Sarawak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (183MB) or high resolution (183MB).This is Part VII of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the Federal Territory of Labuan and the state of Sabah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (653MB) here or high resolution (5.71GB) via https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bsCWE8TR_q5ABWXmVK2naPUWUvb0Ojd_/view?usp=sharingThis is Part IV of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Pahang. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (120MB) or high resolution (120MB).This is Part VI of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Sarawak. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

Current global warming causes alteration of ecological service but its actual impacts on ecology and distribution of biodiversity is largely unexplored in Malaysia. In particular, high elevation mountain ecosystem with high species diversity and endemic species. The climate change research on tropical mountains lack the knowledge of (1) good quality species occurrence data, (2) the fundamental niches of the species, and (4) the evolutionary history of the species that related to past climate changes. Hence, this study aims to: (1) Identify the indicator species by comparing the changes of distribution range of land snails; (2) characterise the fundamental niche for selected species that have shifted their ranges based on (1); and (3) reconstruct the phylogeography of the selected species by phylogenetic analysis and ecological niche modelling. The study will be conducted on Mount Kinabalu and Crocker Range. For objective (1), elevational distribution range changes of the 100 land snail species will be obtained by comparing current distribution with with the data collected from 142 plots between 2005 and 2006 by Liew et al. (2010). After that, 40 plots will be setup for selected land snails species where the habitat variables and microclimates will be obtained. Next, phylogeny of the species will be estimated by two mitochondrial and one nuclear genes. We will analysis distribution data in light of the phylogeny to infer the historical processes (e.g. tectonics, climate oscillation) that may be responsible for current geographic distribution. In addition, we used ecological niche modelling to predict suitable environments and areas of dramatic decrease in future suitability. At the end, this study will provide an insight into how species would response to the alteration of habitat and microclimate in the past, and these data are important for subsequently long term monitoring of climate changes.

Published by Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. 31 August 2021.You may download the book in PDF versions of standard resolution (653MB) or high resolution (4.14GB).This is Part III of the final report on the Conservation of Limestone Ecosystems of Malaysia project funded by the National Conservation Trust Fund for Natural Resources under the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia. The Malaysian government recognises limestone ecosystems as vulnerable ecosystems that warrant urgent conservation attention. In the National Policy of Biodiversity 2016-2025, the protection and restoration of limestone ecosystems is now listed as one of the 17 national biodiversity targets – "Target 7: By 2025, vulnerable ecosystems and habitats, particularly limestone hills, wetlands, coral reefs and seagrass beds, are adequately protected and restored". Here, we provide detailed information on the limestone outcrops in the state of Kedah. For details on the methodology used and a general overview of limestone outcrops in Malaysia, refer to Part I of this report.

A number of primate census techniques have been developed over the past half-century, each of which have advantages and disadvantages in terms of resources required by researchers (e.g., time and costs), availability of technologies, and effectiveness in different habitat types. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of a thermal imaging technique to estimate the group size of different primate species populations in a degraded riparian forest in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary (LKWS), Sabah. We compared this survey technique to the conventional visual counting method along the riverbank. For 38 days, a total of 138 primate groups were observed by thermal camera and visually throughout the study. Optimal conditions for the thermal camera were clear weather, not more than 100 m distance from the observer to the targeted area, boat speed ranging between 5 and 12 km/h, and early morning between 04:30 and 05:30 am. The limitations of the thermal cameras include the inability to identify individual species, sexes, age classes, and also to discern between animals closely aggregated (i.e., mothers with attached infants). Despite these limitations with the thermal camera technique, 1.78 times more primates were detected than counting by eye (p