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Thin films with effective ion sieving ability are highly desired in energy storage and conversion devices, including batteries and fuel cells. However, it remains challenging to design and fabricate cost-effective and easy-to-process ultrathin films for this purpose. Here, we report a 300 nm-thick functional layer based on porous organic cages (POCs), a new class of porous molecular materials, for fast and selective ion transport. This solution processable material allows for the design of thin films with controllable thickness and tunable porosity by tailoring cage chemistry for selective ion separation. In the prototype, the functional layer assembled by CC3 can selectively sieve Li

Composite solid polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) have long been considered as one of the most promising candidates for all-solid-state lithium batteries owing to the merits of easy fabrication and low cost. However, the inorganic fillers physically mixed into the polymer matrix have weak polymer-filler interactions and tend to agglomerate, which limits the further improvement of the ionic conductivity and Li+ transference number of CSPEs. In this work, we demonstrated ZnO quantum dots can be chemically incorporated into the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix by vapor phase infiltration (VPI), a special variant of atomic layer deposition (ALD). The ZnO quantum dots have strong chemical interactions with PEO polymer chains, which suppresses the crystallization of PEO and enhances the Li+ conduction. Due to the strong interactions, ZnO quantum dots distribute uniformly in the PEO-based solid electrolyte matrix as well as the top surface, which leads to a significant decrease of interfacial resistance with Li metal. As a result, the NCM811|Li half-cell with the VPI-ZnO/PEO/LiTFSI CSPE exhibit high discharge capacity at 50 ℃ (164.7 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C (1 C = 200 mA g−1), 2.8–4.25 V). This result could potentially serve as a model for a more general approach of using VPI to introduce strong polymer-filler interaction in CSPEs for high-performance lithium metal batteries.

Balancing interfacial stability and Li+ transfer kinetics through surface engineering is a key challenge in developing high-performance battery materials. Although conformal coating enabled by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has shown great promise in controlling impedance increase upon cycling by minimizing side reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, the coating layer itself usually exhibits poor Li+ conductivity and impedes surface charge transfer. In this work, we have shown that by carefully controlling postannealing temperature of an ultrathin ZrO2 film prepared by ALD, Zr4+ surface doping could be achieved for Ni-rich layered oxides to accelerate the charge transfer yet provide sufficient protection. Using single-crystal LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 as a model material, we have shown that surface Zr4+ doping combined with ZrO2 coating can enhance both the cycle performance and rate capability during high-voltage operation. Surface doping via controllable postannealing of ALD surface coating layer reveals an attractive path toward developing stable and Li+-conductive interfaces for single-crystal battery materials.

Bottom-up synthesis based on site-selective atomic layer deposition is a powerful atomic-scale processing approach to fabricate materials with desired functionalities. Typical selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be achieved using selective activation of a growth area or selective deactivation of a protected area. In this work, we explored the site selectivity based on the difference of the inherent surface reactivity between different materials and within the same materials. By sequentially applying two site-selective atomic layer deposition, the ALD Pd catalyst is spatially confined on ALD SnO

The resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter (R-SFCL) is simple in configuration, near zero impedance at normal state, and can be quickly triggered by the fault current. So, it is a possible solution to suppress the fault current in the power grid. In this paper, the design and development of a 220-kV R-SFCL were reported. The core component of it is a module constructed by 128 bifilar coils. The bifilar coils are connected in series and parallel to form the module according to the application requirements. The bifilar coils are made of 12-mm-wide steel-stabilized 2G tapes, while 16 bifilar coils are connected in parallel to form a sub-module and 8 sub-modules are connected in series to form the module. For this fault current limiter, 10.75-km 2G tapes are used in total, and the resistance of the R-SFCL module is 4.5 Ω at 300 K. Besides, the half-size sub-module and the cryogenic insulation support (CIS) are developed and tested.

Balancing interfacial stability and Li

The resistivetype superconducting fault current limiter (R-SFCL) is simple in structure, near zero impedance at normal state and can be quickly triggered by the fault current. Thus, it is a possible solution to limit the fault current in the power grid. In this paper, we report the fabrication and test for an R-SFCL module The R-SFCL module consists of seven bifilar coils connected in parallel, which were wound with two parallel 2G tapes. A 5mm spacer was co-wound between adjacent turns to act as the highvoltage insulation. In the tests, we test the current distribution among the bifilar coils, and then simulated short-circuit tests were conducted on the module to obtain its performance under fault current surge.

In this work, a GaN-based UV photodetector with an asymmetric electrode structure was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiN layers. The thickness of the TiN can be monitored in situ by a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and precisely controlled through the modulation of deposition cycles. During the ALD process, periodic variation in the QCM frequency was observed and correlated to the physical adsorption, chemical bonding, and the excessive precursor exhaust, which included tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium (TDMAT) and N sources. The asymmetric TiN/GaN/TiN photodetector showed excellent photosensing performance, with a UV-visible rejection ratio of 173, a responsivity of 4.25 A/W, a detectivity of 1.1×1013 Jones, and fast response speeds (a rise time of 69 μs and a decay time of 560 μs). Moreover, the device exhibits high stability, with an attenuation of only approximately 0.5% after 360 nm light irradiation for 157 min. This result indicates the potential of TiN as a transparent contact electrode for GaN-based optoelectronic devices.

In this work, a UV photodetector was fabricated by constructing a heterojunction between β phase GaOxNy prepared by atomic layer deposition and p-GaN prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. The p-GaN layer shows an extremely sharp absorption characteristic with a cutoff edge of ∼365 nm, while β-GaOxNy shows a broad absorption behavior in the UV region due to its low crystal quality grown at low temperature (200 °C). The β-GaOxNy/GaN photodetector exhibits an obvious rectifying characteristic due to the formation of the type-II heterojunction and shows a high responsivity of 1.46 A/W at a bias voltage of −5 V and a rapid response speed (a rise time of 3.3 ms and a decay time of 6.8 ms). The investigation of the β-GaOxNy/GaN photodetector suggests a simple and effective strategy for next-generation high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Targeting immune checkpoint molecules PD1 and CTLA-4 by activating the immune system have improved the lives of many cancer patients. However, this type of immunotherapy is not effective for all patients, suggesting that there are additional mechanisms of immune evasion. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) has been reported to be expressed on exhausted T and NK cells within the tumor microenvironment. The data in many preclinical models suggest that targeting TIM-3 pathway might provide an additional immune modulation of this anti-tumor axis in cancer patients. We have developed a novel monoclonal antibody NB002 against TIM-3,which forms a high-affinity interaction with a unique epitope. NB002 can enhance IFN-gamma secretion and proliferation of these exhausted T cells that has increased TIM-3 expression. Moreover, TIM-3 is constitutively expressed on NK cells. TIM-3 blockade could enhance in vitro cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Altogether, our data shows that NB002 is capable of targeting exhausted T cells and NK cells resulting activation of antitumor immunity. Further preclinical assessment in vivo and in vitro for solid tumors will support clinical development of NB002. Citation Format: Xin Dong, Jannie Dong, Jun Ma, Lianqi Zhao, Haojie Wang, Binbin Wang, Qian Gao, Hui Pan, Dong Wang, Liegang Shao. Pre-clinical characterization of TIM-3 antibody NB002 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 933.

A Rogowski coil based sensor for current measurement in a cryogenic environment and results of its application for paralleled high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil current sharing are presented. The current sensor consists of a Rogowski coil and an integrator, where the coil output voltage is proportional to the derivative of primary current and the integrator transfers the differentiation to normal state. The Rogowski coil has promising applicability at cryogenic circumstance because its body is made of low temperature materials. The integrator ensures a large bandwidth with feasible magnitude, which is vital for dynamic current measurement during the quench of the HTS coil. The proposed current sensor is used for current sharing measurement of two paralleled Bi2223 HTS coils, and the experimental results show that the measurement precision is better than 0.5%.

Within a collaboration of Jiangsu Zhongtian and Beijing Jiaotong University, one phase of 220 kV/1.5 kA resistive type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) has been developed for testing. The current limiting unit of the SFCL consists of 8 series connected modules, and each of the module is composed of 16 parallel connected bifilar coils. The used high temperature superconductor (HTS) is the 12 mm wide steel-stabilized YBCO conductor supplied by Shanghai Superconductor. The current limiting unit is assembled in a cryostat with liquid nitrogen. The device has been successfully subjected to steady-state tests, fault current limiting tests and insulation tests. According to the testing results, the SFCL passed 22 current limiting tests at various prospective fault currents between 10 and 63 kArms for a fault duration of 100 ms, and the maximum limiting resistance could be as high as 3.5 Ω. The power frequency test at 360 kVrms for 1 min and lightning impulse test at 850 kV(1.2 µs/50 µs) have been carried out according to the Chinese national standard GB 1094.3.

The I–V characteristic of a superconductor is generally described by power-law, in which the superconductor with a high n value transfers quickly from superconducting state to the normal conducting state. With a high transport current, in the low n value area, flux flow voltage becomes lower than in the high n value area, so that the transient characteristics strongly affect its stability. Based on those properties, we propose a new hybrid conductor which is made of low temperature superconductor (LTS) and high temperature superconductor (HTS) with concentric configuration in which the HTS coat is located outside of the LTS core. According to their power-law models, the modified adiabatic and dynamic stability criteria are qualitatively obtained by taking account into not only their critical currents but also n values. As a result, the new hybrid conductors have potential applications with higher engineering current density and improved stability.

High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable is one of important apparatus in future smart-grid. Direct current (DC) HTS cable can provide secure and reliable transmission of electric power at the gigawatt level with several hundreds of kA and kV. Since the magnetic field of cable seriously degrades the critical current of HTS superconductor and then the current capacity, modern power converters often introduce alternating currents (AC) at other frequencies even filters reduce the magnitude of those ripple currents which resulting into ac loss since systems used to convert AC to direct current (DC) produce some current variations which are usually at frequencies of multiple power frequency. In order to reduce this loss, unlike the conventional uniform current design in AC HTS cable, a novel approach is proposed for minimizing the loss as small as possible by adjusting the inductive reactance of each layer so that the ratios of AC current amplitude to critical current are always same in layers. The magnetic field distribution and critical current are simulated by finite element method (FEM). The calculations show that the new approaches can reduce ac loss, improve efficiency, which are potential for DC current transmission HTS cable application.

Background: Monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint blocking approaches have achieved remarkable success in cancer immunotherapy in clinical practices. Besides the success of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies (such as Keytrude and Tecentriq), two bispecific antibodies, Catumaxomab and Blinatumomab have been approved to treat cancer patients, and many more bispecific antibodies are currently in pre-clinical or clinical development. To meet the increasing market needs for fast, reliable and cost effective mouse tumor model systems, we developed a panel of humanized tumor models, designated as MiXenoTM platform. MiXenoTM could be used in a broad spectrum of applications in immuno-oncology drug discovery, including targeted cancer immune-therapy. Method: CrownBio has a collection of about 200 xenograft models, including subcutaneous, orthotropic and systemic models, which covers majority of cancer type. Gene expression and mutation status are often profiled in these models. To engage both host immune system and tumor antigens, we have developed some specific MixenoTM tumor models by inoculating tumor cells over-expressing specific anti-tumor antigens (e.g. EGFR, CD47, Braf or PD-L1) into PBMC-humanized immunocompromised mice. Reconstitution of human immune component with human PBMCs in these tumor-bearing mice provides a useful tool to evaluate the targeted immune-therapeutics including bispecific T cell engagers. Results: To validate the MiXenoTM models for targeted cancer immunotherapy, several xenograft models have been profiled and selected based on their tumor antigens or gene expression. Models with over-expression of a variety of tumor antigens (e.g. EGFR, CD47, Braf, PD-L1, etc.) were used to develop specific MixenoTM tumor models. The immune and tumor cells were engrafted either simultaneously or sequentially. Graft versus host disease (GvHD) can be managed by optimizing the immune cell constitution and tumor cell engraftment. Some models were also validated using stand of care I/O drugs and characterized by immune-phenotyping. Conclusions: MiXenoTM tumor models with specific tumor antigen targeting strategy are valid model systems to evaluate the human immuno-modulatory drugs including bispecific antibodies. Further studies are needed to expand model collections and to extend their applications in I/O space. Citation Format: Lan Zhang, Haochen Wu, Fei Chen, Lianqi Zhao, Xiaoyu An, Weibin Tan, Xiaoyan Fu, Meng Qiao, Qian Shi, Wenqing Yang. Establishment and application of a panel of PBMC-humanized mouse tumor models in immune-oncology and targeted cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5677.

Recently, the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) devices and superconducting technologies have become widespread in the field of electric power. The 2G wires are expected to be used in future power applications because it has high properties in high temperature and high magnetic fields. One of the most promising applications for HTS coils in electrical engineering is for high-temperature superconducting fault current limiter. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and experiment of the combined YBCO/Bi2223 coils were described. Nine coils wound with 122 m YBCO tapes and three coils wound with 376 m Bi2223/Ag tapes, were assembled into the combined coils. The YBCO coils were in a noninductance configuration and the Bi2223/Ag coils were in a solenoid configuration. For getting higher resistances and rapid response to the fault current, the structure of the combined coils, the heat stability, and the insulation of the YBCO coils were the main targets in the development of the YBCO coils.