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Using quantum molecular dynamics simulations, the equation of state and electrical conductivity of warm dense oxygen is calculated in the density and temperature ranges of 2.0–4.3 g/cm3 and 103–105 K, respectively. The simulations show that the dissociation of oxygen molecules at about 2000 K and 2.6 g/cm3 reaches 89%, and complex clusters form with increasing temperature and density. The dissociation of oxygen molecules significantly affects the electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of warm dense oxygen is greater than 105 S/m at pressures above 20 GPa and the oxygen is metallic, and then the electrical conductivity weakly dependent on pressure, up to 200 GPa. The density of states of liquid oxygen indicates conduction-state electron behavior in the warm dense matter regime.

This paper proposes an efficient method for joint power and subcarrier allocation in a multicell multiuser OFDMA downlink network. The joint optimization problem is formulated with the objective of maximizing the energy efficiency subject to the constraints on the quality of service in sum transmission rates for each cell and the total transmit power for the network. Due to intercell cochannel interferences and multiple variable coupling, the problem is intractable in its original form. To relax the difficulties in coordinating cochannel interferences, we introduce the tolerable interferences constraints for interference channels. To cope with the multiple variable coupling, we decompose the joint optimization problem into two iterative processes of user scheduling and a parametric convex optimization problem, where the energy efficiency is treated as the parameter and approached by bisection search. Then, by double dual decomposition, the parametric convex problem is transformed into Lagrangian dual problems at two levels of cells and subcarriers, and a decentralized solution is obtained in closed form. Based on the reformulations, an iterative subgradient algorithm is presented for approaching the joint optimization problem with acceptable complexity. Computer simulations are conducted to validate the proposed algorithm and examine the effects of various system parameters.

Recently, a lot of research has been focusing on the surface mounted microwave gyromagnetic devices fabricated by low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) technique [1-2]. LiZnTi-ferrite materials have been widely applied in microwave gyromagnetic devices, such as circulator, phase shifter in the electronically scanned phased array antennae, due to its low coercivity (Hc), appropriate saturation flux density (Bs) and dielectric constant, all of which can be tailored by various doping strategies [3]. But its high sintering temperature restrains its application in chip microwave gyromagnetic devices. Some low melting point glasses have been used to meet the requirements of sinterability for LTCC technology. The Li 2 O-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (LBS) glasses are usually used as a suitable additive for lowing the sintering temperature and dielectric loss of some microwave ceramics, making them suitable for LTCC application [4]. In this paper, the effects of Li 2 O-B 2 O 3 -SiO 2 (LBS) glass addition on the microstructures and properties of low-temperature fired LiTiZn-ferrites have been studied.

The structural and thermodynamic properties of the orthorhombic and cubic structure SrAl2 at pressure and temperature are investigated by using the ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory methodwithin the generalised gradient approximation (GGA). The calculated lattice parameters are in agreement with the available experimental data and other theoretical results. The phase transition predicted takes place at 0.5 GPa from the orthorhombic to the cubic structure at zero temperature. The thermodynamic properties of the zinc-blende structure SrAl2 are calculated by the quasi-harmonic Debye model. The pressure–volume relationship and the variations inthe thermal expansion α are obtained systematically in the pressure and temperature ranges of 0–5 GPa and 0–500 K, respectively.

SnO2 nanowires with a tetragonal structure were synthesized by thermal evaporation of tin grains at 900 °C. The obtained SnO2 nanowires were doped with Pt and Pd. The morphology, crystal structure, and H2 sensing properties of undoped, Pt-doped, and Pd-doped SnO2 nanowires were investigated. SnO2 nanowires were approximately 30–200 nm in diameter and several tens of micrometers in length. Gas sensors based on undoped, Pt-doped, and Pd-doped SnO2 nanowires showed a reversible response to H2 at an operating temperature of RT–300 °C. The response was improved in the order undoped < Pt-doped < Pd-doped SnO2 nanowire sensors under the same conditions. The highest response upon exposure to 1000 ppm H2 was 252.9 at 100 °C for Pd-doped SnO2 nanowire sensor. The results demonstrated that impurity doping improved the sensor response and lowered the operating temperature at which the sensor response was maximized.

The key technology of electric vehicle battery management lies in the battery state of charge (SOC) estimation, accurate and efficient estimation of SOC can provide the reference data for the control system of the electric vehicle in time. On the basis of the Ah measurement method, Calman filtering method, open circuit voltage method to estimate method, the estimation procedure to estimate the charged battery optimized Calman filtering method, effectively shorten the calculation process, improve the estimation accuracy, in the normal operation of electric vehicles under the influence of comprehensive consideration about the discharge voltage, battery temperature to estimate the state of charge, the Calman filter optimization algorithm, and its application in the electric vehicle battery management system. The experimental results show that, the algorithm can calculate the real-time high charge state of surplus value, provides a set of effective estimation scheme of calculating the battery charge state.

The electrical conductivity of warm dense tungsten plasma has been investigated successfully by a linear mixture rule considering various interactions of electrons with electrons, atoms, and ions. The plasma composition is calculated by the nonideal Saha equation. The interesting regime for tungsten plasma spans from weakly coupled and nondegenerate regime to strongly coupled and partial degenerate state. The electrical conductivity calculated is in reasonable agreement with the exploding wire experiments and other theoretical models. The present result demonstrates that the theoretical model is valid for the electrical conductivity of tungsten plasma in the warm dense matter regime.

Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a relatively new kind of matierials with excellent mechanical and durability performance compared with the conventional concrete. By making a comparison with the conventional concrete ,the compressive strength of UHPC may reach about 200MPa,which is its significant advantage and potential in applications of bridges. The performance of high tensile strength (especially with some steel fibers) enables the UHPC members to absorb energy and resist impulsive loading. In addition, because of the low porosity, the durability of the material is excellent. Based on collecting and analyzing international research results. the materials and production, and mechanical properties of UHPC were summarized. Together with a general introduction of existing international projects ,the summarization provides a comprehensive reference to further application and development of UHPC products.

For bridge structures using the traditional steel material, some problems are hard to solve, such as corrosion of steel bar and fatigue of steel deck. And the self-weight stress of the traditional high-strength steel as the material of cable stayed and suspension bridges will limit the main span and load-carrying. As a new type of high performance structural material, fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) has many advantages, such as small mass density, high tensile strength, excellent corrosion and fatigue resistant ability. Therefor in recent years, it has attracted much attention by the construction industry. In this paper, characteristics of FRP material are introduced and then applications of FRP material in bridge structures are discussed.

Since China developed technology, its exports of high-tech products increased rapidly. Whether trade comparative advantage in China is reversal? Is export structure optimized? This paper measure the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of technology of China and the U.S., and measure the export domestic added value comparative advantage (AVCA) based on non-competitive input-output model. The results show that China’s RCA has increased except special industries; the RCA exceed the U.S. in some technical industries; while the domestic value added coefficients are always less than American; compared with the U.S., RCA of different technologies after adjustments has decreased significantly in China

Various amounts of NiZn spinel ferrite (Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) were introduced into Co2Z hexagonal ferrite (Ba3Co2Fe24O41 ) by a solid-state reaction method. The phases, microstructures, and magnetic and dielectric properties have been investigated. The results show that the grain size is obviously changed with introducing of NiZn ferrite, and the saturation magnetization increases from 45 emu/g to 55 emu/g. Compared with undoped Co2Z ferrite, the samples doped 15 wt % and 20 wt % NiZn ferrite exhibit much stable μ' and e' spectrums with frequency. The quality factor is improved to about 80 and the dielectric loss is reduced to 0.005 at 100 MHz.

Bridge constructions of crossing wider sea straits allowed the span of suspension bridge to move forward unceasingly, but the self-weight stress of the traditional high-strength steel as the material of main cable accounted for the ratio of allowable stress would be increasing with the growth of main span. That would limit the main span and load-carrying efficiency. Due to its high tensile strength，small mass density，excellent corrosion and fatigue resistant ability, the carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) was the ideal material for the main cable of suspension bridge. In this paper the limitation spans of two suspension bridge systems were studied by the static analysis and the theoretical formula derived from the ultimate strength of the main cable.

Bridge constructions of crossing wider sea straits allow the span of suspension bridge to move forward unceasingly, but the self-weight stress of the traditional high-strength steel as the material of main cable accounts for the ratio of allowable stress will be increasing with the growth of main span.That will limit the main span and load-carrying efficiency.Due to its high tensile strength,small mass density,excellent corrosion and fatigue resistant ability,the carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) is the ideal material for the main cable of suspension bridge.In this paper, the feasibility of applying CFRP materials in the suspension bridges was proved and the applicable spans for the suspension bridges with CFRP cables were also provided.

Objective To investigate the indigenous lactobacilli from the vagina of pregnant women and to screen the isolates with antagonistic potential against pathogenic microorganisms. Methods The strains were isolated from pregnant women's vagina and identified using the API50CH system. The ability of the isolates to produce hydrogen peroxide was analyzed semi-quantitatively using the TMB-HRP-MRS agar. The antagonistic effects of the isolates on pathogenic microorganisms were determined with a double layer agar plate. Results One hundred and three lactobacilli strains were isolated from 60 samples of vaginal secretion from healthy pregnant women. Among them, 78 strains could produce hydrogen peroxide, in which 68%, 80%, 80%, and 88% had antagonistic effects against Candida albicans CMCC98001, Staphylococcus aureus CMCC26003, Escherichia coli CMCC44113, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMCC10110, respectively. Conclusion The recovery of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli decreases with the increasing pregnant age and time. The most commonly isolated species from vagina of Chinese pregnant women are Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus . Most of L. acidophilus and L. crispatus produce a high H 2 O 2 level.

Tumor-targeting bacteria have been investigated intensively in recent years as anticancer agents. To ensure the reliability of infection, bacteria have conventionally been injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into animals or humans. However, systemic infection of bacteria is rather inconvenient and carries the risk of obvious toxicity. Here we tested whether Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, a tumor-targeting strain, could be administrated orally for tumor therapy. Tumor-targeting potential, antitumor effects, as well as toxicity of orally administrated VNP20009 were investigated in this study. Oral delivery of VNP20009 not only exhibited high tumor-targeting potential, but also led to a significant anticancer effect by delaying tumor growth and prolonging survival in murine tumor models. As part of combination therapy, orally administrated bacteria notably improved the antitumor effect of cyclophosphamide. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that VNP20009 significantly induced tumor cell apoptosis. No obvious toxicity was observed during the treatments with oral inoculation of VNP20009. Comparative analysis of toxicity in tumor-bearing and tumor-free mice further revealed that orally administrated Salmonella had high safety compared to conventional systemic infection of bacteria. The findings indicated that oral administration of tumor-targeting bacteria is effective and safe. This approach provides a novel avenue in the application of bacteria as a potential antitumor agent.

Chemotherapy for cancer is partly limited by the inability of drugs to act on poorly vascularized or avascularized areas of tumors. Tumor-targeting bacteria are capable of preferentially replicating in these poorly perfused regions. Some strains have been combined with chemotherapeutic agents and the results have been promising. However, no systematic work has been carried out to test the effect of bacteria on clinical modes of chemotherapy, such as standard maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and novel low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy. Here Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 was combined with cyclophosphamide (CTX) at both MTD and LDM schedules in a murine melanoma model. The results showed that VNP20009 significantly improved the effects of all forms of CTX treatments. The combination of VNP20009 and CTX led to a more significant decrease in tumor microvessel density and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level, compared with either treatment alone. Furthermore, combination therapy remarkably increased the number of bacteria within tumors when compared with bacteria treatment alone. These findings suggest that tumor-targeting bacteria, in conjunction with CTX at standard MTD and LDM regimens, might be of clinical value for the treatment of melanoma.

The effects of WO 3 addition on the electromagnetic properties of NiCuZn ferrite prepared by usual ceramic technology were investigated. Experimental results show that the substitution of W 6+ ions in NiCuZn ferrite can improve not only electromagnetic properties but also microstructures of sintered ceramic. Along with the reduction of average grain size, pores at grain boundaries decrease with the increasing WO 3 contents. The real part of complex permittivity e ′ and the bulk density increase with the increasing amount of W 6+ ions. Meanwhile, the resonance frequency increases on the condition of deterioration of the real part of complex permeability μ ′ .

The growth of tumor is angiogenesis-dependent and it often contains hypoxia and necrotic areas. Salmonella VNP20009 could target and replicate in hypoxia and necrotic areas within tumor and induce antitumor effect. Angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin could reduce tumor angiogenesis and inhibit its growth. However, in the phase I trials of VNP20009 and endostatin at the maximum-tolerated dose, no antitumor effects for bacteria therapy and minor therapeutic effects for endostatin treatment were seen. The ineffectiveness of these agents in clinical trials suggests that the combination of these agents with synergic modalities might be necessary. Here we described antitumor effects mediated by the combination of VNP20009 with recombinant human endostatin in B16F10 murine melanoma model with the aim to exploit tumor-targeting of bacteria and anti-angiogenesis strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Combination therapy of these agents significantly enhanced antitumor effects by inducing greater tumor growth inhibition, more severe tumor tissue necrosis as well as less blood vessel density than those induced by either of treatments. The findings suggest that the combination of tumor-targeting bacteria with angiogenesis inhibitor might be of value for the treatment of solid tumors.

The lattice parameters, phase transition, and thermodynamic properties of OsN2in pyrite and fluorite structure are investigated by first-principles calculations. The pressure and temperature induced phase transitions of OsN2from fluorite structure to pyrite structure have been obtained. It is found that the transition pressure of OsN2at zero temperature is 158.2 GPa, and there exists no transition temperature. In addition, the thermal expansion, the Debye temperature, and the Grüneisen parameter in diverse pressures and temperatures about these two structures have also been obtained. Key words: transition phase; thermodynamic properties; OsN2PACS numbers: 71.15.Mb, 64.70.Kb

High‐speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with evaporative light scattering detection, was applied to the separation of saponins from notoginseng, the main root of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen. Five individual dammarane saponins have been isolated with the solvent systems composed of CHCl3/MeOH/2‐BuOH/H2O (5:6:1:4, v/v/v/v) and EtOAc/1‐BuOH/H2O (1:1:2, v/v/v), successively. They were identified as ginsenoside‐Rg1, ginsenoside‐Rd, notoginsenoside‐R1, ginsenoside‐Re, and ginsenoside‐Rb1 by FAB‐MS and 13C NMR, together with HPLC and TLC analysis.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), is one of the most common human malignancies in south China, it has the highest recurrence rate and treatment resistance. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NPC relapse and treatment tolerance are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of NEDD8 and NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor (MLN4924) on NPC were studied both in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining of 197 NPC tissues revealed an elevated NEDD8 expression as an unfavorable independent factor in overall survival and disease-free survival rates. NEDD8 expression was positively correlated with a high risk of death and positivity of lymph node metastasis. Depleted NEDD8 expression by shRNA and inhibited by specific inhibitor MLN4924 dramatically suppressed cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, while ectopic NEDD8 exhibited opposing effects. NEDD8 affected cancer stem cell phenotypes of NPC as assessed in vitro using the cell number of side population (SP) by flow cytometry analysis, colony formation assay, sphere formation assay, and tumor initiation ability in vivo. Downregulation of NEDD8 enhanced the susceptibility of NPC cells to cisplatin and radiation. Moreover, we found that MLN4924 suppressed c-Jun degradation in human NPC cells. Taken together, this report revealed that NEDD8 may act as a novel prognostic marker and MLN4924 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for patients with NPC.

The equilibrium structure and electronic properties of four ultrathin free-standing pentagonal and hexagonal noble metal nanowires, that is, copper nanowires (CuNWs), silver nanowires (AgNWs), gold nanowires (AuNWs) and platinum nanowires (PtNWs), have been studied comprehensively by adopting a first-principles simulation based on the density-functional theory. The staggered topologies are more stable than the eclipsed ones by analyzing the bonding energy. The staggered ones with a linear atom chain in the center of the pentagonal or hexagons topologies are the preferred structures for CuNWs and AgNWs, but the staggered ones without a linear atom chain in the center of the pentagon or hexagon are the preferred structures for AuNWs and PtNWs due to the increasing core–core repulsions. The calculated electronic band structures and density of states present that all the noble metal nanowires are metallic. The projected densities of states (PDOS) of dominant d-states and the charge density show that the narrower d-state moved to the Fermi energy and metallic bonding character for all the noble metal nanowires.

Tumor-targeting bacteria have been developed as powerful anticancer agents. Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009, a representative tumor-targeting strain, has been systemically administered as a single-agent therapy at doses of 1 x 10(6) to 3 x 10(6) colony-forming unit (cfu)/mouse, or in combination with other antitumor agents at doses of 1 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(5) cfu/mouse. Recently, we reported that oral delivery of VNP20009 at the dose of 1 x 10(9) cfu/mouse induced significant anticancer effects comparable to that induced by systemic administration of this strain at 1 x 10(4) cfu/mouse. To further address the efficacy and safety of oral administration of bacteria, here we performed a systemically comparative analysis of anticancer efficacy and toxicity of VNP20009 administered: (i) orally at a dose of 1 x 10(9) cfu/mouse (VNP9-oral); (ii) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 x 10(4) cfu/mouse (VNP4-i.p.); or (iii) intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 x 10(6) cfu/mouse in tumor-free and tumor-bearing murine models. The results showed that VNP9-oral, similar to VNP4-i.p., induced significant tumor growth inhibition whereas VNP6-i.p. induced better anticancer effect in the B16F10 melanoma model. Among three treatments, VNP9-oral induced the mildest and reversible toxicity whereas VNP6-i.p. resulted in the most serious and irreversible toxicities when compared to other two treatments. Moreover, the combination of VNP9-oral with a low dose of chemotherapeutics produced comparable antitumor effects but displayed significantly reduced toxicity when compared to VNP6-i.p. The findings demonstrated that oral administration, as a novel avenue in the application of bacteria, is highly safe and effective. Moreover, the present preclinical study should facilitate the optimization of bacterial therapies with improved anticancer efficacy and reduced adverse effects in future clinical trials.

Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of cancer. The success of the strategy relies on effective gene transfer into tumor microenvironments. Although a variety of gene delivery vehicles, such as viral vectors, has been developed, most of them suffer from some limitations, including inadequate tumor targeting, inefficient gene transfer, and potential toxicity. This situation suggests that it is necessary to develop novel vectors for effective tumor-targeted gene transfer. The discovery of tumor-targeting bacteria has spurred interest in the use of these bacteria as gene transfer vectors. In this review, we focus on the current status of the development of bacterial vectors for cancer gene therapy and highlight some of the directions that the field may take.

Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of cancer. The success of the strategy relies on effective gene transfer into tumor microenvironments. Although a variety of gene delivery vehicles, such as viral vectors, has been developed, most of them suffer from some limitations, including inadequate tumor targeting, inefficient gene transfer, and potential toxicity. This situation suggests that it is necessary to develop novel vectors for effective tumor-targeted gene transfer. The discovery of tumor-targeting bacteria has spurred interest in the use of these bacteria as gene transfer vectors. In this review, we focus on the current status of the development of bacterial vectors for cancer gene therapy and highlight some of the directions that the field may take.

To study the antibiotic susceptibility of eleven vaginal probiotic lactobacilli, the disc diffusion method in LAPTg agars was performed. The results had shown that all strains were resistance to tobramycin, lomefloxacin, nalidixic scid, ofloxacin, enoxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and fleroxacin. Thereof eight were resistance to sparfloxacin, six were resistance to gentamicin and netilmicin. All the lactobacilli were sensitive to -lactamade inhibitors and macrolides whereas resistant to tinidazole. Therefore, the susceptibility to some antibiotics presented similar. On the other hand, the sensitivity to other antibiotics depended on strains. Our results indicated that resistant strains of lactobacilli against tinidazole could be combinated with tinidazole for the restoration of the normal urogenital flora and curing of urinary tract infections or bacterial vaginosis.

In this paper, the effects of different additives, calcining temperatures and mixing process on Z-phase transformation mechanism during sintering, microstructure and magnetic properties were investigated. The Z-type hexaferrite, Ba3Co0.8Zn1.2Fe24O41 ((Co0.4Zn0.6)2Z), was prepared by solid-state reaction method.

On the base of obtaining the full length genome sequence of a Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from goose, the minigenome was constructed by replacing all the encoding region with the reporter gene of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), except the virus regulating sequences relating to replication, transcription and packing of virus genome. The reporter gene could be expressed after it was transfected into the HEp-2 cells infected with helper virus of NDV. This result indicated that the minigenome could be translated by the NDV NP, P and L proteins provided by helper virus. Furthermore, the support plasmids expressing NDV NP, P and L protein were constructed respectively and the function of these plasmids was identified using the minigenome. Additionally, the virus rescue system was optimized by changing the infection dose of the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase. The work mentioned above will accelerate greatly the rescue of NDV and other relative research.

Using analytical grade metal oxides, the ferrite is prepared by ceramic technology. The powders are calcined and then mixed with ferroelectric component and other chemical dopants. The mixtures are pressed into toroids and pellets respectively and then sintered. The sintered ceramic microstructures are investigated by X-ray diffraction with CuK/sub a/ radiation and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bulk densities are measured by Archimedes method. In addition, Quality factor, complex permeability and permittivity are measured by an impedance analyzer.

To characterize retinal functional consequences of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of experimental glaucoma.Unilateral elevation of IOP was produced by hypertonic saline injection into an episcleral vein in 20 adult male Brown-Norway rats. IOP was measured in both eyes of awake animals four to five times per week. After 5 weeks, animals were dark adapted overnight (12 hours) and full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained simultaneously from both eyes. Scotopic ERG stimuli were brief white flashes (-6.64-2.72 log cd-s/m(2)). Photopic responses were also obtained (0.97-2.72 log cd-s/m(2)) after 15 minutes of light adaptation (150 cd/m(2)). Eyes were processed the following day for histologic evaluation by light microscopy, including masked determination of optic nerve injury grade (ONIG; 1, normal; 5, severe, diffuse damage).Among experimental eyes, the group average IOP (+/-SD) was 34.5 +/- 4.1 mm Hg, whereas the average for control eyes was 28.1 +/- 0.5 mm Hg (t = 7.1, P0.0001). The average ONIG for experimental and control eye groups, respectively, was 3.4 +/- 1.7 and 1.0 +/- 0.02 (t = 6.3, P0.0001). The ONIG increased with mean IOP in experimental eyes (r(2) = 0.78, P0.0001) and was unrelated to mean IOP in control eyes (r(2) = 0.09, P = 0.18). In experimental eyes with relatively mild IOP elevation (mean IOP31 mm Hg) and no structural (histologic) damage to the optic nerve evident by light microscopy (ONIG = 1.1 +/- 0.2, n = 5), there was a selective reduction of the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR; P0.001), whereas other ERG components remained unaltered. In four of the five eyes, pSTR amplitude was reduced by more than 50%, whereas all five had normal scotopic a-wave, b-wave, and OP amplitudes. Eyes with mean IOP of more than 35 mm Hg had reduced a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes.As demonstrated by prior studies, selective loss of the pSTR is indicative of selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury. In this rat model of experimental glaucoma, selective RGC functional injury occurred before the onset of structural damage, as assessed by light microscopy of optic nerve tissue. The highest IOP levels resulted in nonselective functional loss. Thus, in rodent models of experimental glaucoma, lower levels of chronically elevated IOP may be more relevant to human primary chronic glaucoma.