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1. Cross-Sectional Study of 24-Hour Urinary Electrolyte Excretion and Associated Health Outcomes in a Convenience Sample of Australian Primary Schoolchildren: The Salt and Other Nutrients in Children (SONIC) Study Protocol

Author

Grimes, Carley A, Baxter, Janet R, Campbell, Karen J, Riddell, Lynn J, Rigo, Manuela, Liem, Djin Gie, Keast, Russell S, He, Feng J, and Nowson, Caryl A

Subjects
Medicine, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7
Abstract

BackgroundDietary sodium and potassium are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Data exploring the cardiovascular outcomes associated with these electrolytes within Australian children is sparse. Furthermore, an objective measure of sodium and potassium intake within this group is lacking. ObjectiveThe primary aim of the Salt and Other Nutrient Intakes in Children (“SONIC”) study was to measure sodium and potassium intakes in a sample of primary schoolchildren located in Victoria, Australia, using 24-hour urine collections. Secondary aims were to identify the dietary sources of sodium and potassium, examine the association between these electrolytes and cardiovascular risk factors, and assess children’s taste preferences and saltiness perception of manufactured foods. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of schoolchildren attending primary schools in Victoria, Australia. Participants completed one 24-hour urine collection, which was analyzed for sodium, potassium, and creatinine. Completeness of collections was assessed using collection time, total volume, and urinary creatinine. One 24-hour dietary recall was completed to assess dietary intake. Other data collected included blood pressure, body weight, height, waist and hip circumference. Children were also presented with high and low sodium variants of food products and asked to discriminate salt level and choose their preferred variant. Parents provided demographic information and information on use of discretionary salt. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe sodium and potassium intakes. Linear and logistic regression models with clustered robust standard errors will be used to assess the association between electrolyte intake and health outcomes (blood pressure and body mass index/BMI z-score and waist circumference) and to assess differences in taste preference and discrimination between high and low sodium foods, and correlations between preference, sodium intake, and covariates. ResultsA total of 780 children across 43 schools participated. The results from this study are expected at the end of 2015. ConclusionsThis study will provide the first objective measure of sodium and potassium intake in Australian schoolchildren and improve our understanding of the relationship of these electrolytes to cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, this study will provide insight into child taste preferences and explore related factors. Given the cardiovascular implications of consuming too much sodium and too little potassium, monitoring of these nutrients during childhood is an important public health initiative.

Published
2015
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2. Food files

Author

Liem, Djin Gie, Dias, Dan, Jadhav, Snehal, Costanzo, Andrew, and Mukurumbira, Agnes

Published
2024

5. Food files

Author

Liem, Djin Gie, Costanzo, Andrew, and Dias, Dan

Published
2023

15. Taste and Smell

Author

Mennella, Julie A., primary, Bobowski, Nuala, additional, and Liem, Djin Gie, additional

Published
2017
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16. Contributors

Author

Aaen, Gregory S., primary, Abend, Nicholas Scott, additional, Abou-Hamden, Amal, additional, Allen, Jeffrey C., additional, Amato, Anthony A., additional, Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, additional, Ashwal, Stephen, additional, Bailey, Russell C., additional, Bale, James F., additional, Banwell, Brenda, additional, Barañano, Kristin W., additional, Barkovich, A. James, additional, Barohn, Richard J., additional, Bartels, Ute K., additional, Bartnik-Olson, Brenda, additional, Barzilai, Ori, additional, Bassuk, Alexander, additional, Bearden, David R., additional, Ben-Sira, Liat, additional, Bernard, Timothy J., additional, Berry-Kravis, Elizabeth, additional, Beslow, Lauren A., additional, Biegel, Jaclyn A., additional, Billinghurst, Lori, additional, Birnbaum, Angela K., additional, Blackburn, Joanna S., additional, Bobowski, Nuala, additional, Boire, Adrienne, additional, Bönnemann, Carsten G., additional, Bonifacio, Sonia L., additional, Bonthius, Daniel J., additional, Borcherding, Breck, additional, Branchford, Brian R., additional, Brandsema, John, additional, Brennan, Kathryn M., additional, Brenton, J. Nicholas, additional, Brooks-Kayal, Amy R., additional, Brown, Lawrence W., additional, Buchalter, Jeffrey, additional, Camfield, Carol S., additional, Camfield, Peter R., additional, Campoy, Cristina, additional, Carpenter, Jessica L., additional, Chang, Taeun, additional, Chau, Vann, additional, Chi, Susan N., additional, Chiriboga, Claudia A., additional, Cho, Yoon-Jae, additional, Christian, Cindy W., additional, Chrestian, Nicholas, additional, Cilio, Maria Roberta, additional, Clark, Robin D., additional, Cohen, Bruce H., additional, Cohn, Ronald D., additional, Connolly, Anne M., additional, Constable, Todd, additional, Constantini, Shlomi, additional, Conway, Jeannine M., additional, Coulter, David L., additional, Cowan, Tina M., additional, Dale, Russell C., additional, Darbro, Benjamin, additional, Darras, Basil T., additional, Dastgir, Jahannaz, additional, De Meirleir, Linda, additional, De Vivo, Darryl C., additional, de Vries, Linda S., additional, Deisch, Jeremy K., additional, Deltenre, Paul, additional, Desai, Jay, additional, Descartes, Maria, additional, deVeber, Gabrielle, additional, Dhamne, Sameer C., additional, Diaz, Jullianne, additional, DiMauro, Salvatore, additional, Dobyns, William B., additional, Doherty, Dan, additional, Donner, Elizabeth J., additional, Dosenbach, Nico U.F., additional, Dowling, James J., additional, Drake, James M., additional, Ejerskov, Cecile, additional, Engel, Andrew G., additional, Enns, Gregory M., additional, Escolano-Margarit, María Victoria, additional, Etzion, Iris, additional, Fatemi, S. Ali, additional, Fehlings, Darcy L., additional, Feinberg, Michelle Lauren, additional, Ferriero, Donna M., additional, Filipek, Pauline A., additional, Finkel, Richard S., additional, Fisher, Paul G., additional, Flanigan, Kevin, additional, Foreman, Nicholas K., additional, Franco, Israel, additional, Frank, Yitzchak, additional, Fredrick, Douglas R., additional, Freeze, Hudson H., additional, Fuente-Mora, Cristina, additional, Furman, Joseph M., additional, Gallagher, Renata C., additional, Garel, Catherine, additional, Gertsch, Emily, additional, Gilbert, Donald L., additional, Gilles, Elizabeth E., additional, Giza, Christopher C., additional, Glaser, Carol A., additional, Glass, Hannah C., additional, Glauser, Tracy, additional, Glykys, Joseph, additional, Goldstein, Amy, additional, Gonorazky, Hernan Dario, additional, Gonzalez, Rodolfo, additional, Goodkin, Howard P., additional, Graham, John M., additional, Greninger, Alexander L., additional, Gronseth, Gary, additional, Gropman, Andrea L., additional, Grundy, Richard, additional, Guerrini, Renzo, additional, Gupta, Nalin, additional, Hahn, Jin S., additional, Hamblin, Milton H., additional, Hani, Abeer J., additional, Hanmantgad, Sharyu, additional, Harbert, Mary J., additional, Harini, Chellamani, additional, Harriott, Andrea M., additional, Heatwole, Chad, additional, Hershey, Andrew D., additional, Hirtz, Deborah G., additional, Holmes, Gregory L., additional, Holshouser, Barbara A., additional, Hurwitz, Kathleen A., additional, Hwang, Eugene, additional, Ichord, Rebecca N., additional, Jafar-Nejad, Paymaan, additional, Jain, Sejal V., additional, Jordan, Lori, additional, Kabbouche, Marielle A., additional, Kacperski, Joanne, additional, Kang, Peter B., additional, Kariannis, Matthias A., additional, Kaufmann, Horacio, additional, Kaye, Harper L., additional, Keating, Robert, additional, Kennedy, Colin R., additional, Khakoo, Yasmin, additional, Kirton, Adam, additional, Kissel, John T., additional, Knupp, Kelly G., additional, Korf, Bruce R., additional, Kossoff, Eric H., additional, Kothare, Sanjeev V., additional, Kupfer, Oren, additional, LaFrance, W. Curt, additional, Latal, Beatrice, additional, Leber, Steven M., additional, Lee, Jean-Pyo, additional, Leppik, Ilo E., additional, Lerman-Sagie, Tally, additional, Lerner, Jason T., additional, Leventer, Richard J., additional, Licht, Daniel J., additional, Lichter-Konecki, Uta, additional, Lidar, Zvi, additional, Liem, Djin Gie, additional, Loddenkemper, Tobias, additional, Long, Roger K., additional, Luc, Quyen N., additional, Mackay, Mark, additional, Majnemer, Annette, additional, Makhani, Naila, additional, Malinger, Gustavo, additional, Mandelbaum, David E., additional, Maricich, Stephen M., additional, Maski, Kiran P., additional, Mathur, Mudit, additional, Matthews, Dennis J., additional, McMahon, Kelly, additional, DeMara-Hoth, Megan B., additional, Mendelsohn, Bryce, additional, Mennella, Julie A., additional, Ment, Laura R., additional, Mercuri, Eugenio, additional, Michelson, David J., additional, Mikati, Mohamad A., additional, Mikhail, Fady M., additional, Miller, Steven Paul, additional, Milunsky, Jeff M., additional, Mink, Jonathan W., additional, Mirzaa, Ghayda M., additional, Mitchell, Wendy G., additional, Mohan, Michael A., additional, Mohassel, Payam, additional, Moharir, Mahendranath, additional, Monani, Umrao R., additional, Monje Deisseroth, Michelle, additional, Moodley, Manikum, additional, Mower, Andrew, additional, Moxley, Richard T., additional, Mueller, Sabine, additional, Muotri, Alysson R., additional, Nagamani, Sandesh C.S., additional, Narayanan, Mohan J., additional, Narayanan, Vinodh, additional, Nass, Ruth D., additional, Neul, Jeffrey L., additional, Nevo, Yoram, additional, Ng, Bobby G., additional, Nickels, Katherine C., additional, Nimmo, Graeme A.M., additional, Noetzel, Michael J., additional, Norcliffe-Kaufmann, Lucy, additional, Nordli, Douglas R., additional, Nowak-Göttl, Ulrike, additional, O'Brien, Hope L., additional, Oleszek, Joyce, additional, Oskoui, Maryam, additional, Paciorkowski, Alex R., additional, Packer, Roger J., additional, Packman, Seymour, additional, Palma, Jose-Alberto, additional, Pardo, Andrea C., additional, Parsons, Julie A., additional, Partridge, John Colin, additional, Pastores, Gregory M., additional, Patterson, Marc C., additional, Pearce, William J., additional, Pearl, Phillip L., additional, Penner, Melanie, additional, Percival, Leila, additional, Pereira, Marcia, additional, Pfister, Stefan M., additional, Phillips, John, additional, Plecko, Barbara, additional, Plioplys, Sigita, additional, Poduri, Annapurna, additional, Poisson, Sharon, additional, Pomeroy, Scott L., additional, Poretti, Andrea, additional, Powers, Scott W., additional, Pranzatelli, Michael R., additional, Przekop, Allison, additional, Rabie, Malcolm, additional, Rangasamy, Sampathkumar, additional, Raymond, Gerald V., additional, Reddy, Alyssa T., additional, Rendleman, Rebecca L., additional, Rho, Jong M., additional, Rodan, Lance H., additional, Roddy, Sarah M., additional, Rogers, Elizabeth E., additional, Rosenthal, Stephen M., additional, Rosman, N. Paul, additional, Ross, M. Elizabeth, additional, Rotenberg, Alexander, additional, Rust, Robert S., additional, Sanchez, Cheryl P., additional, Sanchez, Pedro, additional, Sánchez Fernández, Iván, additional, Sands, Tristan T., additional, Sanger, Terence D., additional, Sannagowdara, Kumar, additional, Scheinost, Dustin, additional, Scher, Mark S., additional, Schor, Nina F., additional, Schrauwen, Isabelle, additional, Segal, Michael M., additional, Seinfeld, Syndi, additional, Selcen, Duygu, additional, Seltzer, Laurie E., additional, Semrud-Clikeman, Margaret, additional, Shaw, Dennis W., additional, Shaywitz, Bennett A., additional, Shaywitz, Sally E., additional, Shellhaas, Renée A., additional, Sherr, Elliott H., additional, Sheth, Rita D., additional, Shevell, Michael I., additional, Shinnar, Shlomo, additional, Shofty, Ben, additional, Shu, Stanford K., additional, Shy, Michael E., additional, Silveira Moriyama, Laura, additional, Silvestri, Nicholas J., additional, Sims, Katherine B., additional, Singer, Harvey S., additional, Singhal, Nilika Shah, additional, Smith, Craig M., additional, Smith, Edward, additional, Smith, Stephen A., additional, Snyder, Evan Y., additional, Soul, Janet, additional, Spalink, Christy L., additional, Spencer, Karen A., additional, Stafstrom, Carl E., additional, Steinfeld, Robert, additional, Strober, Jonathan B., additional, Sullivan, Joseph, additional, Swaiman, Kenneth F., additional, Swoboda, Kathryn J., additional, Tate, Elizabeth D., additional, Tatum, William O., additional, Tein, Ingrid, additional, Tekulve, Kristyn, additional, Tenney, Jeffrey R., additional, Thiele, Elizabeth A., additional, Thompson-Stone, Robert, additional, Tochen, Laura, additional, Tormoehlen, Laura M., additional, Tran, Lily, additional, Trauner, Doris A., additional, Turnacioglu, Sinan O., additional, Ullrich, Nicole J., additional, Urion, David K., additional, Van Camp, Guy, additional, Van Hirtum-Das, Michèle, additional, van Karnebeek, Clara D.M., additional, Van Maldergem, Lionel, additional, Vanderver, Adeline, additional, Vitanza, Nicholas A., additional, von Rhein, Michael, additional, von Scheven, Emily, additional, Wagner, Ann, additional, Wainwright, Mark S., additional, Walker, Melissa A., additional, Walkup, John T., additional, Walsh, Laurence, additional, Walters-Sen, Lauren C., additional, Wang, Raymond Y., additional, Warner, Thomas T., additional, Whelan, Harry T., additional, Weinberg, Geoffrey A., additional, Wells, Elizabeth M., additional, Wheless, James W., additional, Wirrell, Elaine C., additional, Wisoff, Jeffrey H., additional, Wolf, Nicole I., additional, Wolfe, Gil I., additional, Wright, F. Virginia, additional, Wycliffe, Nathaniel D., additional, Yang, Michele L., additional, Yuskaitis, Christopher J., additional, Zoghbi, Huda Y., additional, and Zupanc, Mary L., additional

Published
2017
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17. Identifying opportunities for strengthening advice to enhance vegetable liking in the early years of life: qualitative consensus and triangulation methods

Author

Bell, Lucinda K, Gardner, Claire, Kumar, Saravana, Wong, Hoi Y, Johnson, Brittany, Byrne, Rebecca, Campbell, Karen J., Liem, Djin Gie, Russell, Catherine G, Denney-Wilson, Elizabeth, Netting, Merryn, Bishop, Lola, Cox, David, Poelman, Astrid Am, Arguelles, Jennifer C, Golley, Rebecca K, Bell, Lucinda K, Gardner, Claire, Kumar, Saravana, Wong, Hoi Y, Johnson, Brittany, Byrne, Rebecca, Campbell, Karen J., Liem, Djin Gie, Russell, Catherine G, Denney-Wilson, Elizabeth, Netting, Merryn, Bishop, Lola, Cox, David, Poelman, Astrid Am, Arguelles, Jennifer C, and Golley, Rebecca K

Abstract

Abstract Objective: To prioritise and refine a set of evidence-informed statements into advice messages to promote vegetable liking in early childhood, and to determine applicability for dissemination of advice to relevant audiences. Design: A nominal group technique (NGT) workshop and a Delphi survey were conducted to prioritise and achieve consensus (≥70 % agreement) on thirty evidence-informed maternal (perinatal and lactation stage), infant (complementary feeding stage) and early years (family diet stage) vegetable-related advice messages. Messages were validated via triangulation analysis against the strength of evidence from an Umbrella review of strategies to increase children's vegetable liking, and gaps in advice from a Desktop review of vegetable feeding advice. Setting: Australia. Participants: A purposeful sample of key stakeholders (NGT workshop, n 8 experts; Delphi survey, n 23 end users). Results: Participant consensus identified the most highly ranked priority messages associated with the strategies of: 'in-utero exposure' (perinatal and lactation, n 56 points) and 'vegetable variety' (complementary feeding, n 97 points; family diet, n 139 points). Triangulation revealed two strategies ('repeated exposure' and 'variety') and their associated advice messages suitable for policy and practice, twelve for research and four for food industry. Conclusions: Supported by national and state feeding guideline documents and resources, the advice messages relating to 'repeated exposure' and 'variety' to increase vegetable liking can be communicated to families and caregivers by healthcare practitioners. The food industry provides a vehicle for advice promotion and product development. Further research, where stronger evidence is needed, could further inform strategies for policy and practice, and food industry application.

Published
2022

24. Identifying opportunities for strengthening advice to enhance vegetable liking in the early years of life: qualitative consensus and triangulation methods

Author

Bell, Lucinda K, primary, Gardner, Claire, additional, Kumar, Saravana, additional, Wong, Hoi Y, additional, Johnson, Brittany, additional, Byrne, Rebecca, additional, Campbell, Karen J, additional, Liem, Djin Gie, additional, Russell, Catherine (Georgie), additional, Denney-Wilson, Elizabeth, additional, Netting, Merryn, additional, Bishop, Lola, additional, Cox, David N, additional, Poelman, Astrid AAM, additional, Arguelles, Jennifer, additional, and Golley, Rebecca K, additional

Published
2021
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25. Sugar reduction in dairy food: an overview with flavoured milk as an example

Author

Mahato, Dipendra Kumar, Keast, Russell, Liem, Djin Gie, Russell, Catherine Georgina, Cicerale, Sara, Gamlath, Shirani, Mahato, Dipendra Kumar, Keast, Russell, Liem, Djin Gie, Russell, Catherine Georgina, Cicerale, Sara, and Gamlath, Shirani

Abstract

Owing to the public health concern associated with the consumption of added sugar, the World Health Organization recommends cutting down sugar in processed foods. Furthermore, due to the growing concern of increased calorie intake from added sugar in sweetened dairy foods, the present review provides an overview of different types and functions of sugar, various sugar reduction strategies, and current trends in the use of sweeteners for sugar reduction in dairy food, taking flavoured milk as a central theme where possible to explore the aforementioned aspects. The strength and uniqueness of this review are that it brings together all the information on the available types of sugar and sugar reduction strategies and explores the current trends that could be applied for reducing sugar in dairy foods without much impact on consumer acceptance. Among different strategies for sugar reduction, the use of natural non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs), has received much attention due to consumer demand for natural ingredients. Sweetness imparted by sugar can be replaced by natural NNSs, however, sugar provides more than just sweetness to flavoured milk. Sugar reduction involves multiple technical challenges to maintain the sensory properties of the product, as well as to maintain consumer acceptance. Because no single sugar has a sensory profile that matches sucrose, the use of two or more natural NNSs could be an option for food industries to reduce sugar using a holistic approach rather than a single sugar reduction strategy. Therefore, achieving even a small sugar reduction can significantly improve the diet and health of an individual.

Published
2020

40. Using an online photo based questionnaire to predict tasted liking and amount sampled of familiar and unfamiliar foods by female nutrition students.

Author

Colla, Kathryn, Keast, Russell, Hartley, Isabella, and Liem, Djin Gie

Subjects
CONSUMER science, NUTRITION, TASTE testing of food, LIKERT scale, CONSUMPTION (Economics)
Abstract

The present study investigated the relationship between online questionnaire and laboratory taste tests. Participants (n = 111 females, mean age; 24.0 ± 4.5 years) rated familiarity (5‐point Likert scale), predicted liking (9‐point hedonic scale) and prospective consumption (9‐point category scale) of 23 snacks using an online photo questionnaire. One week later participants rated liking and prospective consumption of five of those snacks in the laboratory (in‐lab). Predicted liking explained 19.2 and 34.5% of the variation in in‐lab liking of familiar and unfamiliar snacks, respectively. Prospective consumption (online) explained 11.2 and 5.4% of the variation in in‐lab prospective consumption of familiar and unfamiliar snacks, respectively. Differences in snack familiarity did not influence the strength of the relationships between online and in‐lab measures (p >.05). Compared to predicted liking, tasted liking was more predictive of prospective consumption, even if foods were familiar, highlighting the importance of experiencing all sensory properties. Practical applications: The present research aimed to determine if an online photo based questionnaire could provide results on liking and prospective consumption, were related to perceptual, hedonic, and behavioral (i.e., consumption) results obtained within a sensory laboratory. Specifically, do consumers need to taste food to rate liking and prospective consumption, or can they simply look at a photograph? Moreover, is such a questionnaire only appropriate for foods that are highly familiar, or can they be used for unfamiliar foods? This investigation may be relevant for researchers and professionals who wish to overcome the limitations of traditional sensory testing within a laboratory, such as time constraints, satiation, fatigue, location, and other logistical considerations. The present research confirms that liking and prospective consumption measured using online photo based questionnaires is poorly correlated with the gold standard of tasted measures of liking and prospective consumption. These findings make an important contribution to the field of consumer science, which is continuously aiming to optimize testing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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41. Cross-sectional study of 24-hour urinary electrolyte excretion and associated health outcomes in a convenience sample of Australian primary schoolchildren: the salt and other nutrients in children (SONIC) study protocol

Author

Grimes, Carley A., Baxter, Janet R., Campbell, Karen J., Riddell, Lynn J., Rigo, Manuela, Liem, Djin Gie, Keast, Russell S., He, Feng J., Nowson, Caryl A., Grimes, Carley A., Baxter, Janet R., Campbell, Karen J., Riddell, Lynn J., Rigo, Manuela, Liem, Djin Gie, Keast, Russell S., He, Feng J., and Nowson, Caryl A.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dietary sodium and potassium are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Data exploring the cardiovascular outcomes associated with these electrolytes within Australian children is sparse. Furthermore, an objective measure of sodium and potassium intake within this group is lacking. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the Salt and Other Nutrient Intakes in Children ("SONIC") study was to measure sodium and potassium intakes in a sample of primary schoolchildren located in Victoria, Australia, using 24-hour urine collections. Secondary aims were to identify the dietary sources of sodium and potassium, examine the association between these electrolytes and cardiovascular risk factors, and assess children's taste preferences and saltiness perception of manufactured foods. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a convenience sample of schoolchildren attending primary schools in Victoria, Australia. Participants completed one 24-hour urine collection, which was analyzed for sodium, potassium, and creatinine. Completeness of collections was assessed using collection time, total volume, and urinary creatinine. One 24-hour dietary recall was completed to assess dietary intake. Other data collected included blood pressure, body weight, height, waist and hip circumference. Children were also presented with high and low sodium variants of food products and asked to discriminate salt level and choose their preferred variant. Parents provided demographic information and information on use of discretionary salt. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe sodium and potassium intakes. Linear and logistic regression models with clustered robust standard errors will be used to assess the association between electrolyte intake and health outcomes (blood pressure and body mass index/BMI z-score and waist circumference) and to assess differences in taste preference and discrimination between high and low sodium foods, and correlations bet

Published
2015

42. Health labelling can influence taste perception and use of table salt for reduced-sodium products

Author

Liem, Djin Gie, Miremadi, Fatemeh, Zandstra, Elizabeth H., Keast, Russell S. J., Liem, Djin Gie, Miremadi, Fatemeh, Zandstra, Elizabeth H., and Keast, Russell S. J.

Abstract

Objective : To investigate the effect of front-of-pack labels on taste perception and use of table salt for currently available and sodium-reduced soups. Design : Within-subject design. Setting : Sensory laboratory. Subjects : Participants (n 50, mean age 34·8 (sd 13·6) years) were randomly served nine soups (250 ml each) across 3 d. Servings differed in: (i) health label (i.e. no health label, reduced-salt label or Heart Foundation Tick); and (ii) sodium reduction (no reduction – benchmark, 15 % less sodium or 30 % less sodium). Before tasting, participants rated their expected salt intensity and liking. After tasting, participants rated their perceived salt intensity and liking, after which they could add salt to the soup to make it more palatable. Results : Reduced-salt labels generated a negative taste expectation and actual taste experience in terms of liking (P < 0·05) and perceived saltiness (P < 0·05). Perceived saltiness of sodium-reduced soups decreased more (P < 0·05), and consumers added more salt (P < 0·05), when soups carried the reduced-salt label. The tick logo and soups without health labels had no such influence on taste perception. Conclusions : Emphasizing salt reduction by means of a front-of-pack label can have a negative effect on taste perception and salt use, especially when consumers are able to taste differences between their regular soup and the sodium-reduced soup. Overall health logos which do not emphasize the reduction in salt are less likely to affect perceived salt intensity and therefore are viable solutions to indicate the healthiness of sodium-reduced products.

Published
2012

43. Reducing sodium in foods : the effect on flavor

Author

Liem, Djin Gie, Miremadi, Fatemeh, Keast, Russell S. J., Liem, Djin Gie, Miremadi, Fatemeh, and Keast, Russell S. J.

Abstract

Sodium is an essential micronutrient and, via salt taste, appetitive. High consumption of sodium is, however, related to negative health effects such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Reducing sodium in processed foods will be, however, challenging due to sodium’s specific functionality in terms of flavor and associated palatability of foods (i.e., increase of saltiness, reduction of bitterness, enhancement of sweetness and other congruent flavors). The current review discusses the sensory role of sodium in food, determinants of salt taste perception and a variety of strategies, such as sodium replacers (i.e., potassium salts) and gradual reduction of sodium, to decrease sodium in processed foods while maintaining palatability.

Published
2011

50. Sweet and sour preferences in young children and adults: role of repeated exposure

Author

Liem, Djin Gie and de Graaf, Cees

Subjects
*ADULTS, *YOUNG adults, *CONSUMPTION (Economics), *ECONOMIC demand
Abstract

Abstract: We investigated the influence of repeated exposure to orangeades with added sucrose and different concentrations of citric acid, on the taste preferences of 6- to-11-year-old children and young adults. During an intervention study of 8 days, 59 children (9.2±0.9 years) and 46 young adults (22±2.0 years) received, each day, either an orangeade with a sweet taste, a sour taste, or no orangeade (control). Before (baseline) and after the intervention, preferences for a series of orangeades and yoghurt, which varied in balance of sweet and sour tastes, were measured by means of a rank-ordering procedure. The variation in balance of sweet and sour taste was established by adding different amounts of citric acid (orangeade: 0.009, 0.013, 0.020, 0.029, 0.043, and 0.065 M added citric acid; yoghurt: 0.027, 0.038, 0.056, 0.081, 0.12, and 0.17 M added citric acid) to a stock orangeade and yoghurt with 0.42 M sucrose. The sweet and sour tasting orangeade that were consumed during the intervention were equally preferred at baseline. After an 8-day exposure to the sweet orangeade, children''s preferences for this orangeade (0.42 M sucrose) significantly increased (p<0.05). A similar trend was observed for the yoghurt with 0.42 M sucrose (p=0.09). An 8-day exposure to the sour orangeade did not have a significant effect on children''s preference for this orangeade. The taste preferences of adults did not change after the intervention. The control group of children and adults did not show any change in preferences for sweet and sour tastes. Future research is needed to investigate whether the changed preferences for sweet taste are stable over time and how these changed taste preferences are related to a change in the consumption of sugar rich foods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2004
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