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Cancer immunotherapy has been regarded as a promising strategy for cancer therapy by blocking immune checkpoints and evoking immunity to fight cancer, but its efficacy seems to be heterogeneous among patients. Manipulating the gut microbiota is a potential strategy for enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy. Here, we report that MS-20, also known as “Symbiota®”, a postbiotic that comprises abundant microbial metabolites generated from a soybean-based medium fermented with multiple strains of probiotics and yeast, inhibited colon and lung cancer growth in combination with an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibody in xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, MS-20 remodeled the immunological tumor microenvironment by increasing effector CD8+ T cells and downregulating PD1 expression, which were mediated by the gut microbiota. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from mice receiving MS-20 treatment to recipient mice increased CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment and significantly improved antitumor activity when combined with anti-PD1 therapy. Notably, the abundance of Ruminococcus bromii, which increased following MS-20 treatment, was positively associated with a reduced tumor burden and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in vivo. Furthermore, an ex vivo study revealed that MS-20 could alter the composition of the microbiota in cancer patients, resulting in distinct metabolic pathways associated with favorable responses to immunotherapy. Overall, MS-20 could act as a promising adjuvant agent for enhancing the efficacy of immune checkpoint-mediated antitumor therapy.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combining 0.05% cyclosporine A (CsA) with high-potency steroids for treating severe dry eye disease (DED).Materials and methods This retrospective comparative case series included 93 patients treated with 0.05% CsA for severe DED. Among them, we included data from 54 eyes of 27 patients who received high-potency steroids in the study group and from 132 eyes of 66 patients who did not receive high-potency steroids in the control group. Data on demographic characteristics, comorbidities, medications and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded. The primary outcomes were changes in symptom and sign scores. The ocular surface disease index was used as the symptom score, whereas tear break-up time, Schirmer I test without anaesthesia, ocular surface staining scores and presence of meibomian gland dysfunction were considered as sign scores. Repeated one-way ANOVA and generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate differences.Results In the control group, symptom scores decreased from 1 to 2 months and from 2 to 3 months after treatment (p = .002 and .049). In the high-potency steroid group, symptom scores improved during these intervals (p = .003 and .005). The sign score in the control group remained unchanged (all p > .05), while the high-potency steroid group exhibited progressive improvement in sign scores (all p .05).Conclusions Dual therapy combining high-potency steroids and 0.05% CsA significantly improved the signs and symptoms of severe DED compared with 0.05% CsA monotherapy, without severe complications.

Introduction ChatGPT can serve as an adjunct informational tool for ophthalmologists and their patients. However, the reliability and readability of its responses to myopia-related queries in the Chinese language remain underexplored. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the ability of ChatGPT to address frequently asked questions (FAQs) about myopia by parents and caregivers. Method Myopia-related FAQs were input three times into fresh ChatGPT sessions, and the responses were evaluated by 10 ophthalmologists using a Likert scale for appropriateness, usability, and clarity. The Chinese Readability Index Explorer (CRIE) was used to evaluate the readability of each response. Inter-rater reliability among the reviewers was examined using Cohen's kappa coefficient, and Spearman's rank correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used to investigate the relationship between CRIE scores and each criterion. Results Forty-five percent of the responses of ChatGPT in Chinese language were appropriate and usable and only 35% met all the set criteria. The CRIE scores for 20 ChatGPT responses ranged from 7.29 to 12.09, indicating that the readability level was equivalent to a middle-to-high school level. Responses about the treatment efficacy and side effects were deficient for all three criteria. Conclusions The performance of ChatGPT in addressing pediatric myopia-related questions is currently suboptimal. As parents increasingly utilize digital resources to obtain health information, it has become crucial for eye care professionals to familiarize themselves with artificial intelligence-driven information on pediatric myopia.

Cultural competence is a continuously developing process that requires transition-to-practice program training to enable new graduate nurses (NGNs) to transfer their knowledge and skills to clinical practice in a culturally sensitive manner. The development and implementation of residency programs, including a cultural competence curriculum, could support this transition. This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary effects of a hybrid learning module of cultural competence for NGNs. A quasi-experimental design was used in a 3,000-bed hospital in North Taiwan. We randomly allocated 37 NGNs to the experimental and control groups. The Cultural Competence Scale for Pre-Graduate Students to Licensed Professionals (CS-SP) was adopted to measure cultural competence before and after the intervention. We evaluated the correlations between learning time and cultural competence scores using a paired t -test, chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney test for statistical analysis. The curriculum for the learning application comprised three courses covering six topics. The experimental group scored significantly higher in awareness and skills after the intervention ( p

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a scenario-based nutrition literacy (NL) online programme for Taiwanese college students. Design: A randomised pilot trial design was used in this study. Setting: The study was conducted at a university in Taiwan. The intervention consisted of a five-unit web-based NL programme including videos of real-life scenario-based stories, situational analysis teaching and after-unit quizzes. Theme-related website information and smartphone apps (both iOS and Android systems) were offered for reference in every unit. The NL measure consisted of a self-rated scale, a scenario-based test and a healthy eating behaviour survey. Paired sample t-tests and ANCOVA were performed to test the effects on NL and healthy eating behaviour. Participants: Participants were ninety-eight students, with a retention rate of 98 %. The ratio of men to women was 0·2:1. Most students were freshmen (48 %). Results: Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed significant post-intervention improvements in the NL and healthy eating behaviours after controlling for pretest scores. Conclusions: This pilot study offers preliminary evidence of the potential positive effects of implementing a scenario-based NL online programme for college students. It offers a possibly novel strategy to enhance health-promoting behaviours in Taiwanese universities. Further research with larger sample sizes and more rigorous designs is warranted to confirm and build upon these initial findings.

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic profoundly impacts lifestyle habits and myopia control in children worldwide. This study investigated the changes in eyecare habits, orthokeratology compliance, axial length, and time interval of follow-up visits during home confinement in the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. Methods: This investigation was part of a prospective study undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile application. A semi-structured telephone interview was conducted with parents retrospectively to document eyecare habits and myopia control during the COVID-19 home confinement. Results: Thirty-three children with myopia participated in the follow-up of orthokeratology lenses for 2 years. The children's time viewing digital devices such as tablets and televisions significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic (P < 0.05). An analysis using McNemar's test found that the proportional growth of axial length

Abstract Copper nanowires (CuNWs)-based thin film is one of the potential alternatives to tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in terms of transparent conductive films (TCFs). However, the severe problem of atmospheric oxidation restricts their practical applications. In this work, we develop a simple approach to fabricate highly stable TCFs through the dip-coating method using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and CuNWs as the primary materials. Compared with previous works using toxic reduction agents, herein, the CuNWs are synthesized via a green aqueous process using glucose and lactic acid as the reductants, and rGO is prepared through the modified Hummers’ method followed by a hydrogen-annealing process to form hydrogen-annealing-reduced graphene oxide (h-rGO). In the rGO/CuNWs films, the dip-coated graphene oxide layer can increase the adhesion of the CuNWs on the substrate, and the fabricated h-rGO/CuNWs can exhibit high atmospheric oxidation resistance and excellent flexibility. The sheet resistance of the h-rGO/CuNWs film only increased from 25.1 to 42.2 Ω/sq after exposure to ambient atmosphere for 30 days and remained almost unchanged after the dynamic bending test for 2500 cycles at a constant radius of 5.3 mm. The h-rGO/CuNWs TCF can be not only fabricated via a route with a superior inexpensive and safe method but also possessed competitive optoelectronic properties with high electrical stability and flexibility, demonstrating great opportunities for future optoelectronic applications.

Abstract Objectives Between May and July 2021, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic led to a sharp surge in community transmission in Taiwan. We present a three‐stage restructuring process of pre‐endoscopy triage at the beginning of the pandemic, which can support urgent endoscopic procedures while protecting endoscopy staff. Methods The pre‐endoscopy triage framework was set up with three checkpoints at the hospital entrance, outpatient department, and endoscopy unit, with a specific target patient population and screening methods. Relevant data included the number of endoscopic procedures performed, outpatient department visits, and performing screening methods such as temperature measurement, travel, occupation, contact, and clustering history checking, polymerase chain reaction assay, and rapid antigen test. Results Forehead temperature measurement and verification of travel, occupation, contact, and clustering history provided rapid, easy, and early mass screening of symptomatic patients at the hospital entrance. During the pandemic, outpatient department visits and endoscopic procedures decreased by 37% and 64%, respectively. The pre‐endoscopy screening methods used displayed regional variations in COVID‐19 prevalence. Among 16 endoscopy units with a community prevalence of ≥ 31.04 cases per 100,000 residents, 12 (75%) used polymerase chain reaction assay and four (25%) used rapid antigen test to identify asymptomatic patients before endoscopy. Of 6540 pre‐endoscopy screening patients, 15 (0.23%) tested positive by laboratory testing. No endoscopy‐related nosocomial COVID‐19 infections were reported during the pandemic. Conclusions We present a three‐stage pre‐endoscopy triage based on the local laboratory capacity, medical resources, and community prevalence. These measures could be useful during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

In this study, NbTaMoW medium-entropy alloy films were prepared using a cosputtering apparatus with four sputter guns. Pure-element targets were used for sputtering. The rotational speeds of the substrate holder (RS) were 1–30 rpm. Lower RS values resulted in the formed films exhibiting a multilayer stacked structure with a cyclical gradient concentration. The crystalline phases, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of the prepared NbTaMoW films were investigated. The uniformity of the prepared multilayered alloy films increased with the RS value. The monolithic NbTaMoW alloy films prepared at 30 rpm exhibited a single body-centered cubic (BCC) phase, hardness of 12.9 GPa, and Young's modulus of 278 GPa. The BCC phase evolved into a combination of multiple BCC phases when RS was

Abstract Background Previous studies have rarely explored the effect of type of sentencing on employment status among illegal heroin users, therefore, we aims to examine the association of the sentencing types and employment outcomes among illegal heroin users in Taiwan. Methods Participants with illegal heroin use were identified through the national prison register system and deferred prosecution system: 2406 with deferred prosecutions, 4741 with observation and rehabilitation, 15 compulsory rehabilitation and 1958 sentenced to prison in calendar 2011. Logistic regression models were built to estimate the effect of sentencing type on unemployment status at 2 years after release. Stratification analysis was conducted to determine the effect of sentencing type based on the offender’s employment status before sentencing. Results Illegal heroin users receiving a prison sentence were more than twice as likely to be unemployed 2 years later than those receiving deferred prosecution. The unemployment rate was also higher for those with observation and rehabilitation and compulsory rehabilitation than deferred prosecution in the 2 years following sentencing. Males, older users, without a job before sentencing, divorced or widowed and higher prior drug use criminal records were also higher risk of unemployment. Subgroup analysis by prior employment status revealed that being sentenced to prison, observation and rehabilitation and compulsory rehabilitation affected the subsequent employment status only for those heroin users with a job before sentencing. The strength of associations showed dose-dependent relationship between different sentencing types (sentenced to prison> compulsory rehabilitation> observation and rehabilitation) and employment outcomes. Conclusions Illegal heroin users who receive a prison sentence have a much higher risk of unemployment than those who receive deferred prosecution after controlling potential confounders, especially those who had a job before sentencing. The implication is the stronger freedom of punishment, the higher risk of unemployment outcomes. Our study support that illegal heroin user is legally regarded as a patient before being regarded as a criminal, so giving priority to quit addition rather than imprisonment.

BackgroundAdvancements in digital technologies seek to promote health and access to services. However, people lacking abilities and confidence to use technology are likely to be left behind, leading to health disparities. In providing digital health services, health care providers need to be aware of users’ diverse electronic health (eHealth) literacy to address their particular needs and ensure equitable uptake and use of digital services. To understand such needs, an instrument that captures users’ knowledge, skills, trust, motivation, and experiences in relation to technology is required. The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) is a multidimensional tool with 7 scales covering diverse dimensions of eHealth literacy. The tool was simultaneously developed in English and Danish using a grounded and validity-driven approach and has been shown to have strong psychometric properties. ObjectiveThis study aims to translate and culturally adapt the eHLQ for application among Mandarin-speaking people with chronic diseases in Taiwan and then undertake a rigorous set of validity-testing procedures. MethodsThe cross-cultural adaptation of the eHLQ included translation and evaluation of the translations. The measurement properties were assessed using classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) approaches. Content validity, known-group validity, and internal consistency were explored, as well as item characteristic curves (ICCs), item discrimination, and item location/difficulty. ResultsThe adapted version was reviewed, and a recommended forward translation was confirmed through consensus. The tool exhibited good content validity. A total of 420 people with 1 or more chronic diseases participated in a validity-testing survey. The eHLQ showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α=.75-.95). For known-group validity, all 7 eHLQ scales showed strong associations with education. Unidimensionality and local independence assumptions were met except for scale 2. IRT analysis showed that all items demonstrated good discrimination (range 0.27-12.15) and a good range of difficulty (range 0.59-1.67) except for 2 items in scale 7. ConclusionsUsing a rigorous process, the eHLQ was translated from English into a culturally appropriate tool for use in the Mandarin language. Validity testing provided evidence of satisfactory-to-strong psychometric properties of the eHLQ. The 7 scales are likely to be useful research tools for evaluating digital health interventions and for informing the development of health technology products and interventions that equitably suit diverse users’ needs.

BackgroundPatient participation in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening via a stool test and colonoscopy is suboptimal, but participation can be improved by the development of a blood test. However, the suboptimal detection abilities of blood tests for advanced neoplasia, including advanced adenoma (AA) and CRC, limit their application. We aimed to investigate the proteomic landscape of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from the serum of patients with colorectal neoplasia and identify specific sEV proteins that could serve as biomarkers for early diagnosis.Materials and MethodsWe enrolled 100 patients including 13 healthy subjects, 12 non-AAs, 13 AAs, and 16 stage-I, 15 stage-II, 16 stage-III, and 15 stage-IV CRCs. These patients were classified as normal control, early neoplasia, and advanced neoplasia. The sEV proteome was explored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized association plots were used to integrate the clustering methods, visualize the data matrix, and analyze the relationship. The specific sEV biomarkers were identified by a decision tree via Orange3 software. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted by using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis platform.ResultsThe sEV protein matrix was identified from the serum of 100 patients and contained 3353 proteins, of which 1921 proteins from 98 patients were finally analyzed. Compared with the normal control, subjects with early and advanced neoplasia exhibited a distinct proteomic distribution in the data matrix plot. Six sEV proteins were identified, namely, GCLM, KEL, APOF, CFB, PDE5A, and ATIC, which properly distinguished normal control, early neoplasia, and advanced neoplasia patients from each other. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that APOF+ and CFB+ sEV associated with clathrin-mediated endocytosis signaling and the complement system, which have critical implications for CRC carcinogenesis.ConclusionPatients with colorectal neoplasia had a distinct sEV proteome expression pattern in serum compared with those patients who were healthy and did not have neoplasms. Moreover, the six identified specific sEV proteins had the potential to discriminate colorectal neoplasia between early-stage and advanced neoplasia. Collectively, our study provided a six-sEV protein biomarker panel for CRC diagnosis at early or advanced stages. Furthermore, the implication of the sEV proteome in CRC carcinogenesis via specific signaling pathways was explored.

In this paper, we present a wound-dressing-based antenna fabricated via screen-printed and inkjet-printed technologies. To inkjet print a conductive film on wound dressing, it must be screen-printed, UV-curable-pasted, and hard-baked to provide appropriate surface wettability. Two passes were UV-curable-pasted and hard-baked at 100 °C for 2 h on the wound dressing to obtain 65° WCA for silver printing. The silver film was printed onto the wound dressing at room-tempature with 23 μm droplet spacing for three passes, then sintered at 120 °C for 1 h. By optimizing the inkjet printing conditions by modifying the surface morphologies and electrical properties, three-pass printed silver films with 3.15 μm thickness and 1.05 × 107 S/m conductivity were obtained. The insertion losses at the resonant frequency (17 and 8.85 GHz) were −2.9 and −2.1 dB for the 5000 and 10,000 μm microstrip transmission lines, respectively. The material properties of wound dressing with the relative permittivity and loss-tangent of 3.15–3.25 and 0.04–0.05, respectively, were determined by two transmission line methods and used for antenna design. A quasi-Yagi antenna was designed and implemented on the wound-dressing with an antenna bandwidth of 3.2–4.6 GHz, maximal gain of 0.67 dBi, and 42% radiation efficiency. The bending effects parallel and perpendicular to the dipole direction of three fixtures were also examined. The gain decreased from 0.67 to −1.22 dBi and −0.44 dBi for a flat to curvature radius of 5 cm fixture after parallel and perpendicular bending, respectively. Although the maximal gain was reduced with the bending radius, the directivity of the radiation pattern remained unchanged. The feasibility of a wound-dressing antenna demonstrates that inkjet-printed technology enables fast fabrication with low cost and environmental friendliness. Additionally, inkjet-printed technology can be combined with sensing technology to realize remote medical monitoring, such as with smart bandages, for assessment of chronic wound status or basic physical conditions.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer remains a considerable challenge in healthcare nowadays. Most patients’ disease develops via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence; colonoscopy with polypectomy effectively reduces both mortality and incidence by removing precancerous adenomas. Previous studies showed that polypectomy without electrocautery (cold snaring polypectomy) is a safe and time-saving procedure to manage polyps

Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMGR) inhibitors decreasing serum cholesterol and have shown promise in cancer prevention. In this study, we demonstrated the oncogenic role of HMGR in colorectal cancer (CRC) by disclosing increased HMGR activity in CRC patients and its enhancement of anti-apoptosis and stemness. Our previous studies showed that statins containing carboxylic acid chains possessed activity against histone deacetylases (HDACs), and strengthened their anti-HDAC activity through designing HMGR-HDAC dual inhibitors, JMF compounds. These compounds exerted anti-cancer effect in CRC cells as well as in AOM-DSS and ApcMin/+ CRC mouse models. JMF mostly regulated the genes related to apoptosis and inflammation through genome-wide ChIP-on-chip analysis, and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis (IPA) predicted their respective regulation by NR3C1 and NF-κB. Furthermore, JMF inhibited metastasis, angiogenesis and cancer stemness, and potentiated the effect of oxaliplatin in CRC mouse models. Dual HMGR-HDAC inhibitor could be a potential treatment for CRC.

Endometriosis is common in reproductive-age women and its pathology is to increase proliferation and migration to enhance epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition progression (EMT). However, treatments are currently limited, so it is important to explore new therapeutic drugs. Hence, in this study, we investigate the therapeutic effect of fucoidan (FC) on the progression and mechanisms of endometriosis. The cell viability of endometrial cell lines End1/E6E7 and Vk2/E6E7 treated with different concentrations of FC were assessed by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting. Cell migration was evaluated using wound-healing assay. In an in vivo experiment, female Balb/c mice received surgically induced endometriosis followed by different concentrations of fucoidan for 6 weeks. High-frequency ultrasound imaging was applied to detect subsequent lesion growth. The results demonstrated that fucoidan inhibited the viability and migration ability of End1/E6E7 and Vk2/E6E7 cells. Additionally, the administration of fucoidan reduced the volume and weight of endometriotic lesions, decreased inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of serum and lesions, and improved EMT proliferation and apoptosis-related protein expression. For the first time, fucoidan indicated anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects as well as inhibited EMT progression and induced apoptosis, improving endometriosis.

Background and study aims Cold snare polypectomy (CSP) is considered to be effective in reducing risk of delayed bleeding but randomized trials fail to support this owing to the small sample size. The current study aimed to compare risk of delayed bleeding before and after implementation of CSP in a screening colonoscopy setting. Patients and methods This study retrospectively analyzed a prospectively maintained screening colonoscopy database in a university hospital in Taiwan. We compared the rate of delayed bleeding before and after implementation within similar periods (18 months and 15 months) and the respective number of polypectomies (1,304 and 1,255) performed to remove small and diminutive polyps. The main outcome measurement was delayed bleeding within the two periods. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust for major confounders. Results A total of 1,304 and 1,225 subjects received hot snare polypectomy (HSP) and CSP in two separate periods, respectively. Compared with the HSP, the CSP had a lower rate of delayed bleeding (0.1 % vs. 1.1 %, P

This article presents a two-layer inkjet-printed interdigital bandpass filter using lamination bonding process on liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrates for radio frequency electronic applications. Various percentages of torque force were applied over a 4 × 4 cm2 area with a 942 kg fixed force in the lamination bonding process. The insertion loss and surface morphology of the inkjet-printed silver film were examined on various torque forces to develop the lamination bonding process. The lamination bonding was performed at 12% torque and 270°C. A three-dimensional bandpass filter was realized with a S21 of −2.2 dB at 11.5 GHz with a 17% fractional bandwidth. A multilayer inkjet-printed bandpass filter was successfully developed to verify the design methodology and fabrication of inkjet-printing technology and lamination bonding technique for a three-dimensional integrated circuit package.

The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is on the rise among young adults, with higher public acceptance than traditional tobacco. A study in Taiwan employed concept mapping to explore risk and benefit perceptions of e-cigarette use among college students. The study involved 100 college students from 11 Taiwanese universities, with 50 being e-cigarette users and 50 non-users. Data collection and analysis were done with the GroupWisdom™ platform. Participants engaged in brainstorming, rating and sorting their perceptions, which were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses. The participants' mean age was 19.24 years, and 55% were male. This process resulted in the identification of 10 clusters encompassing 64 statements, with 3 clusters focused on risk perceptions, 6 on benefit perceptions, and 1 dealing with e-cigarette regulations. Notably, risk perceptions were rated higher than benefit perceptions. Non-users held significantly higher risk perceptions and lower benefit perceptions across the nine clusters related to e-cigarette use. Concept mapping proved to be an effective tool for understanding college students' perceptions. These findings can assist health educators in comprehending college students' viewpoints on e-cigarette use and in developing targeted interventions. Additionally, exploring benefit perceptions may enhance students' critical thinking skills regarding e-cigarette advertising.

The study aimed to illustrate the constructs and test the psychometric properties of an instrument of health literacy competencies (IOHLC) for health professionals. A multi-phase questionnaire development method was used to develop the scale. The categorization of the knowledge and practice domains achieved consensus through a modified Delphi process. To reduce the number of items, the 92-item IOHLC was psychometrically evaluated through internal consistency, Rasch modeling, and two-stage factor analysis. In total, 736 practitioners, including nurses, nurse practitioners, health educators, case managers, and dieticians completed the 92-item IOHLC online from May 2012 to January 2013. The final version of the IOHLC covered 9 knowledge items and 40 skill items containing 9 dimensions, with good model fit, and explaining 72% of total variance. All domains had acceptable internal consistency and discriminant validity. The tool in this study is the first to verify health literacy competencies rigorously. Moreover, through psychometric testing, the 49-item IOHLC demonstrates adequate reliability and validity. The IOHLC may serve as a reference for the theoretical and in-service training of Chinese-speaking individuals' health literacy competencies.

INTRODUCTION: Concerns regarding bleeding remain in cold snare polypectomy (CSP) for small pedunculated (0-Ip) polyps. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of CSP and hot snare polypectomy (HSP) for such lesions. METHODS: Data on 0-Ip colorectal polyps ≤10 mm were extracted from a large, pragmatic, randomized trial. Immediate postpolypectomy bleeding (IPPB), defined as the perioperative use of a clip for bleeding, was evaluated through polyp-level analysis. Delayed postpolypectomy bleeding (DPPB), defined as bleeding occurring within 2 weeks postoperatively, was assessed at the patient-level among patients whose polyps were all ≤10 mm, including at least one 0-Ip polyp. RESULTS: A total of 647 0-Ip polyps (CSP: 306; HSP: 341) were included for IPPB analysis and 386 patients (CSP: 192; HSP: 194) for DPPB analysis. CSP was associated with a higher incidence of IPPB (10.8% vs 3.2%, P < 0.001) but no adverse clinical events. The procedure time of all polypectomies was shorter for CSP than for HSP (123.0 ± 117.8 vs 166.0 ± 237.7 seconds, P = 0.003), while the procedure time of polypectomies with IPPB were similar (249.8 ± 140.2 vs 227.4 ± 125.9 seconds, P = 0.64). DPPB was observed in 3 patients (1.5%) in the HSP group, including one patient (0.5%) with severe bleeding, but not in the CSP group. DISCUSSION: Despite CSP being associated with more IPPB events, it could be timely treated without adverse outcomes. Notably, no delayed bleeding occurred in the CSP group. Our findings support the use of CSP for 0-Ip polyps ≤ 10 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]