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To clarify the phytogeography of Prunus armeniaca L., two chloroplast DNA fragments (trnL-trnF and ycf1) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were employed to assess the genetic variation across 12 P. armeniaca populations. The results of cpDNA and ITS sequence data analysis showed that the level of genetic diversity in P. armeniaca was high (cpDNA: HT=0.499; ITS: HT=0.876), and the level of genetic differentiation was low (cpDNA: FST=0.1628; ITS: FST=0.0297). An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that most of the genetic variation in P. armeniaca occurred among individuals within populations. The value of interpopulation differentiation (NST) was significantly higher than the number of substitution types (GST), indicating a genealogical structure in P. armeniaca. P. armeniaca shared the same genotypes with related species and may be associated with them through continuous and extensive gene flow. The haplotypes/genotypes of cultivated apricot populations in Xinjiang, North China, and foreign apricot populations were mixed with large numbers of haplotypes/genotypes of wild apricot populations from the Ili River Valley. The wild apricot populations in the Ili River Valley contained the ancestral haplotypes/genotypes with the highest genetic diversity and were located in an area considered a potential glacial refugiume for P. armeniaca. Since population expansion occurred 16.53 kyr ago, the area has provided a suitable climate for the population and protected the genetic diversity of P. armeniaca.

The glass-ceramic materials were produced from silicon slag with the addition of talcum powder and TiO2 by melting them in an electrically heated furnace and subsequent heat treatment at various temperatures and time. The microstructure and crystallization behaviors of glass–ceramics have been investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With the increase of silicon slag content, the sequent precipitate phase is: krinovite Na (Mg1.9Fe0.1)Cr (SiO)3O, pseudobrookite Fe2TiO5 and anorthite Ca (Al2Si2O8), enstatite ferroan MgFeSi2O6, and albite Na (AlSi3O8). The shape of crystals was spherical grains. The glass–ceramic sample obtained from 70% silicon slag had the excellent mechanical performance including flexural strength of 200.45 MPa and Vickers micro hardness of 909.72 MPa.

An on-demand weighed clustering algorithm is proposed against the limitation of wireless sensor network nodes with limited energy. This algorithm obtains more local network information by means of information interaction between nodes, and by comprehensively considering such factors as the current energy value, degree and transmission power, etc. of nodes, it makes different clustering decisions as per different application backgrounds of networks. Simulation results show that this algorithm has a more rational clustering by reducing energy consumption and lengthening network lifetime, compared to Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, a representative clustering algorithm.

According to the practical requirements of filling refrigerants of refrigeration maintenance industries, an high-precision measuring and control system for refrigerant with MSP430 is designed in this paper. High-precision weighing sensor and high-performance amplifier are adopted in the hardware structure, and an improved amplitude-limiting and shake-disappearing filtering algorithm is used in the software data processing. The design is capable of not only achieving the purification and recycling of refrigerant effluent, but also conducting the functions of pressing, vacuumizing and leaking hunting of both high and low pressure. The actual results in the practical refrigeration maintenance industry show that this measuring and control system precision can reach0.5, which is reliable in operation, good in stability and capable of solving the problem that the discharge of waste refrigerant may pollute the environment.

In view of the full integration of informationization and industrialization in China, ,an evaluation model of Chinas Regional Integration of Informationization and Industrialization is built on the basis of the summary of the findings at home and abroad, thus to get a general idea about Chinas Integration of Informationization and Industrialization in a quantitative way. In terms of the popularization level of the social informatization, the development level of the information industry, the level of industrialization and the level of industrial integration, 27 indicators are defined, and the evaluation system for Chinas regional integration of informationization and industrialization is built. On the basis of the actual data of Chinas regional integration of informationization and industrialization in 2011, the principal component analysis method is adopted to evaluate the integration of informationization and industrialization in different regions, analyze the equilibrium degree between the fractal dimensions of the integration, discover its structural differences, and propose specific policy recommendations according to the actual conditions of different regions.

This paper analyzed the communication performance to implement video coding and transmission in the limited resources of wireless network. Meanwhile, the effect of GOP, quantification and loss probabilities to transmission quality in multimedia communication is discussed, and the correlation between those relevant parameters and transmission quality of multimedia video is analyzed by simulation. The simulation results show that the transmission quality of multimedia video in wireless network varies with the compression parameters, network parameters, and network conditions. Thus, video transmission over wireless network, it should consider the network conditions, as well as appropriate length of the GOP and quantification parameters for better reconstructed images.

With the rapid development of computer technology and wireless network communication technology, video encoding technology will be more and more widely applied in the limited resources of the wireless network. Due to the large amount of data of the video transmission , transmission quality of transmit video on the wireless network are varied with different compression parameters, network parameters and network conditions. Simulation results show that the transmission of video over wireless networks, must be based on the current network conditions, choosing the suitable GOP length and quantitative parameters to get the high image quality. In specific applications, network topology, network bandwidth, routing technology and transmission of packet segmentation scheme and other factors will affect the quality of service for video services.

Hierarchical mobile IPv6 fastens the binding update process of micro mobile handoff and reduces handoff delay. A large number of binding updates and registrations increase signaling load and lengthen handoff delay. For this reason, it is proposed to apply tunneling mechanism to hierarchical mobile IPv6 optimization scheme (T-HMIPv6) to obtain care-of address in advance based on handoff information, conduct duplicate address detection, and complete local binding update while building a tunnel. Simulation experiments show that compared with hierarchical mobile IPv6, this scheme can greatly reduce handoff delay and packet loss rate and effectively improve mobile node's macro handoff performance.

Wireless sensor networks are often deployed in open or even hostile environment, its security problem is very prominent, Data aggregation is easily to be attacked for security during the specific implementation process. In order to reduce the transmission of redundant data and enhance security, this article proposed a secure data aggregation and authentication scheme, .data was gathered according to the mode code, collection data was transmitted in encrypted form which will be selected nodes, ensured the confidentiality of the data; A session key was generated and delaied aggregation and authentication by using counter, ensured the integrity , authenticity and freshness of data during the transmission .The security analysis showed that the program had higher security which resisted the attack initiativly, node compromise attack and select forwarding attack and other malicious behaviors.

The pore structure in intact and inelastically deformed Indiana limestone have been studied using x-ray microtomography imaging. Guided by detailed microstructural observations and using Multi-level Otsu’s thresholding method, the 3D images acquired at voxel side length of 4 μm were segmented into three domains: solid grains, macropores and an intermediate zone dominated by microporosity. Local Porosity can be defined to infer the porosity of each voxel. The macropores were individually identified by morphological processing and their shape quantified by their sphericity and equivalent diameter. With this segmentation, we obtained statistics on macropores on intact and deformed Indiana limestone which shows that inelastic compaction was followed by a significant reduction in the number of macropores. And also our results revealed the great potentiality to produce a quantitative analysis on porous material with the aid of micro CT images.

This paper introduces the architecture of wireless sensor networks, compares several typical routing protocols of wireless sensor network, and focuses on the research of directed diffusion(DD) protocol and geograohic and energy aware routing(GEAR) protocol. GEAR selects the next hop nodes based on the neighbor node location information, limiting the information diffused in the network in the appropriate location of region, which can effectively reduce the maintaining routing information needed for overhead, and form the energy efficient data transmission path, to achieve the purpose of extending the life cycle of the network. Related research work provides the reference for the future network construction.

Global optimization is challenging to solve due to its nonlinearity and multimodality. Traditional algorithms such as the gradient-based methods often struggle to deal with such problems and one of the current trends is to use metaheuristic algorithms. In this paper, a novel hybrid population-based global optimization algorithm, called hybrid firefly algorithm (HFA), is proposed by combining the advantages of both the firefly algorithm (FA) and differential evolution (DE). FA and DE are executed in parallel to promote information sharing among the population and thus enhance searching efficiency. In order to evaluate the performance and efficiency of the proposed algorithm, a diverse set of selected benchmark functions are employed and these functions fall into two groups: unimodal and multimodal. The experimental results show better performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the original version of the firefly algorithm (FA), differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) in the sense of avoiding local minima and increasing the convergence rate.

The firefly algorithm is a stochastic meta-heuristic algorithm that incorporates randomness into a search process. In essence, the randomness is useful when determining the next point in the search space and therefore has a crucial impact when exploring the new solution. Simultaneously, randomized mechanism plays an important role in balance the exploration and exploitation during the process. In this paper, an extensive comparison is made between 8 different probability distributions that can be used for randomizing the firefly algorithm's attractive mechanism, e.g., Uniform distribution, Gaussian distribution, Exponential distribution, Cauchy distribution, and so on. In our experiments, variously randomized firefly algorithms are developed and extensive experiments are conducted on 13-benchmark functions. The results of these experiments show that these randomized mechanisms can improve the convergence rate and the robustness of the firefly algorithm significantly.

This paper proposes a novel retinal vessel segmentation based on supervised method in color fundus images. To determine whether a pixel is the vessel pixel or not, 30 features are extracted for each pixel in the fundus image which consisting of features in Gaussian scale space, features by multi-scale Gabor filter and divergence of vector fields. Then we use the features obtained by the previous process to train the Support Vector Machine (SVM) Classifier. Finally, the image pixels are classified as vessels and non-vessels using a non-linear SVM Classifier. We report experimental results on a public retinal database DRIVE, demonstrated an outperformance in comparison with other supervised retinal vessel segmentation methods. It is suitable for computer aided diagnosis.

This paper provides the theory, mathematics analysis and experiments in support of the Infrared thermal-wave inspection on the subsurface defects in a solid using linear frequency modulated light excitation (LFMTWI). The specimen is heated by the heat flux of linear frequency modulation for launching thermal-wave into the sample in a desired range of frequency. The more thermal wave responses characters are obtained, and the IR thermal-wave imaging shows much more advantages for subsurface defects detection. The simulation and experimental results from steel sample are presented in support of this technique.

Heterogeneities of faults and rock blocks were included in the present numerical simulation to study differences between the compressive and extensional echelon fault structures. Released elastic strain energy due to shear and tensile failures of elements was calculated. An event is defined as a failed element releasing energy. For calculation of the frequency-energy relation, whose negative slope was labled b 0 value, a cut-off factor, used to delete a few larger events, and a classification factor, used to group the remaining events into several grades, were introduced. The evolution of b 0 value at different stages was obtained. Three kinds of changes in b 0 value were found. In the compressive echelon fault structure, no remarkable change in b 0 value is observed during the outward propagation of tensile failure zones, also during the jog failure in the extensional fault structure. This is due to the fact that tensile failure only increases the number of small events that are originally larger. In the compressive echelon fault structure, a rapid decrease of b 0 value is found during the jog failure since a shear failure zone links two fault tips, leading to the occurrence of larger events. For both kinds of echelon fault structures, b 0 value is found to decrease continuously during the fault reactivation. This is related to stress or strain enhancement over a larger area. In the extensional fault structure, a recovery in b 0 value in the vicinity of the stress peak is found after a global minimum, which is similar to phenomena caused by aftershocks. Moreover, evolution of b 0 value at different stages for the same echelon fault structure and that at the same stage for different echelon fault structures are compared and analyzed. It is found that the change in fault structure may not lead to the change in b 0 value. To obtain a more continuous and less fluctuant b 0 value curve, the suggested values of the cut-off and classification factors are 1/8 ~ 1/2 and 3 ~ 4, respectively. The proposed method can also be used to analyze the mechanical behavior and frequency-energy relations for other typical or complex fault structures. Our work can contribute to identify the regions where abnormalities or precursors can be monitored and to assess the positions of larger events.

Hydroquinone combined with FeCl3 can reduce the methanolysis time of N-vinylcarbazole in CH3OH from 9 h to 1 h, but the addition of hydroquinone to Fe(NO3)3 will slow the methanolysis and quench the cyclobutanation process. The addition of H2O2 successfully made the FeCl3 catalytic cyclobutanization of N-vinylcarbazole in the yield from zero up to 33%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A rapid immunochromatographic assay was developed to detect 17β-19-Nortestosterone (19-NT). The 19-NT-OVA conjugate was immobilised to nitrocellulose membrane as a test line and goat anti-rabbit IgG as a control line. Anti-19-NT polyclonal antibody labelled with colloidal gold particles acted as detector reagent. We tested the sensitivity of the strip using spiked swine urine, and analysed the intensity of test line using ImageJ software. The sensitivity by naked eye measurement was determined to be 200 ng/ml and lower limit using ImageJ was distinguished as 5 ng/ml. The total assay time was less than 20 min, suitable for screening and quantifying the residue of 19-NT in swine urine.

In this paper, an integrated fuzzy controller is proposed to achieve a synchronous positioning objective for a dual-cylinder electro-hydraulic lifting system with unbalanced loadings, system uncertainties, and disturbances. The control system consists of one-fuzzy coordination controller for both cylinders and an individual cylinder controller, comprised of a feedforward controller, and a fuzzy tracking controller, for each of the hydraulic cylinders. In the integrated fuzzy controller design, the fuzzy coordination controller is responsible for dispatching motion synchronization commands to the individual cylinder controllers. Each cylinder controller then adaptively enforces the position tracking to its controlled actuator. The experimental results show that the proposed integrated fuzzy controller design can effectively achieve the objective of position synchronization in the dual-cylinder electro-hydraulic system, with maximum synchronization error within ±4 mm.

A new second order nonlinear optical coordination complex crystal tris allylthiourea zinc bromide was synthesized and grown from ethanol for the first time. Elemental analyses, X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the new material. The thermal characterization was determined by the differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The transmission spectrum of the crystal shows a wide transparent UV-Vis-NIR band. The powder SHG efficiency is higher than that of urea crystal. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

with the further development of Internet,rapid scales. Technology the expansion of Internet use is growing due to such rapid growth in this industry, the amount of data dealt by Internet of things becomes the feature of massive amount. The key problems that should be considered with, is how to efficiently processing these data, from which can get useful information, and then to provide intelligent decision. In connection with the new inquiry of massive data processing in the era of Internet of things. To understand the massive data processing technique is used in the Internet of things, through the analysis of massive, heterogeneous, Multi-dimension and dynamic network data. To explore from 4 aspects of the network data acquisition, data transmission, data model and storage, data processing applications, based on the data processing model of Internet of things technology system , construct a general network data storage, analysis and presentation model.

A preliminary study of b value of rocks with two kinds of structural models has been made on the base of a new acoustic emission recording system. It shows that b value of the sample decreases obviously when the sample with compressive en echelon faults changes into a tensile one after interchange occurs between stress axis σ1 and σ2. A similar experiment is observed when the sample with tensile en echelon faults changes into that with a bend fault after two segments of the en echelon fault linking up. These facts indicate that the variation of b value may contain the information of the regional dominant structural model. Therefore, b-value analyses could be a new method for studying regional dominant structural models.

An experiment on self-potential (SP) and strain changes during elastic deformation and fracture of rock samples was conducted by means of a biaxial servo-control loading-machine and a detecting array of strain gauges and electrodes. Some correlated and widespread pulse-like transient variations in self-potential and strain-field appeared at some special situations, including sudden loading/ unloading, stick-slip and fracture of rocks. The results indicate that though sometimes the stress - is rather high, there is no SP anomaly occurring if the stress change-rate γ = dσ/dt equals zero or keeps positive or negative constants. On the contrary, at the moment changes suddenly the pulse-like SP change γV will always arise no matter the increment Δ;γ is positive or negative. The positive or negative sign of Δγ gives opposite effect on ΔV. The anomalous amplitude of -V is proportional to that of Δγ. The observed clear temporal and spatial self-potential changes at the moment of sudden stress-rate change and rock fracture mean that it is possible to detect the precursory and co-seismic electric and corresponding strain variations if the above-mentioned conditions can be met near a seismogenic zone. It is a support to the seismic precursory research of self-potential and strain.

Based on a set of experimental results, we discuss the effects of heterogeneity (pre-existing microcracks and macrostructures) in rock samples on spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic emission (AE). The comparative analysis indicates that the existence of pre-existing microcracks makes AE occurrence rate rapidly increase prior to the fracture nucleation and b-values show a short-term anomaly, i.e. fluctuations of b-value on a decreasing background, which increases the predictability of the fracturing time. The effects of pre-existing macrostructures (joint, bedding plane) on AE occurrence rates and b-values are the same as that of microcracks. AE spatial distribution is controlled by the pre-existing macrostructures and the macrostructure clustered by AE events usually controls the coming final fracture. This means that the existence of macrostructures makes prediction of the time and location of the final fracture become possible.

A new intelligent model to simulate evacuation behavior in ships called neighborhood particle swarm optimization is proposed. This model determines the rules of behavior and velocity updating formulas to solve staff conflicts. The individuals in evacuation are taken as particles in PSO and update their behaviors by individual attributes, neighborhood attributes, and social attributes. Putting the degree of freedom movement of ships into environment factor and using the real Ro-Ro ship information and IMO test scenarios to simulate the evacuation process, the model in this paper can truly simulate the behavior of persons in emergency and provide a new idea to design excellent evacuation model.

The crystal structure of a new bimetallic selenocyanate, zinc cadmium selenocyanate or poly[tetra-μ2-selenocyanato-cadmium(II)zinc(II)], [ZnCd(SeCN)4] n , is an infinite three-dimensional network in which the slightly distorted CdSe4 and ZnN4 tetrahedra are connected by –SeCN– bridges. The whole structure can be viewed as a diamondoid network with Cd and Zn nodes and –SeCN– spacers.

To assess the functional result of a "Two in One" urethroplasty which combined oral mucosa graft and local flap.17 patients with hypospadias underwent a "Two in One" urethroplasty, which combined buccal mucosa and local flap for urethral reconstruction. Uroflowmetry was performed 1 day before and 1 year after operation. The urine flow rate, voided volume and urine flow curves were detected using a rotating sensor. The results of maximum urine flow rate (Qmax) were expressed as percentiles and compared to the Toguri value from normal children.Before corrective operation, 12 of 17 patients (70.6%) produced a plateau urine flow curve. 5 patients (29.4%) produced a very low flow curve. The average maximum flow rate was (7.89 +/- 2.29) ml/s per second compared to Toguri values, 12 of 17 patients (70.6%) had a Qmax below the normal 5th percentile. After a "Two in One" urethroplasty, a hell-shaped curve was obtained in 10 patients (58.8%). The maximum flow rate was (11.30 +/- 3.01) mL/s per second. 7 of 17 patients (41.2%) had a Qmax above the normal 25th percentile, 8 patients (47.1%) had a Qmax between the normal 25th percentile and 5th percentile, only 2 patients (11.8%) had a Qmax below the 5th percentile.The functional result of the "Two in One" urethroplasty is ideal. The maximum urine flow rate of the patients increases after the operation.

In the title compound, C(21)H(20)Br(2)O(2)S, prepared by the reaction of 1,9-bis-(4-bromo-phen-yl)nona-2,7-diene-1,9-dione with sodium sulfide nona-hydrate in acetonitrile, the six-membered thio-pyran ring has a chair conformation while the H atoms ortho to the S atom adopt a cis configuration. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.59 (8)°.

To explore the clinical efficacy of using forehead expansive skin flap double-pedicled with superficial temporal vessels for repairing male cervicofacial scar.From July 2005 to June 2009, 13 male patients with an average age of 27 years old (range: 21 - 38) were operated by the above method. The scar-repairing area was from 14 cm × 5 cm to 32 cm × 15 cm. The procedure was carried out in three stages. Firstly, ultrasound Doppler was used to detect and mark the location and orientation of superficial temporal artery. A proper cavity was created under the forehead muscle and then the appropriate expander embedded through the scalp incision. The expander was expanded first by injecting normal saline at 1 or 2 weeks post-operation. After that, the injection was repeated by 3 or 5 days. The volume ratio of injection to expander was (1.5-3.5):1. Secondly the forehead expansive skin flap was designed with proper hair follicle scalp pedicled by bilateral superficial temporal artery when the expansion was completed. After removal of the expander, the rectangle expansive skin flap with hair follicle scalp was transferred through the double pedicle. The cervicofacial scar was excised according to the size of the transferred expansive skin flap (25 cm × 6 cm to 32 cm × 9 cm). And the flap was adjusted with hair follicle scalp to the middle of the chin area in order to obtain the normal beard appearance. Donor site were closed directly. Thirdly, the pedicle skin flap were cut and restored after one month.The volume expanded for each expander ranged from 420 to 800 ml (mean: 660). The average expansion time was 4 months (range: 3 - 5). All flaps survived well. Donor site were closed directly. Both chin and beard looked normal.Repairing hypertrophic scar and reconstructing beard in cervicofacial area with forehead expansive skin flap pedicled by bilateral superficial temporal artery is a valuable and safe method. The donor site is scarless. And the reconstructed chin and beard are normal both functionally and aesthetically.

The equilibrium gas phase compositions and the coverage on GaAs surface for a number of chemical species during the TMGa exposure period in the ALE GaAs growth process have been calculated. The results show that the GaAs surface coverage depends on the growth temperature, TMGa dosage and system pressure. The major Ga-containing species among the surface adsorbates are (CH3)2Ga and CH3Ga at lower temperatures, and atomic Ga and GaH at higher temperatures. The percentage of C-containing adsorbates on the GaAs surface decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of TMGa dosage. The influence of the growth temperature, TMGa dosage and system pressure on growth rate per cycle, as well as the carbon incorporation in ALE GaAs, are discussed.

A rapid immunochromatographic assay was developed and validated for detection of 1-aminohydantoin (AHD) in urine specimens. Colloidal gold-labeled polyclonal antibody specific to AHD derivative was used as the marker; based on the competitive reactivity theory, the metabolite of nitrofurantoin after derivatization with benzaldehyde would compete with carboxyphenyl AHD derivative-conjugated ovalbumin. The test strip could efficaciously detect the novel analyte with a visual detection limit of 10 ng mL(-1) and high specificity. The reliability of the assay was determined by testing 80 standard samples comparing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The semi-quantitative detection was accomplished in less than 15 min with low cost, especially for requirements of rapid and simple screening. This is the first publication of an immunochromatographic assay for detection of nitrofuran residues.

To apply the scapular free flap extended to the upper arm for resurfacing the face and neck, as well as the upper lip in one stage.The scapular free flap was designed with extended portion to the posterior and interior part of the upper arm. Then the free flap was transferred to resurface the face and neck with the routine portion and to resurface the upper lip with the extended portion.6 cases with extensive upper lip, facial and cervical burn scar were treated with the extended scapular free flaps. The flap size ranged from 22 cm x 11 cm to 40 cm x 9.5 cm (36.57 cm x 10.20 cm in average) for the routine portion and from 7 cm x 4 cm to 12 cm x 4 cm (10.32 cm x 3.67 cm in average) for the extended portion. All flaps survived completely.There are direct communicating branches ("choke vessel") between the circumflex scapular artery (CSA) and the posterior humeral circumflex artery (PHCA). When the blood supply of PHCA is cut off, the CSA can provide blood supply through the communicating branches to the upper arm skin area previously nourished by PHCA. So the blood supply of the extended portion of the scapular free flap is not only from the branches of CSA, but also from the direct communicating branches between the CSA and PHCA. The extended scapular free flap has a reliable blood supply and can be applied to construct the facial and cervical scar contraction with the extended portion to resurface the upper lip. The satisfactory result can be expected.

To prevent the retraction of the penis after prolongation and augmentation.After all the superficial and part of the deep suspensory ligament amputation, we implanted the silicon sheet (the length 2.3-3.6 cm, the width 1.5-2.5 cm, the thickness 2-3 mm) and injected autologous granular fat (30-48 ml) into penis.16 patients (age 22-63 years, averagely 38 years) underwent this kind operation, the prolongation length is 1.8-5.1 cm, the average was 2.91 cm, the increased diameter of penis was 0.6-1 cm, the average is 0.85 cm, the following period is 3 months to 2 years. The results are satisfactory with the penis retraction less than 8%, and less than 10% decrease in diameter.This method is an ideal way of the penis prolongation and augmentation, the implantation of the silicon sheet is effective way to prevent the retraction of the penis.

To provide an ideal method for flap prefabrication.The superficial temporal fascial flap has been elevated based on the superficial temporal vessels during the first-stage procedure. A subcutaneous tissue pocket with appropriate site was formed in the retroauricular and mastoid process region. The fascial flap was transferred into the pocket and fixed properly. The tissue expander was placed under the fascial flap. When the expanding process has been finished, the expander was removed and the expanded induced prefabricated skin flap of the retroauricular and mastoid process region pedicled on the superficial temporal vascular bundle was elevated and transferred to repair the facial skin defect.There were nine cases in the group. Facial defects after resection of the melanotic nevus was repaired in 2 cases and facial defects after resection of the facial haemangioma and scar were repaired in 2 and 5 cases respectively. Pedicle length of the superficial temporal fascial flap was ranged from 5.5 cm to 7 cm (mean length 6.2 cm). The size of the fascial flaps was ranged from 4 cm x 3 cm to 7 cm x 7 cm (mean size 5.7 cm x 4.9 cm). The size of the prefabricated skin flaps was ranged from 5 cm x 5 cm to 8.0 cm x 7.5 cm (mean size 6.4 cm x 6.1 cm). The average time of the tissue expansion process is 16.1 weeks. All flaps survived postoperatively and the donor sites of the flaps were appropriated directly in 5 cases. The split-thickness skin grafting was used to recover the donor site defects in 4 cases.The superficial temporal fascial flap owns the following advantages: the vascular pedicle is much longer and vascular supply is plentiful, and it is convenient to transfer. Meanwhile, the skin of the retroauricular and mastoid process region is most similar to that of the face in texture, color and depth. For the patients selected strictly, the technique mentioned above is somewhat an ideal method for facial defect repair.

To investigate the biological properties of cultured human oral mucosa epithelium using autologous serum in order to provide a new material for tissue engineering urethra.The cultured oral mucosa epithelium was respectively transplanted beneath the skin, above the deep fascia and in the wound of the athymic mice. The specimens were taken at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks posttransplantation, and processed for (1) immunofluorescence anti-HLA staining to determine graft acceptance, and (2) anti-human IV collagen and antihuman laminin immunohistochemical staining procedures to indicate the basement membrane formation.All the grafts survived and grew very well. The grafts were positive to anti-HLA. Collagen type IV and laminin were detected at the dermo-epidermal junction in all groups from day 14, and increasing in density up to day 21.he cultured human oral mucosa epithelium by autologous serum could develop an excellent functional epithelium tissue, which would be used to reconstruct urethra and repair wound.

Applicate autologous buccal mucosal graft pre-transplantation for urethral reconstruction of complicated hypospadias by staging.From 1999 to 2003, 40 patients have been treated by method of autologous buccal mucosal graft pre-placing. There were two models: graft onlay and graft-tube for urethral reconstruction, and the 2rd operation was accomplished half year later.All patients healed without urethral fistula.The method is valuable for treatment of complicated hypospadias.

Observing the long-term results of reconstructed urethra to reduce the postop infection rate of hypospadias. To explore the standard of selecting tissue for urethra reconstruction by comparing the different inherent liability to infection in use of different kinds of tissue for urethra reconstruction.Neo-urethra inner wall and normal urethra were observed through urography and urethroscope. The tissue section of neo-urethra, normal urethra and tissue for urethra reconstruction were observed through light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.The structure and liability to infection of neo-urethra made of bladder mucosa, buccal mucosa or skin never changed after long time. Metaplasia never took place in neo-urethra.The structure and liability to infection of neo-urethra were the same as those of the congeneric tissue. Bladder or buccal mucosa is the best tissue for urethra reconstruction considering urethra microenvironment. Neo-urethra made of skin is more liable to infection by nature. The best opportunity of hypospadias operation should be before puberty.

To evaluate the result of urethral defect repair using freeze-dried acellular bladder submucosa.The freeze-dried acellular bladder submucosa was obtained from human cadaveric bladder submucosa using freeze-thawed enzymatic treatment and the freeze-drying technique. 18 male New Zealand rabbits were used in this experiment. A defect of 1.0 cm x 0.5 cm was created in the ventral urethra of the animal. The acellular matrix was grafted to the urethral defect in 14 rabbits. The other 4 animals underwent a sham operation as the controls. From postoperative one to twenty-four weeks, the animals underwent retrograde urethrography at certain intervals. The grafts of the acellular matrix were taken and prepared for histological evaluation.No obvious urethral stricture was observed in the 14 matrix-grafted animals. Histological examinations of the specimens showed progressive infiltration of cells and vascular vessels. Complete epithelization was obtained at 2 weeks. The orientation of collagen fibers in the matrix-grafted area tended to be regular with time.Freeze-dried acellular bladder submucosa may be a suitable material for urethral defect repair, which induces urethral mucous cells to migrate, grow and epithelialize.

This clinical study was to explore why the neo-urethra is liable to be infected after hypospadias operation, find the source and the common floras of infection, and accordingly, improve the peroperation procedures so as to reduce postoperative infection rate.The pathogenic floras were examined and analyzed by germiculture and karyotype analysis.The bacteria in the neo-urethra mostly came from the orifice and the reconstruction material of the urethra. The most common floras that caused infection were gram-positive coccus. The most sensitive antibiotics for hypospadias infection were demethylvancomycin.The postoperative infection of hypospadias is incisional, not the urinary system infection. Because the microenvironment of the neo-urethra is more suitable for infection than that of the skin or mucosa, the reconstructed urethra is likely to be infected.

To develop a method for the treatment of facial depression without incision scar.In repairing the facial depression, the ruptured subdermal adipocellular tissue was approximated and reunite with the buried-guided-suture method through an intraoral or a concealed skin incision.17 patients with facial depressions from trauma were treated. Postoperative follow-up of 10 patients for one year showed satisfactory results without recurrence.The buried-guided-suture method for repair of facial depression from trauma is simple, reliable and worth recommendation.

To investigate the treatment and possible pathogenesis of pachydermoperiostosis.Facelift was performed on five patients with pachydermoperiostosis. Histological studies were performed to check the affected skin for possible pathogenesis.After the surgery of facelift, appearances of the patients were markedly improved. Histological studies revealed significant changes in the skin, characterized by hyperplasia and thickening of the subcutaneous collagen, as well as an increase of PAS-positive substance.Alterations of fibroblast bioactivity might be responsible for the pathogenesis of pachydermoperiostosis. There have been no satisfying treatments to the disease. Facelift is a feasible method to improve the aging appearance of the patients.