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Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge death tolls and burdens. Integrating Chinese and western medicine has played an important role in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Purpose We aimed to develop a living evidence-based guideline of integrating Chinese and western medicine for COVID-19. Study design Living evidence-based guideline. Methods This living guideline was developed using internationally recognized and accepted guideline standards, dynamically monitoring the release of new clinical evidence, and quickly updating the linked living systematic review, evidence summary tables, and recommendations. Modified Delphi method was used to reach consensus for all recommendations. The certainty of the evidence, resources, and other factors were fully considered, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence and the strength of recommendations. Results The first version of this living guidance focuses on patients who are mild or moderate COVID-19. A multidisciplinary guideline development panel was established. Ten clinical questions were identified based on the status of evidence and a face-to-face experts' consensus. Finally, nine recommendations were reached consensus, and were formulated from systematic reviews of the benefits and harms, certainty of evidence, public accessibility, policy supports, feedback on proposed recommendations from multidisciplinary experts, and consensus meetings. Conclusion This guideline panel made nine recommendations, which covered five traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription granules/decoction (MXXFJD, QFPD, XFBD, TJQW, and JWDY), three Chinese patent medicines (LHQW granules/capsule, JHQG granules, and LHQK granules), and one Chinese herbal injection (XBJ injection). Of them, two were strongly recommended (LHQW granules/capsule and QFPD decoction), and five were weakly recommended (MXXFJD decoction, XFBD decoction, JHQG granules, TJQW granules, and JWDY decoction) for the treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19; two were weakly recommended against (XBJ injection and LHQK granules) the treatment of mild and moderate COVID-19. The users of this living guideline are most likely to be clinicians, patients, governments, ministries, and health administrators.

BackgroundChronic cough is a common complaint which affects a large number of patients worldwide. Increased cough sensitivity is a very important cause of chronic persistent cough. However, there are limited clinical diagnosis and treatment for increased cough sensitivity. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPVl) is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels which is very closely associated with respiratory diseases. However, the mechanism through which TRPV1 that influences downstream events is still poorly understood.ResultsCapsaicin induced increase in cough sensitivity by upregulating the protein level of TRPV1, leading to the secretions of Substance P and neurokinin A which stimulated neurogenic inflammation. However, sinomenine, a component of traditional Chinese medicine, significantly attenuated the capsaicin-induced cough by inhibiting the expression of TRPV1 in guinea pigs. In addition, capsaicin increased the expression of SOX5 which mediated the transcriptional upregulation of TRPV1. However, pretreatment with sinomenine reduced the expression of SOX5.ConclusionThese results indicate that capsaicin induced increase in cough sensitivity by activating neurogenic inflammation, while sinomenine attenuated the increase in cough sensitivity by inhibiting the expressions of SOX5 and TRPV1 in guinea pigs. This finding may provide a novel target for the treatment of aggravated cough sensitivity.

Psoriasis is a chronic disease and often requires long-term treatment, especially in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. It remains controversial whether the doses of systemic medications could be tapered or if these medications could be discontinued among patients in clinical remission. In this review, we summarize whether it is possible to taper or discontinue methotrexate, cyclosporine, and biologics while controlling the relapse rates of psoriasis. Based on the current evidence, methotrexate and biologics should not be discontinued for psoriasis patients with low disease activity. However, the doses of these medications could be tapered by reducing the maintenance dose or increasing the between-dose intervals. If the disease recurs, methotrexate and biologics should be restarted at their standard doses, and for cyclosporine, the dose can be maintained or discontinued progressively. If patients relapse, cyclosporine can be given again. The decisions to taper or discontinue anti-psoriasis drugs need to account for both benefits and risks and should be individualized according to patients' disease severity, quality of life, and presence of comorbidities.

Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid has effects in clearing away heat and detoxifying,and is used to treat pharynx and throat swelling caused by the syndrome of excessive heat and toxin accumulation. Its efficacy is to relieve swelling and pain( redness,swelling and hot pain). It is included in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 Edition,and has been listed in provincial health insurance directories of Shaanxi,Jiangsu,Liaoning,Hunan,Tianjin,Xinjiang and Hebei. It has been recommended by health departments of Beijing,Chongqing and other provinces as a preferred drug for the prevention and treatment of H1 N1 and HFMD,and listed in the diagnosis and Treatment Guide of HFMD by the Ministry of Health,the Clinical Application Guide of Chinese Patent Medicine edited by the Lung Department Disease Branch of China Association of Chinese Medicine,and the Clinical Practice Guide of Single Administration/Combined Administration of Antibiotics in Treatment of Common Infectious Diseases by China Association of Chinese Medicine. To further improve the clinicianapos;s understanding of drugs and better guide the rational clinical application,we invited front-line clinical experts from respiratory department,infectious department and dermatology of traditional Chinese and Western medicine to develop and compile the expert consensus. The consensus fully considered the clinical evidence and the expert clinical experience to give recommendations for clinical problems with evidence support and consensus suggestions for clinical problems without evidence support by the nominal group method.This consensus is based on clinical research evidence and expert experience in a simple and clear format,which provides a preliminary reference for the clinical use of the drug.

Based on fusion bonding of liquid TiC-TiB2 ceramic film and molten Ti-6Al-4V substrate to induce the surface alloying of Ti-6Al-4V substrate, the TiC-TiB2 ceramic coating on Ti-6Al-4V substrate was achieved in graded composition by combustion synthesis in high-gravity field. XRD, FESEM and EDS results showed that TiC-TiB2 ceramic coating was composed of fine TiB2 platelets, TiC irregular grains, Cr metallic phase and a few Al2O3 inclusions. The mechanical properties showed that the relative density, microhardness and fracture toughness of TiC-TiB2 ceramic coating reached 98.5%, 25.8 ± 3.5 GPa and 16.5 ± 2.5 MPa • m0.5, respectively. The fusion-bonding area and heat-affected zone of Ti alloy were obviously observed between the ceramic coating and Ti alloy substrate, and within the fusion bonding area a number of ultralfine TiB platelets and fine Ti-enriched carbides were embedded in the matrix of α’-Ti martensite, whereas at the heat-affected zone of Ti-6A1-4V substrate some C, B atoms were also detected. As a coupled result of fusion bonding and inter-diffusion between liquid ceramic film and molten Ti alloy substrate, followed by TiB2-Ti peritectic reaction and subsequent eutectic reaction in TiC-TiB-Ti ternary system, the ceramic coating of TiC-TiB2 on Ti-6Al4V substrate was achieved in continuously-graded composition, presenting the transitional change in microhardness from the ceramic coating to Ti alloy substrate with high shear strength of 450 ± 35 MPa between the coating and the substrate.

Summary To study the effect of land use change from marshland to croplands (rice and soybean cultivation), the water and energy fluxes in marshland, rice and soybeans were measured in northeastern China by the eddy covariance method for two growing seasons (May–October in 2005 and 2006). The rice (flooded until early September) and soybean (dry land) croplands were reclaimed from marshlands over 15 years ago. The annual precipitation in 2005 (480 mm) was below the 1981–2004 average (564 ± 130 mm), the precipitation in 2006 (655 mm) was significantly above average. The conversion of marshland to rice cropland resulted in an enhancement in latent heat flux (LE) and a decrease in sensible heat flux (H), which caused an increase in the ratio of LE and net radiation (LE/Rn) from 0.6 to 0.8 on average, and a decrease in H/Rn from 0.4 to 0.2 on average for the growing season. However, where the marshland was converted to soybean cropland, the latent heat flux was lower in 2005 under dry conditions, but higher in 2006 under wet conditions than it had been previously been, which was the opposite of the trend of H. Therefore, LE/Rn for soybean dropped to about 0.2 in the dry month of June 2005, and rose to 0.7 in the wet month of June 2006. H/Rn for soybeans shows opposite variation in LE/Rn in both years. The maximum evapotranspiration (ET) was about 4.5, 6–7 and 5 mm day−1 for marshland, rice and soybeans, respectively. Rn, air temperature (Ta), vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and leaf area index (LAI) were important environmental and biological factors controlling the seasonal dynamics of LE and H for the three ecosystems, which explains about 80% of LE and 50% of H for marshland and rice; and 30–50% of LE and 60% of H for soybeans. Among them, Rn was the primary variable controlling the variations of LE and H for marshland and rice. However, for soybeans, VPD played a more important role in LE under dry conditions.

To assess the effect and safety of Jinhua Qinggan Granule (JHG) in treating influenza patients of wind-heat affecting Fei syndrome (WHAFS).Totally 136 influenza patients of WHAFS were randomized by stratification into 3 groups, the high dose JHG group (44 cases, 10 g each time), the low dose JHG group (45 cases, 5 g JHG + 5 g placebo each time), and the placebo control group (47 cases, 10 g placebo each time). All medication was administered three times daily for 5 days. The fever disappearance time, the fever disappearance rate, efficacy of TCM syndrome, the disappearance rate of main symptoms and physical signs of flu, the negative rate of virus nucleic acid in the pharyngeal secretion, and safety indicators were assessed.The median fever disappearance time was 32.8 h (95% CI: 22.5-41.0 h) in the high dose JHG group, 26.0 h (95% CI: 14.5-36.5 h) in the low dose JHG group, 39.5 h (95% CI: 29.0-46.0 h) in the placebo control group. There was statistical difference in the median fever disappearance time between the low dose JHG group and the placebo control group (P = 0.011). Three days after treatment, the markedly effective rate of TCM symptoms in the low dose JHG group was 66.7%, higher than that of the placebo control group (38.3%), and its effective rate was superior to that of the high dose JHG group (P = 0.043). Five days after treatment, the recovery rate of the low dose JHG group (42.2%) was higher than that of the high dose JHG group (25.0%, P = 0.026) and that of the placebo control group (14.9%, P = 0.002). The markedly effective rate of the low dose JHG group (86.7%) was higher than that of the placebo control group (55.3%, P = 0.001). Similar effects were obtained in the low dose JHG group and the high dose JHG group, but slightly poor in partial indicators of the high dose JHG group. There was no statistical difference in adverse reaction among these three groups (P0.05).JHG was effective and safe in treating influenza patients of WHAFS. Routinely low dose was the optimal dosage of JHG.

Persistent spectral hole-burning with two-color excitation was performed at 20K for zinc-tetrabenzoporphin with crotonic acid in phenoxy resin. The presence of carboxylic acid provides the enhancement of hole formation by two-color excitation and the thermal stability of the rsulting holes, raising a non-photochemical hole burning with the rearrangement of strong hydrogen bonds in the carboxylic acid

The data of O3, NOx (NO and NO2), CO and SO2 observed at Beijing 325m meteorological tower from June 25 to July 7, 2000 and from July 26 to August 22, 2000 are used to analyze the difference of pollutant concentrations on weekends and weekdays, and its causes. Results show that except SO2, the correlations of O3, NOx, NO, NO2 and CO concentrations between weekends and weekdays are very significant,since they all pass the t-test significance level at alpha = 0.05. The correlation coefficients (R) are 0.99, 0.61, 0.56, 0.80 and 0.61 for O3, NOx, NO, NO2 and CO3, respectively. Weekend NO, and CO concentrations are lower than weekday concentrations in rush hours (06:00-08:00), and the mean deviations for NOx and CO concentrations are -28% and -9%, respectively. The regression coefficient of O3 concentrations between weekends and weekdays is 1.25 +/- 0.02. Furthermore, the maximum 1-h average O3 concentration and maximum 8-h average O3 concentration on weekends are 23% and 26% higher than those on weekdays, respectively, indicating an obvious O3 "weekend effect".

Measurements of nocturnal ecosystem respiration were conducted in a rice paddy of Sanjiang from July to September in 2004 and in a soybean field from June to September in 2005, using eddy covariance (EC) and dark chamber-gas chromatography (DC-GC). The differences of simultaneous data measured by two methods were not significant when night turbulent mixing was well. The correlations between two methods can be improved under more large friction velocity. EC measurements were poorly correlated to night ecosystem respiration estimated by chamber models for the variability inherent to EC measurements (R2 = 0.06, 0.23 for rice and soybean, respectively). However, this correlation can be improved by aggregating measurements over longer time period (R2 = 0.16, 0.75 for rice and soybean field, respectively). In general, whatever comparison with simultaneous chamber measurements or modeled results, eddy covariance measurements were consistently lower 4% - 30% than chambers, and this bias varied with crop growing stage, which were maximum in middle and minimum in early and late growing stage.

Ozone (O3) is a primary gaseous contaminant in urban ambient, and its variation correlates well with nitrogen oxides (NO(x) = NO+ NO2). Continuous monitoring in the urban area from August 2004 to July 2005 was carried out in Beijing, using 49C ozone analyzer and 42CTL NO-NO2-NO(x) gas analyzer. The results show that peak O3 and oxidant (OX = O3 + NO2) concentrations in Beijing often appear at about 15:00 in the early afternoon, the diurnal variation of NO, concentrations show a very clear cycle with two peaks, one appears at about 07:00 in the morning and the other is at 23:00 in the evening. However, concentrations variation in four seasons are not same. The highest concentrations of O3 and NO(x) appear in summer and winter, respectively. The NO, crossover point occurs at about 100 x 10(-9) volume ratio. At lower level, NO2 is the major component of NO(x), whereas NO dominates at higher mixing ratio. It is also shown that the level of OX is made up of two contributions, regional contribution and local contribution. The former is affected by regional background O3 level, with the maximum in spring, whereas the latter is effectively correlates with the level of primary pollution, with the maximum in summer. Diurnal variation also appears in the concentrations of the components of oxidants.

We report measurements of positron annihilation in both pure and hydrogenated amorphous silicon, including lifetime spectra, Doppler-broadening and ACPAR (angular correlation of the positron annihilation radiation). Both the pure (aSi) and the hydrogenated (aSi:H) samples exhibit a lifetime component of about 410 ps which we attribute to small vacancies consisting of about 4 missing atoms. The corresponding defect is analyzed and the concentration is estimated to be of the order of 1017 cm−3. Only aSi:H exhibits a long-lived line with τ > 5 ns, which can represent only the pick-off annihilation of orthopositronium. This is direct evidence for the existence of large microvoids in aSi:H, and is consistent with recent reports of the presence of occluded H2 gas under high pressure in such films. We also measured the Doppler-broadened spectra and angular correlation curves to study the momentum distribution of the e− - p+ pairs in both types of films. Again, only the aSi:H sample showed evidence of positronium formation, consistent with the results of the lifetime spectral analysis.

Characteristics of erasable phase-change optical recording media: SbTe-, SbSe-, InTe-, InSe- and GeTe-based thin films and their two binary compounds are reviewed, with particular focus on stability and fast reversibility. We first report that the photo-crystallization dominates in optical recording media since the time required for the transformation is much less than that for the pure thermal crystallization. When photo-crystallization is taken into account, the activation energy for crystallization, Δ E, in J-M-A equation should be replaced by an effective activation energy ΔE eff which is equal to ΔE-\hbarw. This substitution will suffice to explain the high speed crystallization, i.e. photo-crystallization.