Search

Objective To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of parent-based psychological intervention(PBPI) in the treatment of adolescents with depressive disorders.Methods CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and PsyINFO databases were searched from the inception to April 17, 2024, to obtain randomized controlled trials for psychological interventions for parents of adolescents with depressive disorders. RevMan 5.1 and Stata 14.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results A total of 11 articles with 932 patients were included. The Meta-analysis results showed that compared to the control group, PBPI could significantly reduce the levels of depression in adolescents with depression disorders [SMD=-0.77, 95%CI(-1.39, -0.15), P=0.02]. The effects were statistically significant when using the Hamilton Depression Scale 24-item version [SMD=-3.00, 95%CI(-4.10, -1.90), P

【Objective】This paper discusses full lifecycle energy efficiency of optical communication systems in the purpose of energy conservation and carbon reduction. It aims to establish a universal model for description of energy efficiency, which covers all stages of system lifecycle, and it is not limited to specific technologies or network structures. It also analyzes the key influencing factors for improvement of energy efficiency of optical communication systems.【Methods】This paper explores the useful work and energy consumption of optical communication systems, to establish a universal model for energy efficiency. In the expression of useful work, in addition to the commonly used factor data rate, distance factor is introduced as an important factor. The paper recommends that the value generated by data transmissions which meet specific quality requirements and maintaining network connectivity in specific scenario applications should be considered in the description of the useful efficacy. The description method is named as comprehensive useful efficacy. In the discussion of energy consumption, the system lifecycle is decomposed into four stages: manufacturing, installation and construction, operation and maintenance, and waste recycling. Main influencing factors of energy efficiency improvement are discussed based on the established model.【Results】Main results of the research include: (1) Distance factor can be one of the main factors for evaluating the useful work of a system, and distance factors affect energy consumption at various stages of the system's lifecycle; (2) For new scenarios and applications, setting weights for data transmissions which meet specific quality requirements and assigning values for maintaining connectivities status in description of the system useful work could reflect the value brought by the energy cost of the system to meet the needs of scenario applications; (3) Energy consumption factors of each stage of the life cycle should be considered in evaluation of energy consumption of the full lifecycle, and the energy consumption of each stage should be converted into unit time based on the system operating life for accumulation; (4) Optimized network topology and routing design, reduction of line losses, as well as evolution of optical transmission technology and equipment/facility energy saving technologies, are important means to reduce energy consumptions throughout the entire lifecycle of the system and improve the energy efficiency.【Conclusion】This paper discusses the comprehensive useful work and full life cycle energy consumption of optical communication systems, and establishes a universal model to describe the full life cycle energy efficiency of the system. This model takes distance as an important influencing factor in the expression of the useful efficiency and also energy consumption of the system, which corresponds the value of the optical communication system based on communication distance with the energy consumption in the life-cycle caused by distances. It also suggests considering the value generated by data transmissions which meet specific quality requirements and maintaining network connectivity in the evaluation of the useful efficiency. This model could comprehensively evaluate the energy efficiency of optical communication systems, for improvements of system energy efficiency, and could adapt and promote applications of optical communication systems in new scenarios.

With the intensification of polar scientific research, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly, and the environmental pollution and carbon emissions caused by polar energy consumption dominated by fuel cannot be underestimated. It is urgent to build a microgrid system based on clean and renewable energy to ensure the green and sustainable development of polar scientific research. Based on the analysis of the resource characteristics of the Antarctic research station, the wind-solar microgrid structure is selected and the system capacity optimization configuration model is established in this paper. The polar environment is complex and diverse, which has a significant impact on the energy storage system. In order to ensure the future operation of the microgrid with better adaptability, the influence of energy storage capacity attenuation on the economic benefits of the microgrid system is considered in detail in the configuration stage, and the influence of temperature, charge-discharge rate and cycle times on the battery capacity is analyzed. A multi-factor coupling battery capacity attenuation model based on adaptive grey relational analysis is established, and it is incorporated into the optimal configuration model. An example of Antarctic scientific research station is solved and analyzed by using improved particle swarm optimization. The simulation results show that the microgrid configuration scheme considering energy storage capacity attenuation can reduce the probability of battery overcharge and overdischarge, extend the service life of the battery, and is more suitable for polar regions.

Ischemic stroke is a common acute cerebrovascular disease in clinical practice， which poses a severe threat to human health. In recent years， with deepening understanding of ischemic stroke， significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment. However， current treatments for ischemic stroke are partially limited due to extremely complex pathological mechanisms. Studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Therefore， modulation of mitochondrial function through mitochondrial dynamics is essential to ameliorate the damage of cerebral ischemic neuronal cells. In this article， the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics and its role in ischemic stroke were reviewed， aiming to provide useful reference for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

【Objective】This paper studies numerical characteristics and characteristic matrix of attenuation spectrum of G.652.D single-mode optical fibres, and considers the attenuation factor to optimize the mathematical expression of optical fibre attenuation spectrum model. The study aims to improve the digital modeling ability of optical fibre attenuation spectrum for research and manufacturing of optical fibre and development of optical system.【Methods】ITU-T G.650.1(2020) provides an example matrix for use in the "spectral attenuation modelling" method to calculate attenuation spectrum of G.652.D single-mode optical fibres. This paper analyzes and demonstrates that the spectral attenuation model method could approximately obtain optical fibre attenuation spectrum with low error by characteristic matrix corresponds to four wavelengths. An optimized attenuation spectrum characteristic matrix is given by considering sources of attenuation, and the effect of the new matrix is verified with attenuation spectrum test data of 1000 fibre samples.【Results】Main research results of this paper include: (1) When there is a good correspondence between the wavelengths corresponding to the fibre attenuation spectrum characteristic matrix and main attenuation sources of G.652.D fibre, the spectral attenuation model method is able to approximate the fibre attenuation spectrum with small errors; (2) An attenuation spectrum characteristic matrix of G.652.D single mode fibre is calculated based on attenuation sources of the fibre, and this matrix is able to reflect mechanism of fibre attenuation better, compared to the characteristic matrix calculated solely from data; (3) Verification with test data of optical fibre samples shows that the new matrix could calculate the attenuation spectrum of optical fibre samples with comparable small errors.【Conclusion】This paper studies and concludes that the reason why the spectral attenuation model method is able to approximate the optical fibre attenuation spectrum is that the corresponding wavelengths of the characteristic matrix has a good correspondence with main attenuation sources of the optical fibre. Combining with the attenuation sources, optimized characteristic matrix can be calculated. The new matrix could reflect the mechanism of the optical fibre attenuation and also effectively calculate the attenuation spectrum of the optical fibre samples with small errors.

Objective To systematically assess the applicability of the clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) integrating Chinese and western medicine, thereby providing reference for enhancing their future usability. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SinoMed, WanFang Data, and CNKI databases were searched for guidelines for the integration of Chinese and western medicine. Supplementary searches of Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Medicine Administration, MedSci websites, Website of China Association of Chinese Medicine, Medlive, Website of Dangdang, Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine and World Federation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Societies were conducted. The search time frame was from inception of the databases to December 31, 2022. Four reviewers independently evaluated the implementability of clinical practice guidelines by using 'Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) implementation evaluation tool'. Results A total of 61 integrative Chinese and western medicine guidelines were included. Of the guidelines assessed, 9 guidelines(14.75%) exhibited strong implementability, 40(65.57%) demonstrated average implementability, and 12 (19.67%) demonstrated poor implementability. Among the 5 domains, the dimensions of 'accessibility' and 'implementability' were found to be of high quality, while those of 'communication', 'ease of identification' and 'applicability' were relatively poor. Notably, compared to guidelines published between 2006—2016, those published between 2017—2022 showed improvements in the areas of 'identification' and 'application'. Conclusions The implementabilityof the existing clinical practice guidelines of the integrative Chinese and western medicine is average and needs to be improved. In the future, emphasis should be placed on the integration of medical education and research, publicity of the guidelines, continuous medical education and training, a more concise form of recommendations, application of the guidelines by clinicians, and the implementability of the integrative Chinese and western medicine guideline.

Objective To explore the effects and mechanism of methylglyoxal (MGO) in human brain microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). Methods The hCMEC/D3 cells were incubated with MGO(0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 mmol/L) for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay. Cellular LDH and SOD activities were determined by commercially available kits. The change of mitochondrion membrane potential was assessed by JC-1 probe. MitoSOX probe was used to observe mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) release. Results Compared with control, cell viability of hCMEC/D3 treated with MGO decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (P＜0.01). Increased LDH activity and decreased SOD activity were observed with MGO exposure(P＜0.01). The decrease of mitochondrion membrane potential and the excessive increase of mROS were induced after MGO exposure for 12 h, which were detected by JC-1 or MitoSOX probe. Conclusions MGO reduces cell viability and mitochondria membrane potential in hCMEC/D3 cells with excessive mROS generation.

Phase separation (PS) is an important mechanism underlying the formation of biomolecular condensates. Physiological condensates are associated with numerous biological processes, such as transcription, immunity, signaling, and synaptic transmission. Changes in particular amino acids or segments can disturb the protein’s phase behavior and interactions with other biomolecules in condensates. It is thus presumed that variations in the phase-separating-prone domains can significantly impact the properties and functions of condensates. The dysfunction of condensates contributes to a number of pathological processes. Pharmacological perturbation of these condensates is proposed as a promising way to restore physiological states. In this review, we characterize the variations observed in PS proteins that lead to aberrant biomolecular compartmentalization. We also showcase recent advancements in bioinformatics of membraneless organelles (MLOs), focusing on available databases useful for screening PS proteins and describing endogenous condensates, guiding researchers to seek the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of biomolecular condensates.

The first part of this paper investigates the implementation process of the Adaboost regression algorithm, initializes the training set weights to obtain the weak learner, and builds the final strong learner. Then, we explore the treatment of corporate financial management concept drift by assigning variance weights to financial data samples according to their temporal proximity to solve the problem of financial concept drift. Then, an optimized AdaBoost-SVM model is constructed to initialize the sample weights according to time and sample category, calculate the classification error, and build a weak classifier and a decision classifier based on the samples. Finally, the company's financial management costs, personnel, and model prediction accuracy were analyzed. The model predicts financial distress with a 78% accuracy, financial insolvency with a 93% accuracy, and financial normalcy with a 90% accuracy. This confirms the feasibility of this paper's methodology for corporate financial management.

Social network opens up a practical new path for psychoeducation and, with the help of a multimedia mobile terminal’s network, text sentiment analysis for students’ mental health problem revelation and constructing corresponding psychoeducation model. Based on the above viewpoint, this paper proposes a semi-supervised learning method for sentiment analysis using graphs. Specifically, a graph-based semi-supervised learning classifier is constructed using the “Weibo-Weibo” relationship graph. At the same time, social network and text similarity relationships are combined. A link between annotated and unannotated texts was established, and an optimization algorithm was used to solve the model, revealing the psychological problems of students under the emotional texts of social networks, thus constructing a corresponding “four-in-one” mental health education model, which enhances the collaborative learning of students and the four major organizations in psychoeducation. The accuracy, accuracy, recall, and F1 value are outperformed by the model in this paper by 2.44%, 2.11%, 1.45%, and 2.34%, respectively. The eight questions designed around the three dimensions of collaborative learning situation, learning effectiveness, and four-in-one teaching model were highly rated by students. The four-in-one teaching model that utilizes social network sentiment analysis effectively enhances students’ collaborative learning and improves their ability to solve psychoeducation’s difficulties.

Abstract Background Previous studies have shown that the Kyoto classification of gastritis can accurately predict H. pylori infection status on conventional gastroscopy. The aim of this study was to test whether the Kyoto classification of gastritis applies well to magnetic controlled capsule endoscopy (MCCE). Methods We consecutively recruited 227 participants who underwent both MCCE and urea breath tests (UBTs). Two physicians who were blinded to the UBT results independently made the diagnosis of H. pylori infection status according to 10 findings listed in the Kyoto classification of gastritis after reviewing MCCE images. We also developed 2 predictive models to assess H. pylori infection status by combining these 10 findings. Results The MCCE’s overall diagnostic accuracy for H. pylori infection status was 80.2%. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) for current infection were 89.4%, 90.1% and 77.1, respectively. Major specific findings were mucosal swelling and spotty redness for current infection, regular arrangement of collecting venules (RAC), streak redness, fundic gland polyp (FGP) for noninfection, and map-like redness for past-infection. In the two prediction models, the area under the curve (AUC) values for predicting noninfection and current infection were 84.7 and 84.9, respectively. Conclusions The Kyoto classification of gastritis applied well to MCCE. H. pylori infection status could be accurately assessed on MCCE according to the Kyoto classification of gastritis.

Stroke is one of the major diseases that critically threatens the life and health in China. Great progresses have been made in the prevention and treatment of stroke with the guidance of holism and syndrome differentiation principles of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In particular, since the 1980s, TCM scholars in cooperation with multidisciplinary teams have developed and continually optimized the diagnostic criteria for TCM syndromes of stroke, innovated the TCM pathogenesis theory of "poison damage to the cerebral collaterals", and created a series of prescriptions representing the treatment of resolving phlegm and relieving constipation, detoxifying and dredging the collaterals, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, and tonifying Qi and promoting blood circulation, developed special regimens such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and TCM rehabilitation. These innovative advances have significantly improved the level of TCM treatment and prevention for stroke in China. We briefly summarized the understanding and evolution of the pathogenesis of stroke in TCM, systematically reviewed the research history and important progress of TCM for stroke. Moreover, we focused on evaluating the clinical evidence of TCM in different pathological stages and key aspects of stroke. Finally, we discussed the unsolved issues and unmet clinical needs in stroke care and provided insights into the future research direction of TCM in stroke prevention and treatment.

The belt conveyor self-checking roller installs wireless sensor nodes inside the roller to collect and wirelessly transmit temperature and vibration signals, which provides a new idea for the health checking of coal mine belt conveyor rollers. In order to solve the energy supply problem of the wireless sensor nodes in the closed roller, an energy harvester based on the Halbach permanent magnet array is designed. This paper introduces the structural design of the energy harvester, and analyzes the energy supply requirements based on the actual energy consumption of the wireless sensor nodes and the efficiency of the energy management circuit. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 is used for finite element analysis of the energy harvester to verify that Halbach permanent magnet array has obvious advantages over conventional permanent magnet array when used in small rotating body energy harvesters. The effect of air gap thickness, permanent magnet thickness and rotor speed on the power generation performance of the energy harvester is analyzed. And it is concluded that the induced voltage of the energy harvester can be increased effectively by reducing the air gap thickness, increasing the permanent magnet thickness and increasing the rotor speed. Based on the analysis of energy supply demand, installation space requirement and finite element analysis, the parameters of the energy harvester are optimized, and a prototype is built for testing. The results show that at 5 r/s rotor speed, the effective value of the induced voltage of the energy harvester is 4.77 V, the maximum power is 171.33 mW, and the power density is 6.78 mW/cm3, which meets the energy consumption requirements (165.722 mW) of wireless sensor nodes.

Background and Purpose: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is proposed to hasten lung aging. Erythromycin protects against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. However, the potential anti-senescence effect of erythromycin remains disclosed. In the present study, we investigated whether erythromycin influenced oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence and investigated its related mechanisms.Methods: A cigarrete smoke (CS) -induced emphysema mouse model and a H2O2-induced premature senescence model in human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) were established. Senescence-related markers (P53, P21 and SA-β-Gal activity), and levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, SOD and ROS) were measured. Additionally, cells were pretreated with rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) or erythromycin, and the expression levels of components of the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway were measured in BEAS-2B cells.Results: Exposed to H2O2, increased SA-β-gal activity was observed in BEAS-2B cells suggesting premature senescence. Erythromycin inhibited the expression of P53 and P21 in the CS-induced emphysema mouse model. MDA levels significantly increased and SOD levels decreased in the CS-exposed mice and H2O2-induced BEAS-2B cells. Rapamycin and erythromycin significantly suppressed the expression of P53 and P21. Additionally, rapamycin and erythromycin inhibited the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that erythromycin ameliorates oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence via the PI3K-mTOR signaling pathway. Hence, we establish a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of erythromycin for COPD prevention and treatment.

Osa-miR439 is a rice-specific microRNA family. Here we showed that Osa-miR439 acted as a negative regulator in rice immunity against blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Osa-miR439 differentially responded to M. oryzae between susceptible and resistant rice accessions. The accumulation of Osa-miR439 was constitutively more in the susceptible accession than in the resistant one. Transgenic lines overexpressing Osa-miR439a (OX439a) showed higher susceptibility associating with lower induction of defense-related genes and less hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation at the infection sites than the control plants. In contrast, transgenic lines expressing a target mimic of Osa-miR439 (MIM439) displayed compromised susceptibility associating with increased H2O2 accumulation. Furthermore, we found that the expression of three predicted target genes was decreased in OX439a but increased in MIM439 in comparison to control plants, and this expression was differential in susceptible and resistant accessions upon M. oryzae infection, indicating that Osa-miR439a may regulate rice blast resistance via these genes. Our results unveiled the role of Osa-miR439a in rice blast resistance and provided the potentiality to improve the blast resistance via miRNA.

Abstract Background Trichinellosis, caused by Trichinella spiralis, is a serious foodborne parasitic zoonosis. Tibetan pig is an infrequent, endemic plateau pig species, mainly distributed in Tibet Plateau, China. Because of the free-range system, Tibetan pigs are at risk of infection with Trichinella. The present study aimed to primarily profile the characteristics of T. spiralis infection in Tibetan pigs, including IgG levels, larvae burdens, and cytokines. Results The immune responses to Chinese Tibet T. spiralis isolate infection in Tibetan pigs with different doses were investigated in a tracking duration of 49 days. The muscle larvae per gram (lpg) were evaluated at 105 days post-infection (dpi). The results showed that the mean larval number of T. spiralis in Tibetan pigs increased with infective dose, with average lpg values of 3.5, 50.4 and 115.6 for Tibetan pigs infected with 200, 2,000, and 20,000 muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis. The anti-Trichinella IgG increased with inoculum dose and dpi, and peaked at 49 dpi. The kinetics of cytokines in the sera was detected by microarray, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, Granulocyte-macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. The Th1/Th2 mixed cytokines were detectable in all samples. Interleukin-12 demonstrated the highest concentration compared to other cytokines and peaked at 42 dpi. Almost all cytokines were maintained at a high level at 42 dpi. Additionally, we also report a Trichinella seropositive rate of 43.9 % (18 out of 41) from field samples of Tibetan pigs. Conclusions The present study showed an increased Th1/Th2 mixed cytokines in Tibetan pigs elicited by T. spiralis. The high seroprevalence of Trichinella infection in field samples of Tibetan pigs further raises serious concern for the prevention and control of trichinellosis in this host for public health safety.

[Purpose/significance] Mobile reading has become a new trend of national reading, while the willingness of users to pay for reading is generally not high. In order to promote the long-term healthy development of the mobile reading industry and improve users' willingness to pay, it is necessary to study the factors that affect users' willingness to pay. [Method/process] Based on the theory of VAM, this paper drew lessons from flow theory, perceived trust theory and perceived risk theory, combined with the characteristics of mobile reading, added social impact variables and user copyright awareness variables, then this paper used questionnaire survey to understand users' willingness to pay for mobile reading, and the collected data were analyzed to find out the main factors that influence the mobile reading users' payment.[Result/conclusion] The research conclusions of this paper are as follows: perceived interest and perceived usefulness have a positive impact on perceived value, while perceived cost has a negative impact on perceived value, thus influencing users' willingness to pay. Perceived value is the main factor influencing users' willingness to pay, and perceived usefulness, perceived risk, social influence and copyright awareness all have a direct impact on users' willingness to pay for mobile reading.

Magnesium alloys are one of the highly promising structural metals. hcp structure makes it less plastic at room temperature, which greatly limits the development of magnesium alloys. The problem of poor plastic deformation of magnesium alloy can be solved by grain refinement methods, and equal channel angle pressing is one of the more effective methods in grain refinement. In this paper, two-dimensional dynamic simulation of equal channel angle pressing of magnesium alloy is carried out by using finite element software DEFORM F2™. The deformation of magnesium alloy with different of die angles and die corner angles was analyzed. The results show that in the main deformation zone, when the die angles are different, the deformation of the workpiece in the horizontal direction is very uniform. However, in the longitudinal direction of the workpiece, the larger the die angle is, the more uniform the workpiece deformation is. The die corner angle has no significant effect on the uniformity of workpiece deformation in the longitudinal direction, but it has an effect on the dead zone area and workpiece warpage. The dead zone area and workpiece warpage increase with the increase of die angle.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of pelvic lateral lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. Methods EMbase, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, CNKI and WanFang Data databases were searched up to March 2019 to collect relevant studies about MRI diagnosis of pelvic lateral lymph nodes in rectal cancer. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias, used the Stata 15 software for statistical analysis and calculated the combined sensitivity (SEN pooled), specificity (SPE pooled) and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). A summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was plotted and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Results A total of 11 studies involving 1059 patients were included. The pooled Sen, Spe, +LR, -LR and DOR were 0.77 (95% CI:0.38-0.88), 0.77 (95% CI:0.69-0.83), 3.3 (95% CI:2.4-4.5), 0.3 (95% CI:0.23-0.41) and 11 (95% CI:6-18), respectively. The AUC of SROC was 0.83(95% CI:0.80-0.86). Conclusion Taken the short diameter of lymph nodes as the diagnostic criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of MRI in the diagnosis of lateral lymph node metastasis of rectal cancer are moderate; but in the absence of better imaging screening, MRI is still the recommended means.

Objective To compare ProTaper Universal (PU) and M3⁃L instruments in preparing curved root canals and to provide a reference for clinical applications. Methods Twenty resin⁃simulated curved single root canals were randomly divided into two groups. Root canal preparation was performed with a PU nickel⁃titanium file or an M3⁃L nick⁃ el⁃titanium file. Root canal preparation time, root canal length before and after preparation and root canal deviation were recorded. Results In the M3⁃L group, the displacement measured at the 4th to 7th sites was less than that in the PU group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the other two groups (P > 0.05); The length of the root canal before and after root canal preparation in the M3⁃L group was（14.90 ± 1.92） mm and（14.57 ± 1.13） mm, respec⁃ tively, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (t＝3.18, P＝0.058). The root canal length before and after root canal preparation in the PU group was（14.53 ± 1.53） mm and（14.28 ± 1.39） mm, respec⁃ tively. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant（t＝2.12， P＝0.124） ; The average prepara⁃ tion time of the M3⁃L group [（110.15 ± 10.43）s] was less than that in the PU group [（330.48 ± 12.62）s] (P < 0.05).Conclusion The M3⁃L nickel⁃titanium file has better central positioning ability and is less time⁃consuming than the PU nickel⁃titanium file in root canal bending preparation.

Global wetlands are the largest and most uncertain natural source of atmospheric methane (CH4). The FLUXNET-CH4 synthesis initiative has established a global network of flux tower infrastructure, offering valuable data products and fostering a dedicated community for the measurement and analysis of methane flux data. Existing studies using the FLUXNET-CH4 Community Product v1.0 have provided invaluable insights into the drivers of ecosystem-to-regional spatial patterns and daily-to-decadal temporal dynamics in temperate, boreal, and Arctic climate regions. However, as the wetland CH4 monitoring network grows, there is a critical knowledge gap about where new monitoring infrastructure ought to be located to improve understanding of the global wetland CH4 budget. Here we address this gap with a spatial representativeness analysis at existing and hypothetical observation sites, using 16 process-based wetland biogeochemistry models and machine learning. We find that, in addition to eddy covariance monitoring sites, existing chamber sites are important complements, especially over high latitudes and the tropics. Furthermore, expanding the current monitoring network for wetland CH4 emissions should prioritize, first, tropical and second, sub-tropical semi-arid wetland regions. Considering those new hypothetical wetland sites from tropical and semi-arid climate zones could significantly improve global estimates of wetland CH4 emissions and reduce bias by 79% (from 76 to 16 TgCH4 y−1), compared with using solely existing monitoring networks. Our study thus demonstrates an approach for long-term strategic expansion of flux observations.

Topologically ordered phases of matter elude Landaus symmetry-breaking theory, featuring a variety of intriguing properties such as long-range entanglement and intrinsic robustness against local perturbations. Their extension to periodically driven systems gives rise to exotic new phenomena that are forbidden in thermal equilibrium. Here, we report the observation of signatures of such a phenomenon-a prethermal topologically ordered time crystal-with programmable superconducting qubits arranged on a square lattice. By periodically driving the superconducting qubits with a surface code Hamiltonian, we observe discrete time-translation symmetry breaking dynamics that is only manifested in the subharmonic temporal response of nonlocal logical operators. We further connect the observed dynamics to the underlying topological order by measuring a nonzero topological entanglement entropy and studying its subsequent dynamics. Our results demonstrate the potential to explore exotic topologically ordered nonequilibrium phases of matter with noisy intermediate-scale quantum processors.