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Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) have arisen as one of the most prevailing chronic diseases within the US. Often associated with severe adverse impacts on the formation of vital central and peripheral nervous systems during the neurodevelopmental process, NDDs are comprised of a broad spectrum of disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and epilepsy, characterized by progressive and pervasive detriments to cognitive, speech, memory, motor, and other neurological functions in patients. However, the heterogeneous nature of NDDs poses a significant roadblock to identifying the exact pathogenesis, impeding accurate diagnosis and the development of targeted treatment planning. A computational NDDs model holds immense potential in enhancing our understanding of the multifaceted factors involved and could assist in identifying the root causes to expedite treatment development. To tackle this challenge, we introduce optimal neurotrophin concentration to the driving force and degradation of neurotrophin to the synaptogenesis process of a 2D phase field neuron growth model using isogeometric analysis to simulate neurite retraction and atrophy. The optimal neurotrophin concentration effectively captures the inverse relationship between neurotrophin levels and neurite survival, while its degradation regulates concentration levels. Leveraging dynamic domain expansion, the model efficiently expands the domain based on outgrowth patterns to minimize degrees of freedom. Based on truncated T-splines, our model simulates the evolving process of complex neurite structures by applying local refinement adaptively to the cell/neurite boundary. Furthermore, a thorough parameter investigation is conducted with detailed comparisons against neuron cell cultures in experiments, enhancing our fundamental understanding of the mechanisms underlying NDDs., Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, 1 table

Neuron growth is a complex, multi-stage process that develops sophisticated morphologies and interwoven neurite networks. Recent advances have enabled us to examine the effects of neuron growth factors and seek causes for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A computational tool that studies neuron growth could shed crucial insights into the effects of various factors and help find a neurodegeneration cure. However, there lacks a computational tool to accurately and realistically simulate neuron growth within reasonable time frames. Bio-phenomenon models ignore potential factors and cannot generate realistic results, and bio-physics models require computationally expensive high-order governing equations. This paper incorporates experimental neurite features into a phase field method-based neuron growth model using an isogeometric analysis collocation (IGA-C) approach. Based on a semi-automated quantitative analysis of neurite morphology, we obtain relative turning angle, average tortuosity, neurite endpoints, average segment length, and the total length of neurites. We use the total neurite length to determine the evolving days in vitro (DIV) and select corresponding neurite features to drive and constrain neuron growth. This approach archives biomimetic neuron growth patterns with automatic growth stage transitions by incorporating corresponding DIV neurite morphometric data based on the total neurite length of the evolving neurite morphology. Furthermore, we built a convolutional neural network (CNN) to significantly reduce computational costs for predicting neurite growth. With a customized convolutional autoencoder as the backbone, our CNN model can predict neurite patterns with a high prediction accuracy, 97.77%, while taking 7 orders of magnitude less computational times than our IGA-C solver., Comment: 20 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables, journal paper