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JAV įsijungus į karą prieš nacistinę Vokietiją ir plačiu mastu teikiant pagalbą sąjungininkei Sovietų Sąjungai, komunistuojančios lietuvių išeivių organizacijos Amerikoje išgyveno trumpą triumfo laikotarpį: „paramos sovietams“ šūkiu jos sėkmingai mobilizavo kairiųjų pažiūrų tautiečius į šalpos organizacijas ir surinko daug aukų, paliko pėdsaką Pagalbos kovojančiai Rusijai fondo veikloje. Straipsnyje analizuojama kelių 1941–1947 m. JAV veikusių prosovietinių lietuvių komitetų (Medikalės pagalbos, Pundelių vajaus, Lietuvai pagalbos teikimo) veikla, jų organizuotos humanitarinės pagalbos apimtis ir gautų vadinamųjų „amerikoniškų dovanų“ svarba sovietų režimui Lietuvos SSR, taip pat tiriama amerikiečių pilietinė iniciatyva užmegzti kontaktus (laiškais ir vizitais) su stalininės valstybės gyventojais. When the United States joined the Allied war against Nazi Germany and aid on a broad scale for the allied Soviet Union was being organized, Lithuanian immigrant organizations in America sympathetic to communism enjoyed a brief period of triumph: armed with the slogan “Support the Soviets” they successfully marshaled left-wing nationals for work in relief organizations and collected many contributions to the Russian War Relief Fund. This article analyzes the activities of several pro-Soviet Lithuanian committees active in the United States from 1941 to 1947 (Medikalė pagalba [Medical Aid], Pundelių vajus [Package Drive], Lietuvai pagalbos teikimo komitetas [Committee to Aid Lithuania]); the extent of the humanitarian assistance they organized; and the importance to the Lithuanian SSR of the so-called “American gifts” they sent out. We also discuss the civic initiative by the Lithuanian-American side to establish contact (through letters and visits) with the inhabitants of the Stalinist state.

Straipsnio autoriaus institucinė prieskyra nurodyta - Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas. Žurnalas isleistas 2019 m. kovo mėn., po apjungimo

Straipsnyje pristatomos lietuvių išeivijoje susiklosčiusios intelektualinės aplinkos, jų tyrimo prielaidos ir kelios metodologinės atramos. Daugiausia dėmesio skiriama lietuvių išeivės ispanistės Birutės Ciplijauskaitės akademinėms, mokslinėms aplinkoms, glaudžiai susijusioms su Ispanijos Pilietinio karo išeivija. Išskiriamos kelios sąveikų dimensijos: didžiausias lietuvių ir ispanų išeivijos poveikio laukas yra bendras – JAV akademiniai sluoksniai; bendri lietuvių ir ispanų išeivių egzilinės tapatybės formavimosi klausimai; susiklosčiusios tendencijos atsiskyrėliai vs grupės (kas ir kaip veikė šiose grupėse, ką tai davė bendrajam kūrybos, mokslo kontekstui); lietuviams ir ispanams būdingas esencializmas (esmės paieškos), vidinis konfliktas su JAV vykdyta nužmoginimo politika ir lietuvių bei ispanų išeivijos laikysenos šios politikos atžvilgiu modeliai; lietuvių ir ispanų išeivijoje susiformavusios intelektualinio veikimo kryptys, kurių viena – vertimas kaip būdas egzilyje egzistuoti ir įsitraukti į savo gimtąją kultūrą, net fiziškai nesant gimtojoje šalyje. Daugiausia svarstomi pirmosios ir antrosios sąveikų aspektai. Trumpai pristatomos JAV akademinės aplinkos pokariu bei lietuvių ir ispanų išeivijos sąveikos jose. Detaliau pristatomi Ciplijauskaitės ispanistiniai ir lituanistiniai kontekstai išeivijoje. The article discusses the intellectual environments that took shape in the Lithuanian emigration and the presuppositions and methodological approaches that their investigation requires. Primary attention is paid to Birutė Ciplijauskaitė, a Lithuanian émigré scholar specializing in Spanish culture. Her academic and scholarly environments were closely related to the Spanish diaspora spawned by the civil war in Spain. There are several dimensions of interaction in play here: the largest field of influence by the Lithuanian and Spanish diaspora is common to both – the American academic circles; common issues regarding the formation of an identity in exile by the Lithuanian and Spanish diasporas; the emergence of a tendency to split between separatists versus groups (who did what in this framework, and how did this enrich the common creative and scholarly context; the essentialism (looking for the essence) characteristic of both Lithuanians and Spaniards, the inner conflict with the politics of dehumanization carried out by the United States of America and the attitudes of the Lithuanian and Spanish diasporas toward this politics; the directions of intellectual activity formed in the Lithuanian and Spanish diaspora, one of these being translation as a way of participating in the culture of one‘s native land even in physical absence from it. This paper concentrates on aspects occurring within the first two dimensions. After a brief survey of academic environments in the United States after World War Two and Lithuanian and Spanish émigré interactions in these environments, detailed attention is directed to the émigré contexts of Ciplijauskaitė’s contributions to Spanish and Lithuanian studies.

Pirmasis pasaulinis karas skaudžiai palietė dalį Didžiojoje Britanijoje gyvenusių lietuvių imigrantų šeimų. 1917 m. Didžiajai Britanijai ir Rusijai pasirašius karinę konvenciją, buvo paskelbta Britanijoje gyvenusių svetimšalių vyrų, buvusių Rusijos caro pavaldinių, mobilizacija. Lietuviai per trumpą laiką turėjo apsispręsti – stoti į britų kariuomenę ar grįžti į Rusiją ir kovoti rusų pusėje. Sunkiai gyvenusioms emigrantų šeimoms vyrų mobilizacija ir pagrindinio šeimos maitintojo netektis kėlė daug rūpesčių, dėl to Britanijos vyriausybė buvo priversta skirti išmokas mobilizuotų karių šeimoms. Po karo tik dalis į Rusiją išvežtų lietuvių vyrų galėjo sugrįžti į Didžiąją Britaniją pas savo šeimas. Britanijos vyriausybės ir Lietuvos pasiuntinybės Londone pastangomis buvo organizuota šių šeimų repatriacija į Lietuvą. Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis istoriografija ir periodine spauda (Škotijoje nuo 1914 m. leistu savaitraščiu „Išeivių draugas“), apibūdinama lietuvių bendruomenė karo metais, analizuojama, kaip prasidėjęs karas ir ypač 1917 m. konvencija palietė lietuvių emigrantų šeimas. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas lietuvių moterų padėčiai, pristatoma jų veikla karo metais, rūpestis dėl mobilizuotų vyrų likimo ir savo šeimų. The Great War had a devastating impact on some Lithuanian immigrant families living in Great Britain. In 1917, after Britain and Russia signed a military agreement, the mobilisation was announced of foreign men living in Britain who were former subjects of the Russian tsar. The Lithuanians had to decide quickly whether to join the British army or return to Russia and fight on the Russian side. For disadvantaged immigrant families, the mobilisation of men and the loss of the main breadwinner were a major misfortune, and the British government had to provide benefits to the families of the mobilised soldiers. After the war, only a few of the Lithuanian men who had been transported to Russia were able to return to Britain to rejoin their families. The repatriation of these families to Lithuania was organised through the efforts of the British government and the Lithuanian Embassy in London. This article uses historiography and the Lithuanian weekly newspaper Išeivių draugas, published in Scotland from 1914, to describe the Lithuanian community during the Great War, and to analyse how the outbreak of the war, and in particular the Convention of 1917, affected the families of Lithuanian immigrants. The author focuses on the situation of Lithuanian women, their activities during the war, and their concern for the fate of their mobilised men and their families.

Straipsnyje pristatoma JAV valstybės sekretoriaus John Foster Dulles ir Lietuvos konsulo Čikagoje dr. Petro Povilo Daužvardžio korespondencija (14-kos laiškų kopijos; 1952 m. gegužės 21 d. – lapkričio 28 d.) ir joje minimos aplinkybės. An article by John Foster Dulles, “A Policy of Boldness. The Republicans’ foreign affairs expert shows that neither arms nor money alone – but only wise, patient planning – can win peace” was published in “Life” magazine on May 19, 1952. The Lithuanian Consul in Chicago Dr. Petras Povilas Daužvardis, wrote a letter to Dulles and expressed regret that the article did not mention Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and included incorrect illustrations (i.e. maps). The correspondence between Dulles and Daužvardis appears in copies of 14 letters (May 21– November 28, 1952; LCVA, F. 668, ap. 1, b. 66, l. 15–26). The letters contain a report by Dulles, published in New York (in June 1952) on occasion of the Freedom Day of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, and mentions Dulles’ lecture at the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations; Foreign Policy of Soviet Union (and V. Molotov). The final four letters are of congratulations (on the U.S. Republican Party’s victory in the presidential campaign and Dulles becoming U.S. Secretary of State) and replies with thanks for them.

Lietuvos Respublikos atstovybės Jungtinėse Valstijoje – pasiuntinybė Vašingtone, generalinis konsulatas Niujorke ir konsulatas Čikagoje, taip pat Los Andžele ir Bostone veikę du garbės konsulai – nenutraukė veiklos ir po sovietinės agresijos prieš Lietuvą 1940 m. vasarą. Vienoje didžiausių lietuvių kolonijų JAV, Čikagoje, konsulu (vėliau generaliniu konsulu) nuo 1937 iki 1971 m. dirbo Petras Povilas Daužvardis. Po jo mirties diplomatines funkcijas perėmė našlė Juzefa Rauktytė-Daužvardienė, kurios paskyrimas nebuvo netikėtas: dar iki tapdama konsule, vietos lietuvių ji buvo tituluojama neoficialia konsulato kultūros atašė. Straipsnyje gilinamasi į J. Rauktytės-Daužvardienės socialinio kapitalo kaupimo Antrojo pasaulinio karo metais ištakas. Tai daroma tyrinėjant jos visuomeninį aktyvumą: pirmiausia Amerikos Raudonajame Kryžiuje, taip pat kitose organizacijose, kur buvo skatinama kraujo donorystė, šalpa, rengiamos labdaros akcijos. Remiantis JAV lietuvių spauda, per vienos moters biografinį epizodą siekiama parodyti JAV lietuvių moterų prisiimtą karo naštą. The missions of the Republic of Lithuania to the United States of America (the Embassy in Washington, the Consulate-General in New York, and the Consulate in Chicago, as well as two honorary consuls in Los Angeles and Boston) did not cease their activities after the Soviet Union’s aggression against Lithuania in the summer of 1940. In 1937–1971, Petras Povilas Daužvardis worked as consul (later consul-general) in Chicago, in one of the largest Lithuanian communities in the United States. After his death, his widow Juzefa Rauktytė-Daužvardienė took over his diplomatic functions. Her appointment was hardly unexpected: even before she took over the responsibilities of honorary consul-general, local Lithuanians called her an unofficial consular attaché. The article delves into the origins of Rauktytė-Daužvardienė’s accumulation of social capital during the Second World War. This is done by researching her social activities: first of all with the American Red Cross, and in other associations that promoted blood donor activities, relief and civilian charity. Based on the American-Lithuanian press, this biographical sketch aims to show the burden of war assumed by a Lithuanian woman in the USA.

Straipsnį inspiravo 2019 m. gegužės mėn. Vilniuje vykęs Pasaulio lietuvių rašytojų suvažiavimas, kurio metu buvo diskutuota ir apie literatūrinį kanoną – ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir už jos ribų: kas lemia vienų knygų patekimą į mokyklinį kanoną, jų įvertinimą literatūrinėmis premijomis, įvairiomis nominacijomis ir kodėl kitos taip ir lieka mažiau pastebėtos skaitytojų ir / ar literatūros kritikų. Šio straipsnio tematiką dar labiau aktualizavo visą rudenį vykusios (ir dar vis tebevykstančios) aštrios diskusijos dėl „Metų knygos“ rinkimų. Įvairūs „penketukai“, „dešimtukai“, „dvyliktukai“, polemika dėl vidurinių mokyklų programų ugdymo turinio atnaujinimo neišvengiamai aktualina literatūrinio kanono klausimą. Tad svarstoma, kad gal problema yra ne tai, kas patenka ar nepatenka į literatūros kanoną, o kiek galios visuomenė suteikia pačiam literatūros kanonui. Pagrindiniai tyrimo uždaviniai: pristatyti pagrindinius teorinius literatūrinio kanono aspektus; aptarti literatūrinio kanono ir moterų kūrybos klausimą; nustatyti literatūrinio kanono išeivijoje dominantes. Straipsnyje aptariamas literatūrinio kanono klausimas būtent moterų literatūroje, diasporoje kurtoje ir tebekuriamoje. Tyrimo šaltiniai: įvairi literatūrinė ir kultūrinė lietuvių išeivijos spauda JAV („Aidai“, „Darbininkas“, „Draugas“, „Gabija“, „Naujienos“ ir kt.), „Literatūros lankai“ (Buenos Airės, 1952–1959), Vlado Kulboko knyga „Lietuvių literatūrinė kritika tremtyje“ (Roma, 1982). Pagrindinė priežastis, lėmusi šį moterų literatūros (ne)kanonizacijos aptarimą, – emigracijos temomis statistiškai rašo daugiau moterų autorių. Daugiau rašančių moterų už Lietuvos ribų buvo antrojoje emigracijos bangoje („dypukų“), daugiau moterys nei vyrai literatūriškai įprasmina savo egzilinę patirtį ir šiandien. Straipsnyje pabrėžiama, kad moterų įsitraukimas į viešąjį gyvenimą niekada nebuvo nei paprastas, nei natūralus. Dar didesni iššūkiai kuriančių moterų laukė 1944 metais, pasitraukus į Vakarus – Vokietiją, Austriją, o nuo 1949-ųjų – į JAV, Kanadą, Australiją. Keliami klausimai, kaip ir kodėl keitėsi visuomenės požiūris į rašančią, kuriančią moterį; kaip naujo konteksto, naujų ekonominių, politinių sąlygų JAV veikiama lietuvių išeivių bendruomenė mąstė apie naujus kūrybos iššūkius, kokius kėlė jai tikslus ir uždavinius. Jeigu feminizacijos procesai ragina maištauti prieš dominuojantį (vyrų) kanoną, jeigu šiandien kalbama ne apie vieną egzistuojantį kanoną, o apie kanonus, jeigu akcentuojama, kad kanonas vis dėlto yra kintantis dalykas, susijęs su tam tikro laiko verčių sistema, galbūt apskritai kanono nėra ir negali būti? Straipsnis suaktualina ir šiuolaikinius migracijos procesus ir jų refleksijas literatūroje (kuriamoje tiek Lietuvoje, tiek svetur, už Lietuvos ribų; rašomoje ne tik lietuvių, bet ir anglų kalbomis), atveria naujas moterų kūrybos skaitymo ir interpretavimo galimybes ir – svarbiausia: straipsnis, dedikuotas Pasaulio lietuvių metams, bando kurti dialogo lauką, kuris gali padėti pagilinti šiandieninės (e)migracijos suvokimą. The article was inspired by the World Congress of Lithuanian Writers held in Vilnius, in May 2019, during which the literary canon was discussed – not only in Lithuania, but abroad as well: what determines the entry of some books into the school canon, their assessment with literary prizes, various nominations, and why other books remain less noticed by readers and / or literary critics. The theme of this article was further highlighted by the heated debate on the elections of the Book of the Year that took place throughout the autumn (and is still ongoing). Various top five, top ten, top twelve lists, debates over the update of the contents of the curriculum of secondary schools inevitably raise the issue of the literary canon. Therefore, it is considered that perhaps the problem is not what falls or does not fall into the literary canon, but rather how much power society gives to the literary canon itself. The main tasks of the research: to introduce the main theoretical aspects of the literary canon; to discuss the issue of literary canon and women’s creative works; to identify the dominants of the literary canon in the diaspora. The article discusses the issue of the literary canon precisely in women’s literature that was created and is still being created in the diaspora. Research sources: various literary and cultural presses of the Lithuanian diaspora in the US (Aidai (The Echoes), Darbininkas (The Worker), Draugas (The Friend), Gabija, Naujienos (The News) etc.), Literatūros lankai (Literary Folios) (Buenos Aires, 1952-1959), the book by Vladas Kulbokas Lithuanian Literary Criticism in Exile (Rome, 1982). The main reason for this discussion of (non)canonization of women’s literature is that statistically female authors write more on emigration topics. There were more women writers outside Lithuania in the second wave of emigration (DPs); more women than men give a sense to their exile experience even today. The article emphasizes that women’s involvement in public life has never been either simple or natural. Even greater challenges awaited the creating women in 1944, when they moved to the West – Germany, Austria, and from 1949 – to the US, Canada, Australia. Questions are raised as to how and why public attitudes towards the writing, creative woman have changed; how the community of the Lithuanian diaspora, influenced by a new context, new economic and political conditions in the US, thought about new creative challenges, what kind of goals and objectives were set for it. If feminization processes call for rebellion against the dominant (male) canon, if today we are talking about not a single existing canon, but rather about canons, if it is emphasized that the canon is nonetheless a changing thing related with a system of certain time values, then the canon may not exist at all and it cannot exist? The article also actualizes modern migration processes and their reflections in literature (created both in Lithuania and abroad, outside Lithuania; written not only in Lithuanian but also in English) as well, opens new possibilities for reading and interpreting women’s works – and above all – the article dedicated to the World Lithuanian Year, seeks to create a dialogue field that can help deepen the understanding of today’s (e)migration.

The article publishes the manuscripts of two lectures to the Lithuanian Canadian youth which were written by famous Lithuanian historian and master of the national historical narrative Adolfas Šapoka (1906–1961) in March 1960. The historian gave his first lecture to Lithuanian students who belonged to Ateitininkai Catholic movement where he pointed out the tasks for their activities in the modern Lithuanian society. The second lecture was divided into three parts and dealt with the Lithuanian Canadian youth, the new Lithuanian Canadian intelligentsia and the Lithuanian Canadian press.

Algirdas Julius Greimas buvo vienas iš lietuvių išeivijos liberaliosios srovės lyderių ir ideologų, turėjęs didelę įtaką šios srovės organizacijoms. Pirmaisiais pokario metais jis aktyviai įsitraukė į politinę rezistencinę veiklą, dalyvavo Lietuvos laisvės kovotojų sąjungos, Bendro demokratinio pasipriešinimo sąjūdžio veikloje. Nuo 1950 m. jis pasitraukė iš aktyvios politinės veiklos, tačiau nenutolo nuo savo bendraminčių ir toliau liko vienu iš liberaliosios srovės lyderių išeivijoje. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami Greimo ryšiai su jaunosios kartos organizacijomis „Šviesa“ bei „Santara“ ir apskritai su jaunąja liberaliosios srovės karta. Algirdas Julius Greimas was one of the more influential leaders of the Lithuanian liberal movement broadly conceived. The first postwar years saw him actively engaged in the activities of diaspora resistance organizations, the Lithuanian Freedom Fighters Alliance, and the United Democratic Resistance Movement. From 1950 onwards he was no longer active in politics but remained close to his intellectual soulmates and continued to be one of the liberal movement’s leaders in the diaspora. This article analyzes Greimas’s relations with the organizations Šviesa and Santara in particular and young Lithuanian liberals in general. Both of these organizations (Šviesa, created in 1946 in Germany, and Santara, founded in 1954 in the U.S.) came into being as independent associations of liberally-minded Lithuanian academic youth disclaiming any ties with older organizations that existed earlier. Nevertheless the experience of such elder generation liberals as Greimas, their ways of thinking, ideology, and moral support were important signposts for young people as they developed their own organizations. Greimas put a lot of hope in Šviesa and showed much interest in, and concern for, its activities. His closest ties were with members of resistance groups, but he was directly involved with Šviesa, too: he initiated and founded its Paris chapter. Although he was not active in, nor a member of, Santara (and later Santara-Šviesa), in 1965 he participated in Santara-Šviesa’s annual conference and read a paper there which, along with his other essays and ideas, provoked vigorous responses not only among members of Santara but the wider Lithuanian-American community as well.

The final part of the article deals with the activities of Lithuanian Catholic women in Germany, Canada and Australia. The activities of the Lithuanian Union of Catholic Women’s Organizations, the relations of Lithuanian organizations with the world organizations and the Lithuanian Union of Lithuanian Catholic Organizations are described.

rrengti The 110th anniversary of Lithuanian Catholic women’s activities (2018) and the first period of these activities encourage us to review the activities of Lithuanian Catholic women in emigration and to remember the personalities thanks to whom the name of Lithuanian Catholic women will be widely heard in the world. Active not only in Lithuania but later, when Lithuania was occupied, in emigration were: Magdalena Draugelytė-Galdikienė (1891–1979), Aldona Šlepetytė-Janačienė (g. 1927) and her sister Birutė Šlepetytė-Venskuvienė (1924–1999), Jadvyga Pšibilskytė-Damušienė (1915–2010), Ona Galvydaitė-Bačkienė (1907–2003) and many others. Speaking about Lithuanian Catholic women in emigration, it should be remembered that the beginning of their organizations was encouraged by the activities of Catholic women in Lithuania. When Lithuanian Catholic Women’s Society stopped its activities in Lithuania during the First World War, Lithuanian Catholic women’s organizations, which have acquired special names in various areas abroad, started to emerge actively.

Analizuojant informacinį propagandinį karą tarp išeivijos ir sovietų galima kalbėti apie atskirus šio karo etapus: nuo informacijos rinkimo, apdorojimo iki atvirų pareiškimų spaudos puslapiuose. Išeivija buvo aktyvi šio informacinio propagandinio karo dalyvė, turėjusi savo taktiką, siekusi konkrečių tikslų. Nevengta įvairių ginklų, netgi sovietinės propagandos panaudojimo konrtrpropagandiniams tikslams. Sovietų bandymai įvairiomis priemonėmis neutralizuoti priešingą pusę dažniausia būdavo nesėkmingi. This article briefly surveys the information/ propaganda war raging between Lithuania and the diaspora during the Soviet period. In analyzing this war it is possible to distinguish separate stages of it – from the collection, processing, and use of information in one’s own press to open informational and propagandistic warfare in the public sphere. The diaspora community actively participated in this war, and it had its own tactics, objectives, and means to achieve them. A variety of weapons were used, including those employed by Soviet propaganda itself, which was cleverly positioned with a opposed viewpoint to produce a contra-propagandistic effect. Soviet efforts to neutralize the other side were usually ineffective.

Lietuvių iseivijoje XIX a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje augant dėmesiui svietimui, skatinant savisvietą ir skaitymą, didėjo dėmesys bibliotekoms. Jų būtinumas aptarinėtas iseivių spaudoje svietimo, savisvietos ir skaitymo klausimų kontekste, taip pat ir jų veiklai skirtose publikacijose. Nuo XIX a. paskutinio desimtmecio pradžios ėmė rastis privacios ir visuomeninio pobūdžio iseivių bibliotekos, taip pat stengtasi, kad lietuviską spaudą komplektuotų JAV miestų, kur gyveno nemažai lietuvių, viesosios bibliotekos. Nepaisant deklaruoto bibliotekų steigimo nesudėtingumo, iseivijos sąlygomis tai buvo sunkiai sprendžiama problema, todėl jas kuriant dalyvavo įvairios institucijos, matoma bibliotekų steigimo ir jų gyvybingumo užtikrinimo būdų paieska. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami sie klausimai, taip pat bibliotekų santykis su tuo metu besiplėtusia iseivių leidyba. Issues Related to Diaspora Libraries and Reading in the Periodicals of Lithuanian Emigres in the USA (till 1904) A library is a multifaceted phenomenon. This multifacetedness is revealed in the definition of a library, it being a private or public book collection, or an educational institution, the mission of which is to collect, compile and store books as well as provide public access to them. Often, under the influence of historic circumstances, a more significant manifestation of certain aspects of its activity can be observed. This also applies to the role of libraries within the Lithuanian diaspora up to 1904. This article aims at analysing the situation prevailing in the Lithuanian diasporic libraries at that time and the efforts undertaken by the emigrees to compile printed periodicals in the libraries of foreign-born (non-Lithuanian) people. The aim was set to explore the attitude of the Lithuanian emigrants on the role of libraries, analyse the processes of setting up libraries and their activities as well as the efforts to compile Lithuanian periodicals in the foreigners’ libraries. Given the lack of research diaspora libraries, the article was prepared mainly on the basis of material collected from the periodicals issued at that time and available to the Lithuanian diaspora. Based on the collected material, it can be said that the idea of diaspora libraries is often related to the importance of education, self-education and reading, and often refers to the experiences of other nations and US public libraries. A small number of intellectuals among emigrants has resulted in few personal libraries being established and predetermined a seemingly slow emergence and development of emigrant libraries despite the encouragement to set them up. About a hundred libraries are believed to have been established or intended to be established. It was mainly the intellectuals or more educated emigrants who contributed to the process of developing libraries. They were founded by certain associations created specifically for this purpose or by other institutions such as various societies, clubs, etc., mainly concentrated in the numerous communities of Lithuanians living in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Connecticut, and several so-called East Coast states of the United States. It is a fairly impressive figure, considering the conditions under which they were created and developed. Even though the archival function of libraries was understood and plans were made to create a library, the stock of which would cover the entire Lithuanian literature and the literature written by non-Lithuanians, such a library remained in an embryonic stage. The activities of the emigrants’ libraries were more focused on the model of a public library, taking into account the conditions of the time, first of all financial ones. These factors influenced the organizational structures (in particular, the creation of associations for the establishment and maintenance of special libraries), the fees to be paid for using library services by non-members of various associations and libraries, maintenance and development of libraries and the scope of library stock. The working hours and access to press periodicals depended on the availability of the persons responsible for the libraries, as they worked on a voluntary basis. Thus, in some libraries, books could be taken home, whereas in other libraries reading was only allowed on site, within the premises of a library, which served as a reading room as well. The funds for libraries’ maintenance were raised from the membership fees and library fees, the profit obtained from library-related events and other activities, not characteristic of libraries (for example, commercial press). Attempts were made to compensate shortage of funds by directy addressing publishers and asking them to donate their publications to library stock. However, such an attempt had an adverse effect on the development of publishing. Although funds had a significant impact on compiling collections, some libraries tried to follow a predetermined policy, for example, that of collecting and compiling all the press of the time or a certain part of it, compiling only secular literature or refusing to collect antireligious literature, etc. In the end of the 19 – beginning of the 20th century, the educational function of the library was highlighted, with library seen as a place where illiterate persons could learn to read, and those having basic education could further develop their skills. However, this activity, as well as the establishment of libraries in general, was influenced by the ideological differentiation that was prevailing within the Lithuanian diaspora at that time and different attitudes among emigrants towards library tasks. These factors and a low level of education among the emigrants account for a short existence of the majority of these libraries and scanty usage of library services. These factors had a negative effect on the attempts to supply the US public libraries with Lithuanian press periodicals. Despite the policies implemented by the then US public libraries and their attention to immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, some libraries, witnessing the lack of interest among Lithuanian emigrants in using library services, they refused to compile the Lithuanian press in their library stock. Furthermore, sometimes Lithuanians themselves did not show proper interest to promote Lithuanian periodicals. Still, considering the situation in the Lithuanian diaspora of those days, the prevailing level of literacy and culture among its members, it must be recognized that around a hundred libraries which were found or planned to be established during the period of a decade and a half is a considerable number, reflecting the efforts undertaken by a relatively small group of enthusiasts. The emergence of libraries and their activities influenced the mindset and attitudes of emigrants. In the course of time, libraries became a common phenomenon in Lithuanian communities, contributing to the development and strengthening of education and Lithuanian publishing in the United States. Keywords: libraries, Lithuanian diaspora, publishing activities, reading

Apžvalgoje rašoma apie Australijos lietuvių leidybinę veiklą ir pastangas išsaugoti lietuvybę, parodant, kokios priemonės kintančiomis istorinėmis sąlygomis leidžia nedidelei Lietuvos išeivių grupei Australijoje išlaikyti kultūrinį identitetą ir platesnės visuomenės bei jos institutų dėmesį. Iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo Australijoje gyveno nedaug lietuvių. Jų skaičius gerokai pakilo, kai po karo į ją emigravo 10 000 lietuvių pabėgėlių. Norėdami išlaikyti lietuvybę, jie įkūrė savo oficialią Australijos lietuvių bendruomenę, steigė sporto klubus, tautinių šokių grupes, chorus, bibliotekas, mėgėjų teatrus ir daug kitų organizacijų, turėjo savo lietuvišką spaudą. Visos šios iniciatyvos buvo adresuotos lietuviškai kalbantiems atvykėliams. Tačiau tuo pat metu Australijos valdžia spaudė lietuvius ir kitus ateivius kuo greičiau asimiliuotis. Dauguma lietuvių sugebėjo įvykdyti vyriausybės reikalavimus neprarasdami savo lietuvybės. Nežiūrint lietuvių migrantų įdėtų pastangų, Australijos gyventojai apie Lietuvą ir jos žmones žinojo labai mažai arba nežinojo nieko. Patirtis parodė, kad, gyvenant svetimame krašte, lietuvišką paveldą reikia išlaikyti ne tik savo gimtąja kalba, bet ir gyvenamojo krašto kalba. Todėl pradėta leisti naujus laikraščius, informacinius lapelius, knygas apie Lietuvą, kurti interneto svetaines anglų kalba. Šioje srityje Australijos lietuviai yra nuveikę nemažai, nors neretai dirbama tik pavieniui ir privačia iniciatyva. Pastaruoju metu paremti lietuvių bendruomenes, mėginančias išlaikyti savo paveldą, išreiškė norą ir australų valstybinės įstaigos. The overview provides information on the publishing activities of Australian Lithuanians and their attempts at staying Lithuanian by showing the means, which, in the changing historical conditions, allowed a small group of Lithuanian expatriates in Australia to preserve their cultural identity and a wider attention from the society and its institutions. Until the WWII the number of Lithuanians, residing in Australia, was insignificant. The number increased when, after the war, 10 000 Lithuanian refugees came to live in Australia. In order to stay Lithuanian, they founded their official Lithuanian community, launched sports clubs, national dance groups, choirs, libraries, amateur theatres and other organizations, and had their own publications in the Lithuanian language. All of the aforementioned initiatives were targeted at the newcomers, speaking in Lithuanian. However, at the same time the Australian authorities urged the Lithuanians and other expatriates to assimilate. Most Lithuanians managed to fulfill the authorities’ requirements and to stay Lithuanian. Despite the attempts, made by the Lithuanian immigrants, the Australian residents knew little about Lithuania and its people. The experience showed that, when living in another land, the Lithuanian heritage must be kept in terms of both the native language and that of the land where one lives therefore new newspapers, information booklets and brochures and books about Lithuania commenced to be published and Internet websites in the English language were launched. Australian Lithuanians reached a lot in the area, although quite frequently the activities were isolated and executed by private initiative. During the later years the Australian state institutions expressed their wish to support the Lithuanian communities, attempting to retain their heritage.

After some time had passed since the creation of the Lithuanian World Community (PLB), there arose the idea, first suggested by its then Chairman Juozas Bachunas- Bačiūnas, of publishing a journal to reflect not only the endeavors and activities of local Lithuanian Communities in each country having one but also the general concerns of the World Community as a whole. Publication began in the United States of America in 1963. The journal’s name, Pasaulio lietuvis (World Litthuanian), was that of a newspaper published from 1937 to 1940 in prewar independent Lithuania by the Society for the Support of Lithuanian Living Abroad. The new journal not only took over the latter’s name but in its first issue also set itself the same tasks: to join together Lithuanians throughout the world and to report on the activities, concerns, objectives, goals, and achievements of various Lithuanian communities across the globe. The initial editorial board consisted of Stasys Barzdukas, Vytautas Kamantas, and the administrator Edvardas Karnėnas. Funding was provided by Juozas Bačiūnas. After consenting to become editor-in-chief Stasys Barzdukas took on the tasks of commissioning and editing all the material to be published and himself wrting most of the articles and reviews describing the most important PLB meetings, conferences, and events. There were pages devoted to Lithuanian Community activities in the various contries; youth affairs; and relections and commentaries. From 1969 onwards there was a column on matters of language use and rules. In 1973 Barzdukas expressed a wish to resign from the Pasaulio lietuvis editorship because of declining health but consented to stay on for just as long as a replacement could be found. In 1973 the PLB Council decided to make Pasaulio lietuvis a monthly, publishing 12 issues per year instead of just 10. A year later it decided to turn the newsletter into a journal (magazine). On these matters Barzdukas had a somewhat different opinion. At the beginning of 1976 the editorship of Pasaulio lietuvis was assumed by Bronius Nainys, who had assisted Barzdukas earlier in gathering material and writing articles. Throughout his 13 years at the helm of Pasaulio lietuvis, Barzdukas made the periodical into an important and growing medium reflecting the Lithuanian World Community’s life and works.

In the history of Lithuania during the period between the two world wars, the criminal law sources were received from Russia (Criminal Statute of 1903) and adapted for the requirements of those States, where the conditions of life were notably different from those in Lithuania. The Criminal Statute of 1903 was the main criminal law source in Lithuania until 1940. Prior to the second occupation—the return of the Soviets—tens of thousands of Lithuanian citizens fled to the West, including a very large segment of the intelligentsia, university lecturers, professors and many lawyers. The lawyers in emigration were very socially active and founded a paper of law research—“Teisininkų žinios.” The article deals with the works and research of the emigration lawyers B. Nemickas, V. Vaitkevičius, P. Raulinaitis,V. Rastenis, D. Krivickas and others, in which they deal with the problem of Soviet criminal law. The lawyers analyse the sources of Soviet criminal law, which was the criminal law source in occupied Lithuania. The Codes of the Soviet Russia Federationwere enforced in occupied Lithuania at the end of the 1940. The 1926 Criminal code remained in force until 1960. After the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviet Government initiated an ambitions legislative programme completed a systematic re-codification of almost the entire legal system. The first attempts were made in the field of criminal law and procedure. On 25 December 1958 the Principles of Criminal Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics were enacted and in the following years the Soviet Lithuania drafted their own Criminal code on the basis of these Principals. The Lithuanian emigrant lawyers analyzed Soviet criminal law resource and established that criminal law is also an area of Soviet law where the privileged position of the Soviet Communist party within the Soviet legal system is most likely to be unmasked. Straipsnyje aptartos lietuvių teisininkų išeivių publikacijos emigracinėje spaudoje, kuriose analizuota sovietinės Lietuvos baudžiamoji teisė. Didžioji dalis tiek akademinės, tiek praktikų teisininkų dalis gresiant sovietinėms okupacijoms pasitraukė į Vakarus. Ten gebėjo suburti akademines pajėgas ir publikavo savo teisės tyrinėjimus, aktyviai reiškėsi spaudoje. Sovietinės baudžiamosios teisės problematika, nors ir nebuvo dažna šiuose leidiniuose, tačiau atlikti tyrimai, pateiktos pastabos ir išvados yra reikšmingos teisės istorijos, baudžiamosios teisės raidos pažinimui. Emigravę teisininkai dėl ribotų išteklių ne visuomet galėjo atlikti išsamesnius tyrimus. Didžiausias dėmesys sovietinės baudžiamosios teisės srityje buvo skirtas baudžiamosios teisės šaltinių raidai.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas lietuvių išeivijos, gyvenančios Šiaurės Amerikoje, tautinio tapatumo puoselėjimas liaudies šokiu. Tautinio tapatumo puoselėjimas yra viena iš aktualiausių išeivijos problemų, atsiradusi su pirmąja imigrantų į JAV banga po Pirmojo pasaulinio karo. Išeivijos lietuvių šokio raidą galima skirstyti į dvi dalis. Pirmoji apima lietuviško šokio ištakas Šiaurės Amerikoje, kai 1925 m. pirmieji lietuviški šokiai buvo užfiksuoti lietuvių išeivių statytose operose, chorų pasirodymuose. Pirmosios ir antrosios bangos emigrantai, nepatyrę tautinių šokių atgimimo laikotarpio Lietuvoje, iš senesnių žmonių prisiminimų žinojo tik lietuviškų šokių pavadinimus, todėl to meto išeivijos šokių repertuaras nėra gausus. Šio periodo tautinių šokių veiklą pagyvino ir praturtino tik M. Baronaitės atvykimas iš Lietuvos. Antrasis lietuvių išeivijos šokio raidos periodas apima laikotarpį nuo 1944 m., kai trečiosios emigracijos bangos, patyrusios tautinio atgimimo įtaką Lietuvoje, išeiviai įsiliejo į lietuviškas šeštadienines mokyklas ir telkė lietuviškų šokių sambūrius, žymiai praplėtusius išeivijos tautinių šokių repertuarą. Dauguma tautinio šokio puoselėtojų buvo mokytojai, šokio žinių įgavę pradinių klasių, fizinio lavinimo mokytojų kursuose, mokę šokti vaikus Lietuvos mokyklose. Lietuvių tautinių šokių institutas (LTŠI) yra svarbi kultūrinė institucija, kurios tikslas – išeivijoje tirti ir skleisti lietuvių tautinius šokius, propaguoti su jais susijusius papročius, žaidimus, tautosaką, liaudies muziką, tautinius drabužius, taip skatinant išeivijos lietuvių tautinį tapatumą. Daugiausia dėmesio LTŠI skiria tautinių šokių šventėms, parenka meno vadovą ir tvirtina repertuarą. Vienas iš svarbesnių LTŠI uždavinių – rengti kasmetinius šokių mokytojų kursus, kuriuose tobulinasi tautinių šokių mokytojai. The artical analyses the Lithuanian folk dance as a means of national identity fostering in Lithuanian diaspora in North America. National identity maintenance especially in emigration is topical problem which started with the first wave of emigrants into US after the First World War. The evolution of Lithuanian folk dance in North America can be divided into two parts. The first period involves Lithuanian dance origins in North America, where in 1925 the first Lithuanian dances were captured in Lithuanian operas and choral performances. The first and second waves of emigrants didn’t have chance to experience folk dance revival period in Lithuania, so they tried to dance dances which they knew from their parents and grandparents. Therefore dance repertoire was not abundant. During this period national dance activities were enlivened and enriched only by M. Baronaitės arrival from Lithuania seeking to maintain national identity and to expand dance repertoire. The second Lithuanian folk dance development period in North America covers the period from 1944, when the third wave of emigrats, who has experienced national revival in Lithuania, joined the Saturday schools and established Lithuanian dance ensembles which expanded Lithuanian folk dance repertoire in North America. Most of the national dance up holders were teachers, who acquired dance knowledge in primary school physical education teacher courses or by teaching children dance at Lithuanian schools. Lithuanian Folk Dance Institute (LFDI) is an important cultural institution, which aims to explore and spread Lithuanian folk dances, to promote the related customs, games, folklore,folkmusic and costumes hereby encouraging Lithuanian national identity. The focus of LFDI is appointed to organization of folk dance festivals, selection of artistic director and program approval. One of the major challenges of LFDI is to hold annual dance teacher seminars, which seek to improve folk dance teachers’ competences.

On the basis of historiography and articles in Lithuanian-American periodicals from 1926 to 1936 we attempt to explain what social function Jack Sharkey’s achievements served, how this sports hero’s portrait was constructed and exploited, and how this affected the daily life and leisure time activities of U. S. Lithuanians. Jack Sharkey-Žukauskas became a factor in drawing Lithuanians together: his Lithuanian fans went to see his fights in organized groups; gathered around radio receivers to catch broadcasts of the matches; and held banquets in his honor. These events displayed various elements of formal and informal communication that allowed overcoming inner Lithuanian community barriers and contributed to uniting it. Some Lithuanian ideological groups attempted to use his achievements as a means of social engineering by portraying him as personifying the views and ideals of a certain ideology to be recommended as an example for young people to follow. The Socialists opposed this while the Communists took a dim view of professional sports altogether. The fights of this boxer stimulated a desire to gamble. Various descriptions of betting in the press tend to show that it wasn’t the possibility of getting richer that motivated most Lithuanian bettors: they simply were happy to have found a hero they could trust and who could give them a feeling of being temporarily in control of the situation in an uncertain world. It was probably due to the history of Lithuanian- Irish relations in the U. S. that fights with boxers of Irish descent were matters of principle attended by constant mistrust of Irish designs and influences in the boxing bureaucracy, incessant gambling, disputes, and conflicts, often ending with brawls in taverns.

The article presents the activities of the Lithuanian Writers’ Association (LWA) from 1970 to 1980, when its Board was chaired for three terms by the poet and Franciscan priest, Father Leonardas Andriekus (1914–2003). We survey the history of the LWA, analyze the trends of its strategic activities, outline its publishing issues, and discuss the significance of finances for its activities. The LWA joined together Lithuanian writers in the free-world diaspora, organized literary awards, and concerned itself with publishing the works of deceased writers as well as with fostering relations between writers living in the USA and those who lived in other countries. In this article we try to reveal LWA activities through the personality of Father Andriekus. The main sources of this study are the Maironis Lithuanian Literature Museum Archives and the Lithuanian OFM Archives.

Jesuit priest Vincentas Pupinis is one of the most prominent Lithuanian personalities, who worked in the Vatican next to the Holy See. For several years, the emigrant from Northern Lithuania worked for Pontifical Russian College in Rome. From 1980 to 1988, he was in charge of the Russian department of the Vatican radio, and from 1988 to 1993 – the Vatican Radio Lithuanian editorial office. In 1993, the last years of his life, he contributed directly to the preparation for the Pope John Paul II’s trip to Lithuania. The article is based on hitherto unpublished Pupinis’ 105 letters to his brother Aleksandras living in Joniškis during the period of 1956–1992. The descriptive-analytical analysis of the letters showed that he had never lost touch with the roots of Žiemgala, native Gataučiai (current Pakruojis district). Through thoughts and letters to his relatives he went back to his birthplace before the most important dates of the year: Christmas, Easter, and each July before or after the feast of the Scapular in Linkuva. Contents of the letters revealed broad and creative Jesuit priest’s missionary activities in Australia and Brazil, and his enormous contribution to the Vatican radio. Letters written from Brazil, describing the details of Lithuanian emigrants life, traditions and customs, should be of interest to researchers, who study the history of Lithuanian emigrants in South America. Rich language of the letters and businesslike style showed that priest Vincentas Pupinis living among non-native speakers (he himself spoke Lithuanian, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and German), had never lost the sense of the language and did not forget his native language.

This article analyzes the ties that Lithuanian religious orders active in the diaspora in the 20th century maintained with their Lithuanian homeland during three historical periods: the first half of the 20th century; the period from 1944 to 1990; and the period after 1990 when Lithuanian independence was restored. What were the social and political forces driving these ties? To the convents and monasteries in the Lithuanian diaspora ties to Lithuania were vitally important; it was thanks to them that these religious congregations could maintain their national identity far from the Homeland and foster Lithuanian culture. Prior to 1940 the first Lithuanian religious women’s congregations founded in the United States made efforts to send some of their members to study in Lithuania and to establish separate convents there so as to ensure continuous renewal. After roughly the first decade of Soviet occupation disrupted relations were able to be renewed and later they got stronger each year: those religious orders that were active in the Lithuanian underground and had branches in the emigration exchanged their most important documentary information and were materially supported by émigré organizations. After the restoration of Lithuanian statehood in 1990, the monks and nuns living in the diaspora played a large part in resuscitating congregation life as well as the social activities of monasteries and convents in post-Soviet society. But these diaspora congregations themselves now needed the help of the Homeland in keeping up their own existence: they hoped to receive new candidates and after years of standstill or attrition to open up novitiates again and take in new members. But not all these hopes materialized: a newly reborn Lithuania and a new wave of economic immigrants were not able to change the tendencies, several decades in the making, that marked the fate of convents and monasteries in the Lithuanian diaspora.

Įvairių priežasčių skatinama XX. a. viduryje išeivijoje jau buvo atsidūrusi nemaža dalis lietuvių tautos. Išeiviai kūrė organizacijas, leido savo leidinius. Šiame darbe siekiama atskleisti šiuo metu gerokai primiršto socialdemokratinio žurnalo „Darbas“, ėjusio JAV 1947–1960 m., istoriją. Tam kelti uždaviniai: atskleisti LDD ir DDT organizacijų idėjines nuostatas, jų narių įnašus į žurnalo leidybą bei bendrą šių organizacijų įtaką žurnalo pobūdžiui; išnagrinėti bandymus į žurnalo leidybą pritraukti organizacijoms nepriklausiusius asmenis, jų įnašus į žurnalo turinį; papildyti istoriografijoje jau žinomas derybų dėl bendro žurnalo leidybos su liberaliosios srovės atstovais nesėkmės priežastis; išnagrinėti žurnalo leidybos problemas, nustatyti jo užsidarymo priežastis, atskleisti bandymus tęsti leidybą ar kurti naujus žurnalus „Darbo“ idėjos pagrindu; atskleisti „Darbe“ skelbtas idėjas, pažiūras ir turinį. LDD, susikūrusi (1932) kaip opozicija JAV lietuvių komunistų tarpe kylančios autoritarinėms tendencijoms, ilgainiui tapo socialdemokratiška organizacija. 1947 m. ji ėmė leisti žurnalą „Darbas“. LDD nariai St. Strazdas, N. Jonuška, J. V. Stilsonas, K. Bielinis, St. Kairys, J. Sonda buvo žurnalo redaktoriais, administratoriais, autoriais. DDT (1954) vienijo kairiųjų pažiūrų jaunimą. Jos nariai J. Repečka, J. Kiznis tapo vyr. redaktoriais. DDT suorganizavo Darbo Fondą ir taip apjungusi intelektines ir finansines žurnalo pajėgas buvo arti to, kad perimtų „Darbą“ į savo rankas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Due to various reasons a great part of the Lithuanian people were living in emigration in the middle of the 20th century. Emigrants have always established organizations, published periodicals. The main aim of this thesis is to reveal the history of forgotten journal “Darbas”, published in the USA in 1947–1960. For this aim the following tasks were set: to reveal ideas of LDD and DDT, the influence on and contributions to the journal of these organizations and their members; to explore the attempts to attract other persons to become authors of “Darbas” and the contribution they made; to complement the already known in historiography reasons why negotiations with liberals inviting them to write for “Darbas” and to have a common journal were unsuccessful; to explore the problems of publishing, to find out the reasons why publishing had to be stopped, to reveal the attempts to continue publishing and to create new journals on the base of “Darbas” idea; to reveal the ideas proposed in and the content of “Darbas”. Established in 1932 to oppose authoritarian tendencies among Lithuanian communists in the USA, LDD gradually became a social democratic organization, which began to publish journal “Darbas” in 1947. Members of this organization (J. V. Stilsonas, K. Bielinis, St. Kairys, etc.) were the editors, the administrators and the authors of “Darbas”. Established in 1954, DDT was the organization that united the leftist youth. Members of DDT J. Repečka, J. Kiznis were chief... [to full text]

Juozas Bačiūnas (Bachunas) (1893–1969) was one of the none-too-numerous firstgeneration immigrants (the so-called greenhorns) who actively supported the idea of the World Lithuanian Community (WLC , Lith. PLB) and contributed to its implementation. This article outlines Bachunas’s activities while he served as chairman of the World Lithuanian Community from 1963 to 1968, with an emphasis on the projects he initiated and executed. Bachunas joined in WLC activities when his involvement was needed the most. This was a time when many in the older as well as in the newer emigration looked upon the WLC with some hesitancy and doubt, and the concept and future of the WLC itself were not yet clear. Upon assuming the WLC chairmanship in 1963, Bachunas asserted himself as a civic leader of considerable experience with a great deal of energy to expend on Lithuanian affairs. This unpaid position was not only a matter of honourable service to him; it also demanded a lot of work, effort, and money from him as well as taking a toll on his health. The first World Lithuanian Youth Congress, the journal Pasaulio lietuvis (World Lithuanian), the Press and Radio Convention, and other ideas and initiatives of his were realized when he became WLC chairman and continued to be implemented after his death. In travelling heavily and visiting Lithuanians in other countries, Bachunas became familiar, well-known, and well-liked not only in the United States but throughout the free world’s Lithuanian communities. Thanks to his life experience, unassumed simplicity, and strong vitality, he became a symbolic “President of all Lithuanians” joining together Lithuanians of different generations, different waves of emigration, and living in America or other countries.