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Based on the model experiment on seismic behavior of a 1-span, 2-story concrete-filled rectangular steel tubal (CFRST) frame under lateral cyclic loads, a 3-D nonlinear finite element model of concrete-filled rectangular steel tubular frame is proposed in the paper. Compared with the experimental hysteresis curve, the computational results are found to be accurate, which shows that this model proposed in the paper can be applied in structure analysis of concrete-filled rectangular tubular frames. So the model was used in the finite element analysis of concrete-filled rectangular frame with different axial load level. Compared the computational displacement envelop curves, it concludes that the ductility and bearing capacity of CFRST frames reduces with the increasing axial load level.

Fig wasps exhibit extreme intraspecific morphological divergence in the wings, compound eyes, antennae, body color and size. Corresponding to this, behaviors and lifestyles between two sexes are also different: females can emerge from fig and fly to other fig tree to oviposit and pollinate, while males live inside fig for all their lifetime. Genetic regulation may drive these extreme intraspecific morphological and behavioral divergence. Transcription factors (TFs) involved in morphological development and physiological activity may exhibit sex-specific expressions. Herein, we detect 865 TFs by using genomic and transcriptomic data of the fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi. Analyses of transcriptomic data indicated that up-regulated TFs in females show significant enrichment in development of the wing, eye and antenna in all stages, from larva to adult. Meanwhile, TFs related to the development of a variety of organs display sex-specific patterns of expression in the adults and these may contribute significantly to their sexual dimorphism. In addition, up-regulated TFs in adult males exhibit enrichment in genitalia development and circadian rhythm, which correspond with mating and protandry. This finding is consistent with their sex-specific behaviors. In conclusion, our results strongly indicate that TFs play important roles in the sexual dimorphism of fig wasps.

Background Fig pollinating wasps form obligate symbioses with their fig hosts. This mutualism arose approximately 75 million years ago. Unlike many other intimate symbioses, which involve vertical transmission of symbionts to host offspring, female fig wasps fly great distances to transfer horizontally between hosts. In contrast, male wasps are wingless and cannot disperse. Symbionts that keep intimate contact with their hosts often show genome reduction, but it is not clear if the wide dispersal of female fig wasps will counteract this general tendency. We sequenced the genome of the fig wasp Ceratosolen solmsi to address this question. Results The genome size of the fig wasp C. solmsi is typical of insects, but has undergone dramatic reductions of gene families involved in environmental sensing and detoxification. The streamlined chemosensory ability reflects the overwhelming importance of females finding trees of their only host species, Ficus hispida, during their fleeting adult lives. Despite long-distance dispersal, little need exists for detoxification or environmental protection because fig wasps spend nearly all of their lives inside a largely benign host. Analyses of transcriptomes in females and males at four key life stages reveal that the extreme anatomical sexual dimorphism of fig wasps may result from a strong bias in sex-differential gene expression. Conclusions Our comparison of the C. solmsi genome with other insects provides new insights into the evolution of obligate mutualism. The draft genome of the fig wasp, and transcriptomic comparisons between both sexes at four different life stages, provide insights into the molecular basis for the extreme anatomical sexual dimorphism of this species.

The long-term tower-based eddy covariance measurements of CO2/H2O fluxes are carried out in a temperate mature forest in Northeast China. The current study investigates the atmospheric (net radiation and vapour pressure deficit) and vegetation (surface conductance) controls of the evapotranspiration (ET) within the two observational years with different water conditions. The results show that the ET during the short dry season of 2004 was higher than that during the wet season of 2005. The ET is mainly driven by the meteorological factor of vapour pressure deficit. The mixed forest did not show clear signs of ET suppression during the summer drought because of its slightly reduced surface conductance, whereas its water demands from the atmosphere significantly increased. Thus, the annual ET slightly varied (416 2 to 462 1mm) despite the large interannual variation in precipitation (488 7 to 761 6mm). The 0–100 cm deep soil water storages are important sources of water supply for ET during dry seasons. The findings of this study suggest that the possible reduction in precipitation under future climate change scenarios with invariable or even enhanced ET will decrease the replenishment of groundwater and outflow and, consequently, the downstream water supply. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Today, workflow based software model has become mainstream to many application system developments. However, in most of these applications, their workflow procedures are fixed in their source code, this is not only restricts to the enterprises changing their working procedures to adapting the market requirements, but also limits the dynamic changes, scalability and adaptation of the system itself. Here, by research on the workflow technologies, direct acyclic graph (DAG) technologies, component technologies and XML technologies, it introduces a component and direct acyclic graph based dynamic workflow design, to improve the workflow based system dynamic changes and scalability.

Background To date, biologists have discovered a large amount of valuable information from assembled genomes, but the abundant microbial data that is hidden in the raw genomic sequence data of plants and animals is usually ignored. In this study, the richness and composition of fungal community were determined in the raw genomic sequence data of Ceratosolen solmsi (RGSD-CS). Results To avoid the interference from sequences of C. solmsi, the unmapped raw data (about 17.1%) was obtained by excluding the assembled genome of C. solmsi from RGSD-CS. Comparing two fungal reference datasets, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) of rRNA, the ITS dataset discovered a more diverse fungal community and was therefore selected as the reference dataset for evaluating the fungal community based on the unmapped raw data. The threshold of 95% sequence identity revealed many more matched fungal reads and fungal richness in the unmapped raw data than those by identities above 95%. Based on the threshold of 95% sequence identity, the fungal community of RGSD-CS was primarily composed of Saccharomycetes (88.4%) and two other classes (Agaricomycetes and Sordariomycetes, 8.3% in total). Compared with the fungal community of other reported fig wasps, Agaricomycetes and Eurotiomycetes were found to be unique to C. solmsi. In addition, the ratio of total fungal reads to RGSD-CS was estimated to be at least 4.8 × 10−3, which indicated that a large amount of fungal data was contained in RGSD-CS. However, rarefaction measure indicated that a deeper sequencing coverage with RGSD-CS was required to discover the entire fungal community of C. solmsi. Conclusion This study investigated the richness and composition of fungal community in RGSD-CS and provided new insights into the efficient study of microbial diversity using raw genomic sequence data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0370-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.