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To assess the general and nutritional health of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).The National Multicenter Sleep Research Database for 23791 school-age children in grades 1-6 from 9 cities in China was accessed. Children with a specialist diagnosis of ADHD or not (non-ADHD) in 2005 were studied. National anthropometric growth standards for children aged 2-18 years classified children as underweight, wasted, stunted (short stature presumed nutritional), or overweight/obesity. Independent variables were preterm birth, sleep quality and prior disease and ADHD was the dependent variable. Binary logistic regression models were developed along with interaction analyses for associated disorder or disease on overweight/obesity, and stunted.Some 18731 records were analyzed for 808 children with ADHD. The comparative prevalences for ADHD with non-ADHD children were stunted 9.8% vs 5.9% (p0.001) and overweight/ obesity (32.6% vs 29.6%, p=0.002) respectively. ADHD boys were more often underweight (7.5% vs 5.3%, p=0.027), but not in girls. ADHD likelihood Odds Ratios, ORs (with 95%CI) were for premature birth 1.838, (1.393-2.423), allergic diseases 1.915 (1.526-2.399), otitis media 1.54 (1.118- 2.146), tonsillar or adenoid hypertrophy1.662 (1.348-2.050), gastroesophageal reflux 3.008(1.792-1.792-5.049), and sleep disorder 2.201(1.847-2.623) were ADHD risk factors. Only poor sleep quality and ADHD exhibited an interaction for stunted with OR=0.409 (0.233-0.719).Compromised and complex nutritional health in ADHD children challenges clinical nutrition with a range of health problems, albeit coherent with the needed nutritional emphasis in the 'first 1000 days'.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals during the first 1000 days of life may have long-lasting adverse effects on cardio-metabolic risk in later life. This study aimed to examine the associations between maternal prenatal Bisphenol A (BPA) exposure and child cardio-metabolic risk factors at age 2 years in a prospective cohort. During 2012–2013, 218 pregnant women were enrolled at late pregnancy from Shanghai, China. Urinary BPA concentration was measured in prenatal and child 2-year spot urine samples, and classified into high, medium and low tertiles. Child adiposity anthropometric measurements, random morning plasma glucose, serum insulin, and lipids (high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol, triglyceride), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between prenatal BPA and each of the cardio-metabolic risk factors in boys and girls, respectively, adjusting for pertinent prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors. BPA was detectable (>0.1 μg/L) in 98.2% of mothers prenatally and 99.4% of children at age 2 years. Compared to those with low prenatal BPA, mean SBP was 7.0 (95%CI: 2.9–11.2) mmHg higher, and DBP was 4.4 (95%CI: 1.2–7.5) mmHg higher in girls with high prenatal BPA levels, but these associations were not found in boys. In boys, medium maternal prenatal BPA level was associated with 0.36 (95% CI: 0.04–0.68) mmol/L higher plasma glucose. No associations were found between prenatal BPA and child BMI, skinfold thicknesses, serum lipids, or insulin in either girls or boys. There were no associations between concurrent child urinary BPA and cardio-metabolic risk factors. These results support that BPA exposure during prenatal period, susceptible time for fetal development, may be associated with increase in child BP and plasma glucose in a sex-specific manner. Further independent cohort studies are needed to confirm the findings., Graphical abstract Image 1, Highlights • Maternal prenatal BPA was associated sex-specifically with child blood pressure. • Prenatal BPA was associated with higher blood pressure in girls at 2 years. • Medium prenatal BPA was associated with higher plasma glucose in boys. • No associations between concurrent child BPA and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Background: Previous studies have found that schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed difficulties in neuropsychological function. This study aimed to assess neuropsychological function in Chinese preschoolers with ADHD using broad neuropsychological measures and rating scales and to test whether the pattern and severity of neuropsychological weakness differed among ADHD presentations in preschool children. Methods: The 226 preschoolers (163 with ADHD and 63 controls) with the age of 4–5 years were included and assessed using the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and a series of tests to investigate neuropsychological function. Results: Preschoolers with ADHD showed higher scores in all domains of the BRIEF-P (inhibition: 30.64 ± 5.78 vs.20.69 ± 3.86, P > 0.001; shift: 13.40 ± 3.03 vs.12.41 ± 2.79, P = 0.039; emotional control:15.10 ± 3.53 vs.12.20 ± 2.46, P > 0.001; working memory: 28.41 ± 4.99 vs.20.95 ± 4.60, P > 0.001; plan/organize: 17.04 ± 3.30 vs.13.29 ± 2.40, P > 0.001) and lower scores of Statue (23.18 ± 7.84 vs.28.27 ± 3.18, P = 0.001), Word Generation (15.22 ± 6.52 vs.19.53 ± 7.69, P = 0.025), Comprehension of Instructions (14.00 ± 4.44 vs.17.02 ± 3.39, P = 0.016), Visuomotor Precision (P > 0.050), Toy delay (P = 0.048), and Matrices tasks (P = 0.011), compared with normal control. In terms of the differences among ADHD subtypes, all ADHD presentations had higher scores in several domains of the BRIEF-P (P< 0.001), and the ADHD-combined symptoms (ADHD-C) group had the poorest ratings on inhibition and the ability to Plan/Organize. For neuropsychological measures, the results suggested that the ADHD-C group had poorer performances than the ADHD-predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) group on Statue tasks (F = 7.34, η2 = 0.12, P< 0.001). Furthermore, the ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive symptoms group had significantly poorer performances compared to the ADHD-C group in the Block Construction task (F = 4.89, η2 = 0.067, P= 0.003). However, no significant group differences were found between the ADHD-I group and normal control. Conclusion: Based on the combined evaluation of performance-based neuropsychological tests and the BRIEF-P, preschoolers with ADHD show difficulties of neuropsychological function in many aspects. Key words: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version; Chinese Preschoolers; Neuropsychological Function

A kind of fuzzy inference modeling method based on T-S fuzzy system is proposed. It is applied to build the mathematical modeling of time-varying second-order freedom movement systems, so new input-output models and new state-space models are constructed respectively. The effectiveness and superiority of this method are proven through simulation experiments.

To explore the clinical feature and genetic diagnosis for Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS).The clinical data, including craniofacial anomalies, physical and mental status were analyzed. Routine and high resolution G-banding was performed to analyze the karyotype of the patient and her parents, and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) was used to detect small chromosome anomaly.A-two-year old girl was sent to our clinic for mental retardation and cardiac malformation. Some sleep problems were reported by parents, including difficulties falling asleep, shortened sleep cycles. She also had some neurobehavioral symptoms including hyperactivity and self-injurious behaviors head-banging. She had distinctive craniofacial features including low hairline, frontal bossing, a broad face, broad nasal bridge, a tented upper lip, prognathism, low-set ears and high-vaulted arch. She had moderate mental retardation. Cardiac findings included ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, overriding aorta and pulmonary hypertension. Primary ventriculomegaly was seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Routine karyotype analysis showed a karyotype of 46, XX. However, high resolution karyotype analysis showed a suspected partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 17. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) finely mapped the deletion to a 3.8 Mb region on 17p11.2. The molecular karyotype was then ascertained as 46, XX.arr17p11.2(16543655-20374751)×1dn. The parents had normal karyotypes.Smith-Magenis syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by developmental delay and mental retardation, distinctive craniofacial features, sleep disturbance and behavioral problems. Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) finely mapped the deletion on 17p11.2.

We propose general disruption management models for a production and inventory control system. The models are developed in a multi-sourcing supply chain network, where these supply channels are susceptible to disruption risks. Properties of the object function are considered and closed-form solutions for the model is obtained. The effects of the parameters on the optimal policy are discussed analytically and through numerical experiments.

The connection of the 3-dimensional fuzzy sets with topos theory is considered. The category TFuz of the 3-dimensional fuzzy sets is constructed. It is shown that the category TFuz has all topos properties except Sub object Classifiers. It is also proved that the category TFuz has a middle object, and consequently forms a weak topos.

In this paper, the connection of the 4-valued inverse order nested sets and topos theory is considered. The category QNS of the 4-valued inverse order nested sets is constructed. It is shown that in the category QNS exist Equalizers, Finite Products, Terminal Objects, Exponentials and Subobject Classifiers. Consequently the category QNS forms a topos.

To study the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai.From September to October 2007, a total of 5135 adolescents from 16 middle schools of 6 districts of Shanghai took part in the epidemiological study by a cross-sectional survey and 5123 adolescents finally enrolled in the study. A questionnaire of "DRM Adolescent Internet Use 52 Scale" was administrated to investigate the prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai. On this scale of 5-point rating, the scale includes seven parts of contents as tolerance, abstinence reaction, planning ability, self-control ability, whenness, sociability and hazard.The rate of internet use among the surveyed adolescents was 94.32% (4673/5123), among which the incidence rate of internet addiction was 8.78% (450/5123). Boys, senior middle-school students were more susceptible to internet addiction than girls and junior middle-school students (male scores 122.42+/-43.46, female scores 116.92+/-38.10, F=23.22, P=0.00; senior middle-school students 125.24+/-39.02, junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, F=164.68, P=0.00). Students from vocational senior middle-school were most susceptible (junior middle-school students 110.30+/-42.35, ordinary senior middle-school students 122.83+/-40.99, key senior middle-school students 120.05+/-37.87, vocational senior middle-school students 133.37+/-36.84, F=34.44, P=0.00). The 2nd grade students of senior middle-school have the highest risk for internet-addiction.The prevalence of internet use and internet addiction in adolescents of Shanghai should be comparatively high in China, which indicates that great attention should be paid to the prevention and control.

To explore the genetic susceptibility of children to vitamin D deficiency rickets through studying the association between Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets.One hundred and fifty-nine children (100 boys and 59 girls, aged 0 to 2 years), with new-onset vitamin D deficiency rickets were enrolled. The patients sampled from a community of Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province. Seventy-eight healthy age-matched children (46 boys and 32 girls) were used as the controls. VDR gene polymorphism (cleaved by restriction endonuclease Fok I) was analyzed by polymerase chase reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of the VDR genotype and allele were compared between the two groups.The frequencies of FF, Ff and ff genotypes were 37%, 51% and 12% in the Rickets group, and 18%, 55% and 27% in the Control group. A significant difference was found in the frequency distribution of the VDR genotype between the two groups (chi(2)(0.01(2))=9.210, chi(2)=13.3880, P0.01). In the Rickets group, f allele frequency was lower (37% vs 54%), while the F allele was more common than the Control group (63% vs 46%).There is an association between the VDR gene Fok I polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency rickets. The individuals with the F allele are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency rickets.

To investigate the anxiety state in high school students and related factors in order to get reasonable suggestions for prevention.The mental health test (MHT) for high school students, and the living environmental and parental style were used in this study.MHT served as an assessment scale of anxiety. The efficiency sample was 3,050, aged 11 to 18 years old. The level of total anxiety and its each contents was low to moderate (0.24 to 0.54). The percentage of moderate to high of total anxiety was 16.7%, the percentage of moderate to high of each anxiety aspects were 8.8%-21.8%. The mostly high aspects were self-blame, schooling anxiety, social anxiety and over sensitiveness. In general, the girls' anxiety level was higher than boys', but the boys' lonely feeling was higher than the girls'. The total score of anxiety was decreased with age. Except of the over sensitiveness, the decrease tendency of each anxiety contents was significant in boys. For girls, the lonely feeling was deceased and the over sensitiveness increased with age. The age of fifteen seems as a significant changing age. The related disadvantage factors of students' anxiety were: the low education level, the parents' anxiety and depression characters, the authoritarian or neglecting parental style, the often contradiction parental styles between mother and father, parents often quarrel, the experience of often being scalded and physical punishment, lacking in care of others when in difficulties.The schooling pressure should be decreased to an appropriate level. The students' self-confidence and social ability should be emphasized. Good family environments and the support outside the family should be quite important for adolescents' mental health, these factors might decrease the adolescents' anxiety.