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Methyl 2-furoate (FAME2) is a model for the potential renewable biofuel of dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate, with the development of its new synthesis method. The potential energy surfaces of H-abstractions and OH-additions between FAME2 and hydroxyl radical (OH) were studied using CCSD(T)/CBS//M062X/cc-pVTZ. The subsequent isomerization and decomposition reactions were also determined for the primary radicals produced. The results showed that H-abstraction on the branched methyl group was the dominant channel and that the OH-addition reactions on the furan ring had a significant pressure dependency. The rate coefficients presented here provide important kinetic data to support future improvement of the combustion mechanism of FAME2, and present a sound basis for further research into practical fuels.

The aim of this study was assessing the mechanism of nanometric bone pulp activated with double gene as bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in improving the strength of centrum in osteoporosis (OP). The model of nanometric bone pulp activated with BMP-1 and VEGF double gene was established and validated. Under maximum condition of load and collapsed fragments, the model was analyzed through biomechanical test. The conditions for ALP, BGP, MLL and BMD in the model were also analyzed, and three-dimensional structural transformation was analyzed. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the effect of adding or not adding dual gene activated nano-bone stickers on OC-specific protein and mRNA; ELISA kits were used to detect the changes of RANKL pathway RANKL, OPG and TRACP5b. The maximum conformed quality and condensed intensity were strengthened with the nanometric bone pulp activated with BMP-1 and VEGF double gene. The maximum load in centrum was extremely elevated in the model, and the condition of ALP and its effect on bone was partly improved in the model. The precision and efficiency in the quality of BMD were continuously decreased. The BMD and MLF were strengthened notably in the model, and their effect on the bone was extremely improved. There was tight displayed model of trabecular in centrum and porosity was also continuously reduced. After adding the double-gene activated nano-bone stickers, the results from qRTPCR and Western blot showed that the changes of osteoclast-related genes and protein expressions were significantly down-regulated. The nanometric bone pulp activated with BMP-1 and VEGF double gene was one of ideal filled criterion. The BMD and bone strength were also elevated.

In order to meet the requirements of traffic safety and energy-saving in tunnel, a “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” energy-saving control system is proposed. The tunnel lighting control system is designed based on “Guidelines for Design of Lighting of Highway Tunnels (China)” (JTG/T D70/2-01-2014). Firstly, when the approach of a vehicle is detected by the vehicle detectors, the demand luminance of tunnel interior is calculated based on changes of tunnel exterior environmental luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speeds. Then the actual luminance is calculated based on road surveillance images, the incremental PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) method was adopted to ensure the actual luminance meet the requirements of tunnel lighting. Further, when there are no vehicles in tunnel, the LEDs will be adjusted to their minimum luminance for energy-saving. The operation results show the tunnel lighting control system contributes to reduce electric energy consumption.

Neuron-restrictive silencer factor–induced downregulation of μ-opioid receptor is involved in the reduction of morphine analgesia in sarcoma-induced bone cancer pain., Bone cancer pain has been reported to have unique mechanisms and is resistant to morphine treatment. Recent studies have indicated that neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) plays a crucial role in modulating the expression of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) gene. The present study elucidates the regulatory mechanisms of MOR and its ability to affect bone cancer pain. Using a sarcoma-inoculated murine model, pain behaviors that represent continuous or breakthrough pain were evaluated. Expression of NRSF in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn was quantified at the transcriptional and translational levels, respectively. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect NRSF binding to the promoter of MOR. Furthermore, NRSF was genetically knocked out by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, and the expression of MOR and the effect of morphine were subsequently analyzed. Our results indicated that in a sarcoma murine model, NRSF expression is upregulated in dorsal root ganglion neurons, and the expression of NRSF mRNA is significantly negatively correlated with MOR mRNA expression. Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that NRSF binding to the neuron-restrictive silencer element within the promoter area of the MOR gene is promoted with a hypoacetylation state of histone H3 and H4. Furthermore, genetically knocking down NRSF with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide rescued the expression of MOR and potentiated the systemic morphine analgesia. The present results suggest that in sarcoma-induced bone cancer pain, NRSF-induced downregulation of MOR is involved in the reduction of morphine analgesia. Epigenetically, up-regulation of MOR could substantially improve the effect of system delivery of morphine.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of correlated color temperature (CCT) of LED light source on human vision performance in mesopic region. First, six CCTs (3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5700, and 6500 K) were assessed using mesopic photometry model MES-2. The calculation results indicated that the mesopic luminance had a positive correlation with CCT. Then, reaction time experiment was conducted in an experimental box designed to simulate the mesopic application environments. Ten observers of different ages and gender participated to make response after target appears under different lighting conditions. Experiment results showed that reaction time had a negative correlation with CCT, which is coherent with that the mesopic luminance increased with the increasing of CCT.

This letter introduces a reconfigurable circularly polarized (CP) cross-dipole antenna fabricated on a double-layered printed circuit board (PCB) substrate for 2.45GHz ISM band wireless communications. Unlike conventional cross-dipole antennas, the proposed cross dipole is designed with wide open ends such that both impedance and axial-ratio (AR) bandwidths are enhanced. In addition, to excite the CP radiation effectively, a curved-delay line providing an orthogonal phase difference among the cross-dipole elements is attached at the corners of the sequentially rotated elements. By choosing a proper radius of the curved-delay line, a wide input impedance of the antenna can be realized. In order to achieve polarization reconfiguration, diodes are added to the curved-delay line. The phase difference between the two orthogonal dipoles can be changed by controlling the current on the diode. The antenna is center-fed by a 50- coaxial cable and is placed above a square reflector to obtain a directional CP radiation pattern. With the advantage of centered feed, symmetric CP radiation patterns can be achieved across the entire operating bandwidth. An impedance bandwidth of about 43% (2.08GHz~3.22GHz) when the antenna operates in the left-hand circular polarization state, and simulated results of the impedance bandwidth of about45% (2.06GHz~3.2GHz). The AR bandwidth of about 31.1% (2.28GHz~3.12GHz). An impedance bandwidth of about 44% (2.1GHz~3.3GHz) when the antenna operates in the righthand circular polarization state, and simulated results of the impedance bandwidth of about47% (2.07GHz~3.35GHz). The AR bandwidth of about28.5% (2.35GHz~3.13GHz).

Cascade compensation mechanism was designed to improve the dynamical performance of traffic flow system. Two compensation methods were used to study unit step response in time domain and frequency characteristics with different parameters. The overshoot and phase margins are proportional to the compensation parameter in an underdamped condition. Through the comparison we choose the phase-lead compensation method as the main strategy in suppressing the traffic jam. The simulations were conducted under two boundary conditions to verify the validity of the compensator. The conclusion can be drawn that the stability of the system is strengthened with increased phase-lead compensation parameter. Moreover, the numerical simulation results are in good agreement with analytical results.

This paper presents an intelligent control method for tunnel lighting based on traffic volume. The monitoring data for a period of 12 days of the Chibai tunnel (located in the Jilin province of China) under different weather conditions was selected as the case study. The data used in the analysis included traffic volume, vehicle speed, the time of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) operating at their lowest luminance level, and the average time interval between two consecutive vehicles. The traffic flow analysis indicated that the tunnel has a relatively heavy traffic volume in the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) and a relatively low traffic volume in the nighttime (12:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m.). Thus, we propose a tunnel lighting control method that distinguishes day and night operational strategies. In the daytime, the luminance of tunnel zones depends on tunnel exterior luminance, traffic volume and vehicle speed regardless of vehicle presence. In the night, the “vehicle in, light brightens; vehicle out, light darkens” control method is adopted for the tunnel luminance, which depends on vehicle presence.

An improved forward considering car-following model was proposed to describe the automated vehicle's flow behavior. A theorem was proved as a criterion for judging the stability of homogenous automated vehicles flow. The greater forward considering vehicles' number means more stability. A series of simulations were carried out to verify the new model and analyze the stability of automated flow. From the numerical simulation results, the profiles of the automated vehicles and density waves were exhibited. The results are well in accordance with the theoretical results. Moreover, the fundamental diagrams were obtained from the simulation data. The varying parameters of automated vehicles affect traffic flux, which exhibits opposite trend with double varying parameters before and after the critical density. In general, the forward considering vehicles' number before the current vehicles influence the stability and operating state of the automated flow.

Traffic jam has caused serious environmental pollution problem to our daily life nowadays. To make clear the effects of different traffic flow drivers' type influence on traffic carbon-dioxide(i.e. CO 2 ) emission, we first modified the traditional coupled-mapping traffic flow car following model, that the driver's sensitivity factor obeys mathematic statistical probability distribution, and deduced the model's stability condition. In our traffic flow theoretical model, two following vehicle's acceleration running equation incorporated the full velocity difference between the successive running vehicles. Secondly, based on modern system control theory, a system controller with delay-feedback part was designed to suppress traffic congestion and traffic emission. To support our theoretical supposition and model, we made many numerical simulations with computer software. The simulation conclusions showed that our heterogeneous traffic flow system is much easy to produce CO 2 emission than homogeneous one. While a proper traffic signal controller can produce good effect on suppressing traffic jam and traffic CO 2 emission.

This paper aims to develop a framework for vehicle type classification using convolutional neural network based on vehicle rear view images. Compared with the extraction of the appearance features from vehicle side view and frontal view images, there has been relatively little research on vehicle type classification by using vehicle rear view images' information. The vehicle rear view images are detected from the traffic video frames. The image is normalized to the fixed size of 32∗32 pixels, and then through the removing-mean operation, the normalized image is sent into the trained network. As the last layer of the neural network, the softmax classifier can output the probability that the input image belongs to a certain type of vehicle. The experimental result shows that compared with traditional pattern recognition method, our algorithm performs better and eventually achieves the accuracy of 97.88% in vehicle type classification.

Considering the problems of low recognition rate and poor robustness in traditional recognition algorithms, we propose a license plate character recognition algorithm based on convolution neural network. In this paper, we adopt a coarse-to-fine strategy for designing the network architecture. Through the convolutional layers and pooling layers, features of input images will be extracted and then sent into the fully-connected layer for classification. We also employ two different forms of data set extension which efficiently improved the generalization ability of the network. The experimental result shows that, compared with BP and SVM algorithms, our algorithm performs better and eventually achieves the accuracy of 98.7%.

Both of the carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and mean platelet volume (MPV) may add to the risk of atherosclerosis for predicting cardiovascular events. It is not known, however, whether there is an association between them in diabetes patients. The aim of the study was to detect the relationship between the level of mean platelet volume and the carotid artery intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to determine the correlation of MPV with body mass index (BMI), duration of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), serum uric acid (UA), ankle-brachial index (ABI), history of hypertension, and smoking in diabetic patients, respectively. A total of 128 subjects were enrolled into this study, who admitted consecutively to our clinic from January 1, 2013 to January 30, 2014. They were divided into three groups according to their IMT: normal IMT group (A, IMT ≦1.1 mm, n = 26), IMT thickness group (B, IMT >1.1 mm, n = 45), IMT thickening with plaque group (C, n = 57). A significant difference with respect to BMI, HBA1c, TG, HDL-C, CRP, UA, FBG, ABI, and cigarette use between the study groups was not found (P > 0.05). MPV was significantly higher in group A as compared to both group B and group C (7.94 ± 0.97 fl, 7.24 ± 0.71 fl, 7.03 ± 0.79 fl, respectively, P〈0.001), MPV had a high positive correlation with IMT (P〈0.001) and age, as with TC and LDL-C (P〈0.05). The level of MPV content decreased as the diabetic macroangiopathy progressed. Level of MPV was correlated with IMT in diabetic patients. MPV might be a useful marker for detecting atherosclerosis risk in diabetic patients.

To study the signal control strategy for reducing traffic emission theoretically, we first presented a kind of discrete traffic flow model with relative speed term based on traditional coupled map car-following model. In the model, the relative speed difference between two successive running cars is incorporated into following vehicle’s acceleration running equation. Then we analyzed its stability condition with discrete control system stability theory. Third, we designed a delay-feedback controller to suppress traffic jam and decrease traffic emission based on modern controller theory. Last, numerical simulations are made to support our theoretical results, including the comparison of models’ stability analysis, the influence of model type and signal control on CO 2 emissions. The results show that the temporal behavior of our model is superior to other models, and the traffic signal controller has good effect on traffic jam suppression and traffic CO 2 emission, which fully supports the theoretical conclusions.

Using the C - C method to reconstruct the phase space of wind power time series, get the maximum wind power time series Lyapunov exponent, confirmed that the wind power time series have chaotic characteristics. Followed by the radial basis function (RBF) neural network model for wind power chaotic local multi-step prediction, results show that the prediction effect is better than that of the predicted effect of 48 hours for 24 hours.

A speed feedback control mechanism was introduced into the system to improve the dynamical performance of the traffic flow. The modern control theory was used to analyze the stability of the system. It is found that the stability region varies with the feedback coefficient proportionally. In addition, the unit step responses in time domain and phase–frequency curves in frequency domain were given with different feedback coefficients in step response diagram and Bode diagram respectively. The overshoot and phase margins are inversely proportional to the speed feedback coefficients in an underdamped condition. The simulations were conducted to verify the validity of the improvement. The conclusion can be drawn that the analytical result and the simulation result are in good agreement with each other.

Traffic flow system’s stability analysis can be seen as a typical control system problem, which has three kinds of damping ratio properties from the viewpoint of control theory. To discover the damping ratio characteristics of traffic flow system under sudden outer impulse, firstly, we proposed a new method to build the traffic flow model based on state space theory. Secondly, we deduced one form of state transfer matrix from system closed-loop transfer function reversely. Lastly, we fully investigated the proportional–differential effects in the traffic car-following model system analytically and numerically. For unsteady traffic flow system with the proportional–differential (PD) term, in order to suppress the traffic jam, we derived a kind of decoupled delay-feedback control algorithm, which used H ∞ -norm and the numerical simulation method to find the feedback gain k and delay time τ . The traffic flow system’s transient performance formula was presented with and without PD term, and we found out the important impact of PD term on traffic flow system’ stability. The numerical simulation results substantiate our theoretical and analytical results.

Using melamine formaldehyde (MF) microspheres as hard templates and silica colloid as shell precursors, core-shell structures of silica-coated MF microspheres were prepared by the electrostatic adsorption process or spray drying inspired in-situ coating and drying process. Furthermore, nanometer- and micrometer-sized silica hollow spheres were obtained by calcinations in air. The influence of preparation methods and ratio of silica colloid to MF microspheres on the composition, the morphology and size of the core-shell intermediates and the hollow spheres were studied with FTIR, SEM and TEM techniques.

The parallel grooved multi-layer winding drum can wind rapidly and reliably compared to traditional multi-layer winding drum, because of the special groove which is generated by circular and helical motion. The present paper represented the key winding stage for parallel grooved drum was the helical motion in first circle on the second layer, and the stage was simulated in ADAMS under several factors as fleet angle, winding linear velocity and rope tension. Taguchi method was adopted to estimate the winding performance through two simulation outputs, including the time delay compared to ideal time and the sum of amplitude error during the delayed time. Experiment was applied by considering more factors than that in ADAMS, and the experiment results could verify the validity of simulation in ADAMS. The simulation and experiment results showed that the optimal winding performance could be obtained with certain combination of factors.

Only the basic wall thickness of drum is taken under consideration in traditional parallel grooved drum strength analysis, which is quite conservative for ignoring the thickness of the groove. So in this paper, it is aimed at comparing the strength simulation results for two drum models with and without the thickness of the groove and analyzing the stress distribution of the drum structure, which provides reference for the structure design and optimization of the drum.

The paper mainly studies the available transfer capability of wind farm incorporated power system, and proposes an on-line calculating method considering many uncertain factors. First based on continuation power flow, an improved algorithm of the key constraint by linear prediction is proposed so as to obtain deterministic ATC with the expansion power flow equation. Then Monte Carlo simulation is used which takes many uncertain factors into considerations, such as wind speed, the random fault of generators and lines, the fluctuation of generators and load, etc. With hierarchical clustering algorithm, the samples with the same key constraint can be divided into one category without repeatedly predicting key constraint, so the probabilistic ATC in all kinds of conditions can be got rapidly and precisely. Finally a case study demonstrates the validity and superiority of method proposed in this paper. The research could be a valuable reference to power market operations and wind farm planning.

Traffic overflow has great negative impact on normal traffic flow. Improper time setting and offset, even more right turn input traffic flow can cause this extreme phenomenon. In order to discover the intrinsic factor and relationship between overflow and signal setting, traffic flow incoming, we build the traffic flow model. This model takes two adjacent crosses as example, and to count the remained traffic flow queue length in given time interval. The simulation results prove our model’s feasibility. Our model well helps us to understand the overflow characteristics and to find the effective solution to conquer it in the future.

Optimal Velocity Model (OVM) is one of the typical car-following traffic flow models. The driver’s sensitivity factor in OVM is always constant in the past study, which does not fully comply with practical traffic flow characteristics. To gain a more actual and objective model, we propose a kind of heterogeneous drivers car-following optimal velocity model, i.e. HDOVM. In this model, the constant driver’s parameter is substituted with driver type function, and every car in the queue has a corresponding value. After stability analysis with Laplace transform state space method, we make many types cars in the traffic queue numerical simulation to prove our supposition , the simulation results after many times show that the HDOVM model is more practical than traditional ones. Considering the diversity of traffic flow composition should be one of the major factors to find out the reason of traffic jam.

We investigate the friction coefficient and radius of curvature effects upon traffic flow analytically and numerically. A new model is proposed to describe the motion of vehicles running on a curved road. The stability condition is obtained by the use of control theories. The nonlinear analysis method is taken to derive the modified KdV (Korteweg–de Vries) equation and the kink–antikink solution is obtained near the critical point. Simulations are carried out to verify the double effects upon traffic flow. The flux increases but the stability decreases with an increase of the two parameters. Numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical results.

A simple protocol is developed for the fabrication of stable organic shell-covered gold nanospheres with near-infrared absorption characteristics. The designed strategy mainly concentrates on two steps: (i) the polymerization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) induced by 1,2-ethanedithiol in water/ethanol; (ii) conjugation of the polymerized AuNPs with marocyclic compound for the formation of the organic shell. In the first step, the 1,2-ethanedithiol containing two thiols towards both ends of the chain enables the successful polymerization of AuNPs due to the forceful appetency of thiols to AuNPs. In the second step, the polymerized AuNPs are covered by the marocyclic compound attributing to the hydrogel-bonding effect between NH and SH. Because of the organic shell, the stability and dispersibility of the obtained nanospheres are improved. The optical properties of the fabricated gold nanospheres (400 nm average diameter) are well investigated by the UV-vis absorption spectroscopy which exhibit intense near-infrared absorption at 972 nm in acetone. The strategy developed in this study is promising in that excellent stability and dispersibility of gold nanospheres can be achieved in a facile and economic way.

The discrete element code, EDEM, has been employed to simulate the axial mixing of size-binary particles in rotary kiln. Number of contacts has been introduced to track the progress of mixing and number of contacts between different particles has been took as mixing index between different particles to analyze the degree of mixing The results show that the larger velocity of particles in active layer is the main reason for the mixing; axial displacement of smaller particles is due to penetration of smaller particles through the intervals between larger particles.

This paper attempts to summarize the findings of a large number of research papers concerning the application of intelligent optimization algorithms to ITS. A brief introduction to intelligence is included, for the benefit of readers unfamiliar with the techniques. Then it put emphasis on three kinds of intelligent optimization application in ITS, including ANN, GA and PSO. It should be noted first that each of the three subjects can prolong to a long paper, and second that there are also some other intelligent optimization method, such as fuzzy logic, ant colony, shuffle frog-leaping algorithm et.al.. On the constraint of time and paper volume, we only analyzed those three algorithms, their state-and-the-art use in ITS, and their future development trend.

If the big users electricity consumption kept the same, while comparing through grid direct-purchasing power with building the power plant and purchasing the power by grid, and then establish the profit and loss model and point to point mode. Finally, we need to demonstrate the economy of direct power purchase through the example and value.

Based on the microscope phase-field model，the evolution of atom morphology, the long range order(lro) parameter and concentration can be gotten, and atomic clustering and ordering during the precipitation process of Ni-Cr-Al alloy could be obtained. The Ni-14at.%Cr-15.5at.%Al alloy is studied and the temperature of precipitation are 973K. It was showed that the ordering of both Al and Cr atoms take place simultaneously during the precipitation process of Ni-Al-Cr alloy, Cr atoms transfer to the boundaries of L12 phases, the domain of rich Cr atoms are formed. At the boundaries of L12 phases, Cr atoms may substitute the Al sublattice, and the D022 phases are formed.

Magnetic bead enrich-method and plasmid detection-method were used to isolate microsatellite DNA from Paralichthys olivaceus genome. The microsatellite markers were applied to analyze natural population structure of four populations, which were collected from Dalian, Beidaihe, Dandong, and Qingdao. Two thousand eight hundred and five microsatellite sequence clones were isolated and 3120 microsatellite loci were obtained. From these sequences, 57.97% were perfect, 7.25% were imperfect and 34.78% were compound. This allowed to design 135 pairs of primers with the software Primer Premier 3.0. Seventy-eight pairs were synthesized and 30 pairs were polymorphic. The effective number of alleles ranged from 3.93 to 9.94 (6.95 in average) with observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.532 to 0.895 (0.753 in average) and 0.635 to 0.902 (0.820 in average), respectively. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium analysis in 30 microsatellite loci by genetic deviation index (d) ranged from -0.247 to 0.512, among which 7 loci had heterozygote excess (d>0) and the rest showed heterozygote deficit (damp;0). A dendrogram was constructed based on NJ methods using MEGA3.0 software package. Four populations were divided into two clusters. Dalian population and Dandong population were grouped in one cluster, while Beidaihe population and Qingdao population were classified into another cluster.

The aim of this study was to investigate how vehicle speed influences the characteristics of driver's eye movement at highway tunnel entrances during day and night. In this study, six drivers' eye movement data (from 200 m before tunnel entrance to 200 m inside tunnel entrance) under five predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 km/h) in the daytime and three predetermined vehicle speeds (40, 60 and 80 km/h) in the nighttime were recorded using the non-intrusive Dikablis Professional eye-tracking system. Pupil size, the average fixation duration time and the average number of fixation were analyzed and then the influence of the vehicle speed on these parameters was evaluated by means of IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0. The results for pupil size in daytime increased when approaching the tunnel entrance, while as for nighttime, pupil size decreased when approaching the tunnel entrance and then increased after entering the tunnel. The pupil size in daytime has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed, while the pupil size in nighttime did not show a significant association with vehicle speed. Furthermore, the average fixation duration in daytime increased when entering the tunnel, and had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. Also, the average number of fixations in daytime decreased when entering the tunnel and has a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed. However, the average fixation duration and the average number of fixations in nighttime did not show any significant association with vehicle speed. Moreover, limitations and future directions of the study are discussed for the further investigation.

At present, all hydrogen storage alloys are poisoned by hydrogen mixed with CO, CO2, etc, which decreases the hydrogen storage property sharply. Zr-Co based hydrogen storage alloys with good poisoning resistance were prepared by alloying, fluorinating, and electroless plating. The experiment results show that the poisoning resistance of the Zr-Co based alloy was improved remarkably after the treatments. The poi-soning resistance mechanism of the Zr-Co based hydrogen storage alloys was analyzed.

A phytochemical study of Hopea hainanensis has led to the isolation of three new polyphenols and one known compound. The most important of these compounds are hopeahainols A (2) and B (3), which contain an unprecedented carbon skeleton. The structures were elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data including single-crystal X-ray spectroscopy and computational methods. Hopeahainol A was an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 4.33 microM, which is comparable to that of huperzine A, a presently prescribed drug for the treatment of Alzheimer, while other similar structures were inactive. This observation was complemented by a 3D interaction model of the inhibitor with active sites.

Ethnic medicine industry is facing many problems such as narrow market, exhaustion of resource, decline of ethnic medicine and no qualified successors. Sustainable development theory was utilized to analyse the elements and problems of ethnic medicine industry, and the counter measures were put forward to get rid of the predicament and to realize the sustainable development which depends on the ethnic medicine resources, national medicine, industrial policy, personnel training and modern technology. The development issues of ethnic medicine industry can be solved by the coordination of enterprise, government and public. Finally the ethnic medicine can provide better services for society.

To investigate the influence of histological prostatitis (HP) on the clinical features of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) and its clinical significance.We retrospectively studied the data of 273 cases of BPH and 240 cases of PCa, including age, prostate volume, total prostatic special antigen (tPSA), prostatic special antigen density (PSAD), maximum urinary flow rate (MFR) and acute urinary retention (AUR).Totally, 186 cases of BPH (68.13%) and 45 cases of PCa (18.75%) were complicated by HP, with statistically significant difference between the two groups (P0.05). Compared with the patients with BPH only, those complicated by HP showed significantly elevated tPSA, PSAD and total prostate volume (all P0.05), decreased MFR (P0.05) and increased risk of AUR (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the patients' age between the two groups (P0.05). The levels of tPSA and PSAD were remarkably higher in the PCa patients complicated by HP than in those with PCa only (all P0.05), but no significant differences were found in the other indexes between the two groups (P0.05).HP may play a certain role in the progenesis and progression of HP and PCa, but HP is associated more closely with BPH.

The microwave absorbing properties of hollow carbon spheres modified by KOH were measured using a transmission/reflection coaxial method in the range of 2–18 GHz. The modification could result in a significant enhancement in the properties, including both the increment in absorbing intensity and bandwidth and the decrease in absorber thickness, which can be well explained by the high concentration of dangling bonds in per unit volume or per unit weight introduced during the modification. This dangling bond dominated mechanism could be used to instruct the design of absorbers with outstanding performances.