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45. Trace organic contaminants removal by combined processes for wastewater reuse

Author

Hai, Faisal I, Nguyen, Ngoc Luong, Nghiem, Long D, Liao, Bao-Qiang, Koyuncu, Ismail, Price, William E, Hai, Faisal I, Nguyen, Ngoc Luong, Nghiem, Long D, Liao, Bao-Qiang, Koyuncu, Ismail, and Price, William E

Abstract

The term trace organic contaminant (TrOC) refers to a diverse and expanding array of natural as well as anthropogenic substances including industrial chemicals, chemicals used in households, compounds and their metabolites excreted by people and by-products formed during wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes. Activated sludge-based processes (e.g. membrane bioreactor) are environmentally friendly approaches to wastewater treatment. However, conventional biological treatment alone may not be effective for all TrOCs that are known to occur in municipal and industrial wastewater. The low removal efficiency of biologically persistent and hydrophilic TrOCs necessitates the integration of MBR with other membrane-based and physicochemical processes to ensure adequate removal of TrOCs. Because MBRs can produce effluent with low turbidity and bulk organic content, significant synergy can be realised when it is integrated with other advanced treatment processes. In addition, given the small physical footprint of the MBR process, it is possible to deploy these integrated systems for decentralised water recycling applications. This chapter provides a brief overview of the integration of advanced treatment processes including activated carbon adsorption, advanced oxidation processes and high retention membranes (e.g. nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) with MBR for TrOC removal.

Published
2016

48. Anaerobic MBRs

Author

Gao, Weijue, Liao, Bao-Qiang, Hai, Faisal I, Gao, Weijue, Liao, Bao-Qiang, and Hai, Faisal I

Abstract

Anaerobic MBRs (AnMBRs) have been shown to be one of the most promising technologies for sustainable wastewater treatment. It offers several advantages over the aerobic MBRs, namely, requirement of no energy for aeration, low sludge production and energy resource. Compared to the conventional anaerobic processes, AnMBRs can maintain higher biomass concentrations, have higher treatment capacity, excellent effluent quality, and smaller footprint. Compared with the conventional anaerobic digestion, they are relatively robust to cope with variations in organic loading and inhibitory conditions due to complete retention of biomass by membranes. The AnMBR technology is now gaining acceptance by a wide range of industries. The achievements of AnMBRs in pilotscale studies and full-scale applications are surveyed in this chapter. Lab- and pilot-scale studies provide important information to scale up AnMBRs and upgrade the existing anaerobic process into full-scale AnMBR systems. However, membrane fouling is still the major issue limiting its popularity and development in commercialization. The factors affecting the treatment performance and membrane fouling are reviewed along with an in depth discussion of fouling mechanisms, characteristics and control strategies. Moreover, an overview of its commercial potential in water reuse, energy production, and costs of AnMBRs in wastewater treatments is covered. The combination of AnMBRs and other effluent polishing treatments is desirable for the purpose of water reuse. Meanwhile, it is appealing to take advantage of the biogas produced as an energy resource. The lower total cost of AnMBR than that of aerobic MBRs shows its economic feasibility. Finally, the research needs for future developments are summarized based on the state-of-the-art of AnMBR technology.

Published
2014

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