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Over recent decades, environmental degradation has escalated, negatively impacting both the planet and humanity. Numerous studies have shown that this degradation is largely driven by human activities. A key strategy to address climate change and environmental damage is to promote changes in human behavior toward more sustainable environmental management practices. One effective approach, particularly in higher education, is the integration of eco-friendly curricula and technologies. This study aims to assess student awareness and the implementation of ecofriendly curriculum and technologies in Indonesian higher education, using a case study on environmental challenges. The findings indicate that while students possess some understanding of environmental issues, such as climate change and waste, their overall awareness and involvement remain low. This is largely due to the insufficient coverage of environmental topics within the university curriculum. Additionally, practices such as waste management and the provision of sustainable technologies, like drinking water systems, are still minimal on campuses. These results underscore the critical need for governments to prioritize the inclusion of environmental concerns and sustainable practices in university curriculum and campus operations. By doing so, a greater emphasis on environmental stewardship can be cultivated, leading to increased awareness and proactive engagement in environmental protection among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opacity, autonomy and complexity of AI systems can stand in the way of a fair and efficient allocation of risk and loss. The European Commission (EC) has recognized this and has addressed these matters in two proposals for two directives: the AI Liability Directive and a new Product Liability Directive. Both Directives address information asymmetries between parties in a liability claim by providing new rules on the burden of proof. In addition, the proposed Product Liability Directive has been brought 'up-to-date' by explicitly incorporating new technical developments and by ending the debate on software as a product. Nevertheless, the injured party might still not receive compensation for the damage caused by a defective AI-system. This gives rise to the question of whether the legal framework for compensation should be revised more boldly to ensure compensation for the damage suffered by the injured party. This contribution will explore such a bold approach by delving into compensation funds. More specifically, this contribution will examine how a compensation fund for damage caused by AI-systems can be designed as well as what its boundaries could or should be and what its benefits could be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the milestone Francovich case, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) granted individuals, under certain conditions, a right to reparation for Member States' breaches of EU law. While EU environmental law is rife with well-documented infringements, the Francovich principle, however, has seen little use in practice. This article examines why that is. Through an analysis of the ECJ's Francovich -related case law, and especially the ECJ's recent decision in C-61/21 Ministre de la Transition écologique , this study assesses the Court's interpretation of the Francovich condition that the relevant provision must be 'intended to confer rights' on individuals. Against this backdrop, it is shown that the absence of EU environmental law conferring ' Francovich rights' is due to the principle's incompatibility with the collective rights found in EU environmental law. Following from this, this study highlights the incorporation of compensation provisions in three key EU environmental directives as an alternative to Francovich liability and, in so doing, examines the evolving nature of private enforcement of EU environmental law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring a stable environmental situation and safety is an important task for many countries. And Ukraine is no exception. Prior to the full-scale invasion, active steps were being taken to improve the legal mechanisms for regulating the environmental and legal relations, including criminal law enforcement. The armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine made its own adjustments, not only bringing detrimental consequences for the entire population and threatening the existence of the statehood, but also halting the processes of improving the environmental situation. This is the reason for the relevance of this article, as the impact of hostilities on the environmental situation is difficult to assess given the number of weapons, vehicle exhausts, and the use of chemicals that together pollute water resources, soil, and air, as well as cause massive forest fires, destroy natural ecosystems, landscape and biodiversity and threaten nuclear safety. Thus, the purpose of the study is to analyze the state of modern environmental threats and their impact on ecosystems, citizens and public environmental interests, to study the existing legal framework for criminal liability for environmental offences and to identify priority areas for improving the situation with environmental safety and criminal law protection as its component. To achieve this purpose, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: the method of system analysis, the method of synthesis, formal legal and dialectical methods, as well as methods of analysis of legal documents. As a result, scientifically significant conclusions were drawn on the issues outlined, and recommendations were made for potential improvement of the current environmental situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is motivated by the need for special attention to natural resource management amid the ongoing environmental degradation in the world. The objective of this study is to explore the management of natural resources for the creation of human welfare from the perspective of Islamic economics. The research employs a qualitative methodology. The findings indicate that the preservation of natural resources must align with the teachings of Islam as outlined in the Quran and Sunnah. As citizens of Indonesia, the community is obliged to comply with existing regulations in managing available natural resources. Any party that violates these regulations and causes environmental damage will face criminal sanctions commensurate with the offenses committed. The community can utilize natural resources such as marine resources, water, wind, flora, vegetation, and fauna by allocating them to various sectors in order to obtain compensation, provided that the sustainability of these resources is maintained and excessive exploitation is prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since its inception, the human rights movement has concentrated on rights, whereas remedies have remained peripheral. Human rights conventions, courts, and nongovernmental organizations have theorized, analyzed, and sought to internationalize rights, but remedies have been treated as an afterthought. While the human rights movement has taken a key position in international law, the possibility of a "human remedies" movement was never considered. In recent years, however, remedies and reparations have become the focus of a growing political and scholarly debate. Harm caused to civilians during armed conflicts, increasing environmental damage inflicted on vulnerable communities, and the expansion of qualified immunity doctrines preventing judicial remediation are only a few examples demonstrating different facets of the wide gap between proclaimed rights and the remedies for their violation. This Article suggests that this remedial deficit is a result of conceptual and institutional designs we, as societies, have made. Over the past two decades, remedies have begun to claim their place in both theory and practice in international human rights law. Nevertheless, the "rights prism" remains, limiting our thinking about remedial strategies that do not speak in the "language of rights." The right to a remedy, construed as the right to seek remedies, depends on proving wrongdoing, often through a judicial procedure. The notion that a responsibility to remediate can arise due to an injury caused by a lawful act under a no-fault regime, regardless of proving a violation of rights, remains largely unexplored in international human rights law. In stark contrast, the tort law of domestic legal systems has developed in the opposite direction by expanding states' obligations to remediate and relaxing the adjudication process for specific types of injuries through various reparation schemes. Framing the remedial process as contingent on the adjudication of a rights claim and its alleged violation has contributed greatly to the internalization and internationalization of rights. But when harms continue, and right-bearers are forced to internalize their costs in the absence of an adequate remedial regime, cumulative damages are obscured, and a right becomes a rather vague and loose concept. This Article reassesses the "rights prism" remedial approach and explores how a no-fault regime can narrow the right-remedy gap by balancing the victim's right to a remedy with the state's responsibility to remediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In contemporary parlance, the environment and its preservation have emerged as a principal focus and concern for the global populace. This phenomenon is known to escalate during times of armed conflict. Armed conflicts directly impact the environment (such as destroying natural resources or pollution resulting from military operations). The investigation into the ecological destruction inflicted upon the natural world during the two world wars demonstrates that the emphasis on safeguarding the environment is no longer a theoretical notion but a concrete actuality encapsulated within the framework of legal doctrines. The protection of the environment encompasses a diverse array of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Criminal Law (ICL). This study scrutinized the safeguards and preservation of environmental rights in times of armed conflicts, whether domestic or international, through the lenses of ICL and IHL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do the corporate laws of Global South jurisdictions differ from their Global North counterparts? Prevailing stereotypes depict the corporate laws of developing countries as either antiquated or plagued by problems of enforcement and misfit despite formal convergence. This Article offers a different view by showing how Global South jurisdictions have pioneered heterodox stakeholder approaches in corporate law, such as the erosion of limited liability for purposes of stakeholder protection in Brazil and India, the adoption of mandatory corporate social responsibility in Indonesia and India, and the large-scale program of Black corporate ownership and empowerment in South Africa, among many others. By incorporating broader public policy and distribution objectives into corporate law, heterodox stakeholderism can be interpreted as an institutional adaptation--be it sensible or misguided--to a context of high inequality and externalities that remain unaddressed through other areas of law. As the rise of inequality and growing distrust in the state's ability to tackle social and environmental concerns have brought the Global North closer to the Global South's realities, the resurgent interest in stakeholderism in the developed world constitutes a surprising form of "reverse convergence" that merits greater attention. Finally, heterodox stakeholderism in the Global South also responds to critical, but heretofore neglected, distributional implications of corporate law rules, such as limited liability for environmental harm caused by corporate subsidiaries, which tend to enrich Global North companies and investors at the expense of Global South victims. These findings have implications for ongoing debates in corporate law, comparative law, law and development, and business and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the obligations of States to repair environmental damage caused by their internationally unlawful acts. Such obligations are crucial to effectively implement environmental values underlying many rules of international law; however, for many years, these obligations essentially remained on a theoretical plane. Since the beginning of the 21st century, international practice on environmental reparation has been developing. This article intends to investigate whether and to what extent such practice, when establishing reparation for environmental damage, relies on the principles of modern system ecology and thus is able to effectively restore the injured values. To this end, it first addresses in general terms the obligations of restitution and compensation in international law, which are aimed at removing the unlawful injury. Then, it analyses the practice of adjudicating bodies with respect to environmental reparation, namely the UN Compensation Commission, the ICJ and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Finally, the article summarises the research findings on the relevance of an ecological approach for current environmental reparation practice and gives some insights into the interaction between reparation of environmental damage and primary rules on environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the need to establish a strict liability standard for the release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into the environment under the Restatement (Second) of Torts 520. It provides a history of PFAS and their impact on health and discusses the legal tests being used to impose strict liability on an activity, and the policy implications of applying strict liability to PFAS release into the environment.

While the law of State responsibility, particularly the principle of full reparation, provides general guidance for achieving full reparation, it is not quite obvious what kinds of reparation qualify as "full" and how to actualize full reparation. This article centres on the principles, approaches and methods surrounding full reparation for armed conflict-related environmental damage in the law of State responsibility. It examines how the environment is legally defined as an object of protection under international law, and discusses practical challenges in international compensation for wartime environmental damage. In doing so, it ascertains the underlying objective of full reparation, develops an approach to assessing wartime environmental damage, and draws on experiences of international jurisprudence to quantify compensation for wartime environmental damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oceans are home to a rich diversity of plant and animal life and also provide a source of food and marine resources that drive economies. Climate change and pollution are changing ocean dynamics and the ability of the oceans to support life. Seabed mining in areas beyond national jurisdiction will add to the ocean's stressors and could cause severe environmental damage. The International Seabed Authority ('ISA') is mandated to manage access to and benefits from the seabed, its subsoil, and mineral resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (the 'Area'). Although the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets out the legal framework for developing the Area and its resources, it does so in broad terms and leaves substantial gaps. These gaps include the scope of activities in the Area, the interrelationship of international obligations, the division of responsibilities between the ISA and sponsoring states, and the regulation of the mining system in situ. To partially fill these gaps, the ISA has drafted a set of 'Phase 1' Standards and Guidelines under the Draft Regulations on Exploitation of Mineral Resources in the Area. This paper investigates and critiques five environmental Draft Standards from a precautionary and comparative law perspective. Phase 1 standards and guidelines should adopt a more rigorous interpretation of the precautionary principle. Additional recommendations include creating enhanced governance processes and incorporating an ecosystem-based framework for regional environmental assessments and management plans not present in Draft Standards. This research will assist academics, practitioners, governments and the ISA with policies and strategies to enhance environmental and social protections from seabed mining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the criminal act provided for in Article 303 of the Criminal Code of Georgia for unlawful felling of trees and bushes, the amount of damage caused to the environment, the procedure for its calculation and the significance of the damage. It will be discussed what constitutes and how the essential component of the disposition of the Article -􀻲substantial damage is calculated. Where is the line drawn between criminal and administrative responsibility? What kind of damage can be caused by the illegal cutting of trees and shrubs, and what are their implications for investigations, prosecutions, and courts? The paper is novel since other scientific works do not identify the subject of our study, and there are few studies of damage in textbooks or comments to the private part of the Criminal Code. The damage caused to the environment differs from the damage imposed for crimes with other material components provided by the criminal law code; its amount decides the basis of administrative or criminal law in a specific case. Therefore, the scientific study of the issue has practical significance. The scientific paper aims to clarify the essential component for the composition of Article 303 of the Civil Code - the study of the issue of compensation for damage and to create a correct understanding of the problematic issues raised around it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict in Ukraine is not only taking a heavy toll on human lives but also significantly impacting the environment and wildlife. Many natural areas have suffered extensive damage, and numerous animal species face even greater threats. It is concerning that many ecosystems may never recover their former biodiversity. This environmental disaster, culminating in the destruction of the Kakhovka dam, prompts questions about whether such actions can be denounced as acts of ecocide. This article aims to provide an overview of the ecological and legal landscape regarding allegations of ecocidal acts committed during the Ukrainian War. To this end, the first section of the paper will outline a non-exhaustive list of potential ecocidal crimes that occurred during the conflict in Ukraine. Subsequently, we will examine the opportunities and limitations associated with applying the concept of ecocide as a crime during the war in Ukraine. Finally, we emphasize the necessity for reforming environmental law to incorporate the concept of ecocide as a crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the face of it, the polluter pays principle (PPP) simply prescribes that the costs of pollution should be borne by those who were responsible for causing it. In practice, implementing the PPP raises a number of complex questions. In this article, I focus on one such key question, as interpreted by higher courts in India: how much should the polluter pay? I propose—and then apply—a three-part choice framework for analysing judicial interpretations of the PPP. Indian case law on the subject is often presumed to be relatively coherent and consistent. However, a methodical application of the aforementioned framework reveals three distinct strands in the approaches taken by Indian courts, thus contributing to a more in-depth and systematic understanding of the PPP jurisprudence. I also identify certain gaps and inconsistencies in these approaches, and suggest ways in which they can be resolved, making the application of the set principle more consistent, logical and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the preserved territories of Ukraine are highly vulnerable and unique, pollution of these areas due to military aggression can have extremely negative consequences not only for Ukraine but also for the entire world, particularly for the international economy. The aim of the article is to explore the phenomenon of the genocide of preserved territories associated with military aggression as a distinct form of genocide and the connection between the negative impact on the environment and adverse fluctuations in the national market. The study employs methods of comprehensive literature analysis and expert assessments, involving a comparison of legal and Ukrainian scientific approaches. The legislative approach to defining "genocide of preserved territories" is analysed, and a monitoring of statistical data on the level of negative impact on the territories and objects of Ukraine's natural reserve fund is conducted. The method of scientific generalization and graphical representation is used to visualize the results of the research. For evaluating the secondary results of shelling on regions with a high level of protection, specifically preserved territories and objects, a quantitative literature review, including meta-analysis, is conducted. Calculations reflecting the extent of destruction from bombing are performed, allowing observation of the most damaged areas and assessing the needs for their restoration. Immediate consequences (first level) and hidden long-term economic consequences on the market oriented towards ecology after the war are identified. The concept of the genocide of preserved territories is introduced, which not only helps highlight the negative consequences and the extent of damage to these unique territories and objects but can also be used as a tool for legally highlighting the impact on the entire country from the level of damage to preserved territories and objects. This concept can contribute to determining the violated rights of preserved territories and encourage increased investment in this sector. Additionally, the research can assist in assessing the connection between the level of environmental destruction and the suitability of these regions for environmentally focused business projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachhaltigkeitsrecht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper offers a de lege lata and de lege ferenda analysis of State immunity from civil jurisdiction in cases related to environmental transboundary damage, including climate change litigations. De lege lata, the analysis focuses on the customary exceptions to State immunity, namely the restrictive doctrine and the forum tort exception. De lege ferenda, the contribution firstly discusses the recent domestic case law lifting jurisdictional immunity for acts jure imperii which amount to serious violations of human rights and/or humanitarian law. Secondly, it seeks to open the discussion on a possible reform of the forum tort exception on the model of the European discipline of private international law in matters of tort, in order to ensure better protection of the individual right to an effective remedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proposal of the Directive regarding the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence provides new judicial protection for environmental damages and climate litigation caused by corporations, even in an extraterritorial context, considering the Directive's scope of application. This prompts a discussion about the exercise of an extraterritorial jurisdiction by Member States' courts. At European Union level, the titles of jurisdiction, identified in the Brussels I Recast Regulation, allow foreign victims to proceed before the court of a Member State, but only if the parent company is established in that specific Member State. Otherwise, these criteria are generally considered inadequate and insufficient. The proposed Directive seems to be a new opportunity to reform the European private international law, aligning it with the right to access to justice, as provided by Article 10 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work is to systematize the discipline of the proof of environmental harm in inter-State litigation, examining, in light of the practice of international courts and tribunals, the following five aspects: (i) definition of the actionable 'environmental damage'; (ii) burden of proof and presentation of evidence; (iii) means and methods of proof; (iv) standard of proof; and (v) evaluation of the damage. The analysis takes into account the most relevant case law and doctrinal studies in the field, reconstructing a general framework, whilst taking into account specificities that might derive from specific applicable regimes. The main aim of the work is to assess whether the challenges in proving environmental harm are fostering - or have already led to - the creation of a different set of applicable rules on evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Via Inveniendi et Iudicandi is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study assesses the environmental damage caused by copper mining on surface water bodies in Chile. The few official records on the discharges and concentrations of arsenic and copper only allow for identifying the impacts of some mining operations in the regions of Coquimbo, Valparaíso, and O’Higgins. The economic valuation is carried out through the impact pathway approach, which relates copper production, discharges, concentrations, and dose-response coefficients to establish effects on health and agriculture. The results show that the economic damage due to water pollution occurs mainly in the regions of Coquimbo and O’Higgins. The above is explained because the greatest externalities are generated in agricultural areas, while the damage to health is low because of the small population exposed (97.6% versus 2.4%). Finally, total damages represent 0.43%, 0.26%, and 0.0001% of copper sales in the mining operations analyzed in the regions of Coquimbo, O’Higgins, and Valparaíso, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic climate change necessitates rethinking the role of academic scholarship. This article addresses the question of Soviet subjecthoods from the perspective of one's affective connection to natural environments, while keeping in mind the multiscalarity of subjecthood. It traces a genealogy of environmentally-attuned selfhoods in the late Soviet-era sociocultural imagination and positions this model within the context of present-day understandings of subjecthood in Soviet studies. Soviet-era subjects did not make sense of their lives, aims and accomplishments solely in relation to the Soviet state, but also in relation to things closer at hand and in relation to ideas and conditions of a global and planetary scale. In Alberts Bels's and Jaan Kaplinski's writings, the environmentally conscious subject emerges as multiscalar: a subject who identifies both with its direct, affectively experienced environment, but who also realizes the boundedness of local, global, and planetary processes. The ethical attitude of reverence for life, promoted by Albert Schweitzer, together with the widely shared concern about both local-level environmental damage and the future of the planet provide the context for late Soviet multiscalar naturecultural subjecthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to evaluate erosion control activities in the Koya Koso mining site in Abepura District, Jayapura City, Papua Province. The research methodology used is a descriptive approach, focusing on the principles and methods of erosion control. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of erosion control measures in rehabilitating and utilizing the land damaged by mining activities conducted by CV. Barend's. The findings reveal that erosion control activities are carried out in several stages, including soil conservation, selection of land cover vegetation, pH control of the soil, and creation of planting holes. These stages are crucial in ensuring the success of erosion control efforts. The planned erosion control activities, such as hoarding and revegetation, have significant links and functions in rehabilitating and utilizing the post-mining land, covering an area of 1.9 hectares. The reclamation process involves the application of humus materials with a thickness of 2 meters. The estimated total cost for the reclamation project is RP. 15,824,000, and the expected duration for the completion of reclamation work is approximately 2 months and 15 days. n conclusion, erosion control activities play a vital role in rehabilitating and utilizing land affected by mining activities. The implementation of proper erosion control measures, such as soil conservation, vegetation selection, and pH control, is crucial in achieving successful reclamation. The planned erosion control activities, including hoarding and revegetation, demonstrate a comprehensive approach to rehabilitating the mining site. These findings provide valuable insights for mining companies and stakeholders involved in land rehabilitation efforts, emphasizing the importance of effective erosion control measures in minimizing environmental damage and promoting sustainable land use practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformations-defined as deep, radical, non-linear, multi-dimensional, systemic processes of change-are required to avert serious threats to humanity and the environment. In this study, we have analysed past transformations in Switzerland in four environmental domains, with the aim to draw conclusions for current challenges, such as the net-zero transformation. Firstly, we have conceptualised and defined transformations. Secondly, we have applied and further developed two theoretical frameworks to (i) identify actual transformations in the four domains, and (ii) analyse crucial characteristics of these profound changes. Furthermore, we have examined relevant enabling and hindering factors for transformations. Our study is based on literature review and expert interviews, as well as triangulation workshops to align the collected information. We conclude that providing general blueprints for transformations is not possible due to the complexity and context-specific nature of these processes. However, for the net-zero transformation to be successful, we found that unprecedent efforts are needed with respect to pace, sectors involved, levels of initiative, mindset change in the broader population, and involvement of technology and research. Specifically, we recommend fast action to (i) implement a steering committee combined with citizens' assemblies and cross-sectoral discussion platforms, (ii) encourage different actors to take initiatives at multiple levels, and (iii) enable a broad mindset change across different societal groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great challenge of this century is to figure out how we can achieve development, combat climate change, conserve wildlife, and protect our common resources, in global terms, while maintaining a balance between the environment and social and economic considerations. Environmental liability, conceived by the European Union and the Member States as an instrument of administrative law in substantial and sanctioning terms, is one of the preferred for protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development. It is a new approach to the environment as an injured party, allowing the repair of pure ecological damage, and ensuring its prevention. Given the particular characteristics of environmental damage, namely the fact that the environment is a collective good and has no geographical limits, environmental liability must focus on a cross-cutting and transnational approach. A European environmental liability regime was adopted and entered into force about 15 years ago. This work aims to assess the current usefulness of that regime and the need for its possible modification, through a comparative and critical analysis of the options took by some of the Member States, particularly Portugal, and the data available in this matter, and suggest aspects in which the regime can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, children across the globe, such as Greta Thunberg and Kelsey Juliana, are seen at the front line of efforts to hold governments accountable for environmental damage. In the Philippines, the case of Oposa v. Factoran gave legal standing to minors and unborn generations invoking their constitutional right to a balanced and healthful ecology. The Philippine Supreme Court based its decision on intergenerational equity—a principle stating that every generation has an obligation to protect the environment for the next. Representation of future generations in courts is not a new concept, nor is it unique to the Philippines. By examining national laws, treaties and conventions and court decisions by both domestic and international courts, this article aims to show how intergenerational equity has been widely recognised by almost all countries globally as evidence of state practice and opinio juris. This article argues that the principle of intergenerational equity is ripe for consideration as customary international law and discusses how domestic and international courts and tribunals have been instrumental in establishing such and recommends that children and unborn generations be given legal standing as a necessary consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]