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Funding Information: MT was supported by the Institute for Fermentation Osaka (IFO), Japan. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, The Author(s). The unambiguous application of fungal names is important to communicate scientific findings. Names are critical for (clinical) diagnostics, legal compliance, and regulatory controls, such as biosafety, food security, quarantine regulations, and industrial applications. Consequently, the stability of the taxonomic system and the traceability of nomenclatural changes is crucial for a broad range of users and taxonomists. The unambiguous application of names is assured by the preservation of nomenclatural history and the physical organisms representing a name. Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of ecology, lifestyle, and methods of study. Predominantly unicellular fungi known as yeasts are usually investigated as living cultures. Methods to characterize yeasts include physiological (growth) tests and experiments to induce a sexual morph; both methods require viable cultures. Thus, the preservation and availability of viable reference cultures are important, and cultures representing reference material are cited in species descriptions. Historical surveys revealed drawbacks and inconsistencies between past practices and modern requirements as stated in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICNafp). Improper typification of yeasts is a common problem, resulting in a large number invalid yeast species names. With this opinion letter, we address the problem that culturable microorganisms, notably some fungi and algae, require specific provisions under the ICNafp. We use yeasts as a prominent example of fungi known from cultures. But viable type material is important not only for yeasts, but also for other cultivable Fungi that are characterized by particular morphological structures (a specific type of spores), growth properties, and secondary metabolites. We summarize potential proposals which, in our opinion, will improve the stability of fungal names, in particular by protecting those names for which the reference material can be traced back to the original isolate. publishersversion published

The unambiguous application of fungal names is important to communicate scientific findings. Names are critical for (clinical) diagnostics, legal compliance, and regulatory controls, such as biosafety, food security, quarantine regulations, and industrial applications. Consequently, the stability of the taxonomic system and the traceability of nomenclatural changes is crucial for a broad range of users and taxonomists. The unambiguous application of names is assured by the preservation of nomenclatural history and the physical organisms representing a name. Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of ecology, lifestyle, and methods of study. Predominantly unicellular fungi known as yeasts are usually investigated as living cultures. Methods to characterize yeasts include physiological (growth) tests and experiments to induce a sexual morph; both methods require viable cultures. Thus, the preservation and availability of viable reference cultures are important, and cultures representing reference material are cited in species descriptions. Historical surveys revealed drawbacks and inconsistencies between past practices and modern requirements as stated in the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (ICNafp). Improper typification of yeasts is a common problem, resulting in a large number invalid yeast species names. With this opinion letter, we address the problem that culturable microorganisms, notably some fungi and algae, require specific provisions under the ICNafp. We use yeasts as a prominent example of fungi known from cultures. But viable type material is important not only for yeasts, but also for other cultivable Fungi that are characterized by particular morphological structures (a specific type of spores), growth properties, and secondary metabolites. We summarize potential proposals which, in our opinion, will improve the stability of fungal names, in particular by protecting those names for which the reference material can be traced back to the original isolate.

La rápida expansión del virus SARS-Cov2 causante del COVID-19 modifica de forma continua las recomendaciones y las estrategias para su contención. En las últimas semanas distintos sectores de la sociedad han iniciado proyectos o han recomendado el uso masivo de máscaras. Sin embargo, desde la OMS, el ministerio de Salud de la Nación y el ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Río Negro se indica que los barbijos deben ser utilizados sólo por personal de salud. En este informe explicamos las basesracionales de las distintas propuestas, recolectamos las últimas recomendaciones de otros países, y aconsejamos sobre los materiales para la construcción de mascarillas higiénicas (no quirúrgicas) siguiendo recomendaciones internacionales de forma de garantizar su funcionamiento. Entendemos que esta recopilación de información sirve para ampliar las políticas públicas vigentes y que permitirán reducir la velocidad de contagio, así como concientizar a la población de que existen otras formas colectivas de colaborar en la mitigación de los efectos de esta pandemia. Fil: Moliné, Martín. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. IPATEC. CONICET; Argentina. Fil: Bruzone, María Clara. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. IPATEC. CONICET; Argentina. Fil: Libkind, Diego. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche. IPATEC. CONICET; Argentina.

1230C How evolution drives diversification within and between species and the consequences of hybridization between independently evolving species are fundamental question in biology. The genus Saccharomyces is becoming an ideal model to address questions of evolutionary genomics. In this one genus, differing evolutionary trajectories, i.e. domestication versus wild diversity, can be studied; as well as the dynamics and interaction of variation within and between species. Presented here is a deep characterization of the landscape of diversity within one species, Saccharomyces eubayanus. The Patagonian region of South America is a hotspot of diversity for this species, where five subpopulations exists in some sympatry; but a subset of this diversity is globally distributed. Isolates from North America are dominated by an admixed lineage that showed almost 50-50 contributions from two Patagonian populations and, surprisingly, showed the exact same patterns of local ancestry across their genomes. These strains come from four distant locations in North America and show that all individuals originated from a single hybridization event and that this admixed lineage then successfully invaded regions across North America, where S. eubayanus is scarce. The even rarer subpopulation found only in the Holarctic ecozone is the wild progenitor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae × S. eubayanus hybrids that are used for cold-temperature lager-brewing, yet no pure S. eubayanus have yet been found in Europe the origin of lager-brewing. The two lager-brewing lineages have maintained variation still segregating in the wild, indicating complex origins of these lineages. Other Saccharomyces hybrids are frequently isolated from fermentation environments, including strains with up to four contributing species. Both wild diversity and pre-domestication have led to evolutionary innovations that have influenced the persistence of these hybrids in industrial settings, notably cold-tolerance from a wild parent and flavor-profile from a domesticated parent. This work enlightens our understanding of yeast diversity in the wild and the evolutionary consequences of hybridization and domestication, with parallels to hybridization in other organisms across the tree of life.