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14. Changes in infectious agent profiles and host gene expression during spawning migrations of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

Author

Elmer, Laura K., Bass, Arthur L., Johnston, Stephen D., Kaukinen, Karia H., Kelly, Lisa A., Li, Shaorong, Teffer, Amy K., Miller, Kristi M., Cooke, Steven J., and Hinch, Scott G.

Subjects
Gene expression -- Health aspects, Sockeye salmon -- Health aspects -- Sexual behavior -- Genetic aspects, Spawning -- Health aspects -- Genetic aspects, Earth sciences
Abstract

During spawning migrations, adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) must undergo a suite of morphological and physiological changes to prepare for spawning. Modern genomics approaches can be used to conduct nonlethal assessments of physiology and infectious agent presence in migrating salmon. We investigated gene expression changes and shifts in the prevalence and load of 18 infectious agents in the gill tissue of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during the final 50 km of their freshwater migration. We found 77% of fish successfully migrated to spawning grounds. Fish exhibited a decrease in thermal stress gene expression following lake migration, consistent with the hypothesized benefits of thermal refugia during spawning migrations. We also found evidence of cooler water selection (~1.5[degrees]C) during lake migration for fish with higher infection burden, suggesting behavioural changes for fish suffering higher infection burdens and potential benefits of thermal refuges for reducing the negative impacts of infection for migrating salmon. Collectively, our findings provide further evidence that fish behaviourally regulate exposure to stressful conditions such as high temperature that may undermine survival. Key words: salmon, freshwater, infectious agents, thermoregulation, gene expression, Introduction During spawning migrations, adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) return to natal spawning grounds with incredible fidelity and precise timing (Keefer et al. 2004; Hinch et al. 2006). Hormonal shifts [...]

Published
2023
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28. The same strain of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV-1) is involved with the development of different, but related, diseases in Atlantic and Pacific Salmon in British Columbia

Author

Di Cicco, Emiliano, Ferguson, Hugh W, Kaukinen, Karia H, Schulze, Angela D, Li, Shaorong, Tabata, Amy, Gunther, Oliver P, Mordecai, Gideon, Suttle, Curtis A, and Miller, Kristina M

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Cell Behavior
Abstract

Piscine orthoreovirus Strain PRV-1 is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Given its high prevalence in net pen salmon, debate has arisen on whether PRV poses a risk to migratory salmon, especially in British Columbia (BC) where commercially important wild Pacific salmon are in decline. Various strains of PRV have been associated with diseases in Pacific salmon, including erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS), HSMI-like disease, and jaundice/anemia in Japan, Norway, Chile and Canada. We examine the developmental pathway of HSMI and jaundice/anemia associated with PRV-1 in farmed Atlantic and Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) salmon in BC, respectively. In situ hybridization localized PRV-1 within developing lesions in both diseases. The two diseases showed dissimilar pathological pathways, with inflammatory lesions in heart and skeletal muscle in Atlantic salmon, and degenerative-necrotic lesions in kidney and liver in Chinook salmon, plausibly explained by differences in PRV load tolerance in red blood cells. Viral genome sequencing revealed no consistent differences in PRV-1 variants intimately involved in the development of both diseases, suggesting that migratory Chinook salmon may be at more than a minimal risk of disease from exposure to the high levels of PRV occurring on salmon farms., Comment: This is a journal authorized pre-release of an un-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in FACETS on 23 April 2018 (DOI 10.1139/facets-2018-0008). The final published version is expected to be published online in May/June 2018

Published
2018
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29. Environmental DNA dispersal from Atlantic salmon farms

Author

Shea, Dylan, Frazer, Neil, Wadhawan, Kiran, Bateman, Andrew, Li, Shaorong, Miller, Kristina M., Short, Steven, and Krkosek, Martin

Subjects
Salmon -- Genetic aspects -- Distribution, Mariculture -- Environmental aspects, Disease transmission -- Genetic aspects, Company distribution practices, Earth sciences
Abstract

The spatial spread of genetic material is fundamental to analyses of invasive species, species dispersal, and disease surveillance. Using a quantitative environmental DNA methodology, we assessed spatial variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) eDNA concentration, originating from four active salmon farms, along ~55 km of narrow channels in British Columbia, Canada. We evaluated eDNA from 36 and 47 seawater samples collected at 2 and 8 m depths, respectively, at 0.3-3 km intervals along the channels. We fitted a Laplace dispersal kernel to eDNA data separately for 2 and 8 m depths. The model estimates that 95% of eDNA spread at 2 m depth was within 1.6 km upstream and 3.2 km downstream from farms relative to a prevailing current, and this was expanded at 8 m (1.8 km upstream; 3.7 km downstream). Our modeling results were robust to multiple sources of simulated uncertainty associated with sampling regime and variable eDNA shedding rates. Our results provide a benchmark for the spatial spread of biological material such as pathogens or eDNA from invasive or imperilled species in a coastal marine context. This work has implications for the interpretation of eDNA data for species surveillance and predicting disease spread. La propagation spatiale de materiel genetique est un aspect fondamental des analyses des especes envahissantes, de la dispersion des especes et de la surveillance des maladies. Nous evaluons, en utilisant une methodologie quantitative reposant sur l'ADN environnemental, les variations spatiales des concentrations d'ADNe de saumons atlantiques (Salmo salar) provenant de quatre fermes salmonicoles actives le long de quelque 55 km de chenaux etroits en Colombie-Britannique (Canada). Nous evaluons l'ADNe de 36 et 47 echantillons d'eau de mer preleves a 2 et 8 m de profondeur, respectivement, a des intervalles de 0,3 a 3 km le long des chenaux. Nous calons un noyau de dispersion de Laplace sur les donnees d'ADNe pour chacune des profondeurs de 2 et 8 m. Le modele estime que 95 % de l'ADNe propage a une profondeur de 2 m se trouvait a moins de 1,6 km vers l'amont et 3,2 km vers l'aval des fermes par rapport a un courant dominant et que cette fourchette s'elargissait a 8 m de profondeur (1,8 km vers l'amont et 3,7 km vers l'aval). Les resultats de notre modelisation sont robustes en presence de differentes sources d'incertitude simulee associees au regime d'echantillonnage et a des taux de liberation d'ADNe variables. Nos resultats constituent un point de reference pour la propagation spatiale de materiel biologique comme des pathogenes ou de l'ADNe provenant d'especes envahissantes ou en peril dans un contexte marin cotier. Ces travaux sont importants pour l'interpretation de donnees d'ADNe pour la surveillance d'especes et la prediction de la propagation de maladies. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The spatial spread of genetic material is fundamental to analyses of invasive species, species dispersal, and disease transmission. Environmental DNA-based methods have greatly improved species-tracking, particularly when the probability [...]

Published
2022
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31. Facile synthesis of silicon quantum dots with photoluminescence in the near-ultraviolet to violet region via wet oxidation.

Author

He, Yizhou, Hao, Qianxi, Zhang, Chi, Wang, Qi, Zeng, Wenxin, Yu, Jiamin, Yang, Xue, Li, Shaorong, Guo, Xiaowei, and Lazarouk, Serguei K.

Abstract

To extend the photoluminescence (PL) of silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) into the near-ultraviolet–violet (NUVV) region, the size of SiQDs must be reduced to less than 1.53 nm. However, this significantly increases both the difficulty and the cost of synthesis. Herein, we report a facile wet oxidation treatment to obtain SiQDs with PL emission in the NUVV region while elucidating their emission mechanism. The synthesized SiQDs exhibit an average diameter of 4.95 nm, with F-band emission peaks ranging from 332 to 420 nm, which are blue-shifted by approximately 500 nm compared to the near-infrared (NIR) counterparts lacking wet oxidation treatment. Notably, the synthesized SiQDs achieve an average photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 19.05%, a 6.24-fold increase over their NIR counterparts. Comprehensive examinations attribute this NUVV emission to two types of oxygen defects: peroxy linkage (POL) and oxygen-deficient center (ODC(I)). Under wet oxidation conditions, SiOx networks containing these oxygen defects, rather than simple Si–O–Si groups, are formed on the surface of SiQDs. Furthermore, after storing the SiQDs in ambient air for approximately two months, no intrinsic or additional defect-induced emissions were observed, and 88% of the initial PLQY was retained, indicating favorable stability of the SiQDs. This study provides valuable insights into oxygen-related defect-induced emission mechanisms on SiQD surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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32. Prevalence and root canal morphology of taurodontism analyzed by cone-beam computed tomography in Northern China.

Author

Li, Shaorong, Min, Ziheng, Wang, Tianhao, Hou, Benxiang, Su, Zheng, and Zhang, Chen

Subjects
MOLARS, TEETH abnormalities, RESEARCH funding, TOOTH roots, COMPUTED tomography, SEX distribution, SYMPTOMS, RETROSPECTIVE studies, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DENTAL pulp cavities, BICUSPIDS, MEDICAL records, ACQUISITION of data, REOPERATION, MAXILLA, MANDIBLE, TREATMENT failure
Abstract

Background: To evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of taurodontism in northern China by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and assisting the treatment. Methods: The study involved CBCT scans of 8112 teeth from 507 participants of northern China, comprising 217 males and 290 females aged 18 to 60. Analysis was conducted using Shifman and Chanannel's criteria to assess the prevalence and attributes of taurodontism, examining differences based on tooth position (maxilla and mandible) as well as gender (P < 0.05). Specific morphology including C-shaped canal was recorded. The curvature of the canals was measured using a modified Schneider method. Moreover, we reported two failure cases with taurodontism referred to a retreatment. Results: Taurodontism was observed in 113 participants, affecting 23.50% of the males and 21.38% of the females in at least one tooth (P > 0.05). The prevalence was significant higher in maxilla (P < 0.05). The highest incidence of taurodontism was detected in premolars, 9.86% in the maxillary first premolars, and in molars, with 3.94% in the maxillary first molars. Regarding canal curvature, a higher incidence of curved canal could be found in maxillary and mandibular molars of taurodontism (47.50-66.67%), alongside an elevated prevalence of C-shaped taurodontism in mandibular second molars (71.43%). After follow-up, the healing response was satisfactory in both cases. Conclusion: The study highlighted a higher incidence of taurodontism in maxilla, indicating a significant association between taurodontism, C-shaped characteristics, and canal curvature. Dentists are advised to carefully consider the presence of special morphologies during taurodontism treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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42. 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Adkins, Scott, Agwanda, Bernard R., Al Kubrusli, Rim, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Amarasinghe, Gaya K., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Basler, Christopher F., Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bennett, Andrew J., Bente, Dennis A., Bergeron, Éric, Bird, Brian H., Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blystad, Dag-Ragnar, Bojko, Jamie, Borth, Wayne B., Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Brown, Judith K., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Cheng, Qi, Chiaki, Yuya, Chiapello, Marco, Choi, Il-Ryong, Ciuffo, Marina, Clegg, J. Christopher S., Crozier, Ian, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Cicco, Emiliano, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Dolnik, Olga, Drebot, Michael A., Drexler, J. Felix, Dundon, William G., Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dye, John M., Easton, Andrew J., Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Ferguson, Hugh W., Fooks, Anthony R., Forgia, Marco, Formenty, Pierre B. H., Fránová, Jana, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Fu, Jingjing, Fürl, Stephanie, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Gāo, George Fú, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Griffiths, Anthony, Goldberg, Tony L., Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Stephan, Hall, Roy A., Hammond, John, Han, Tong, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hewson, Roger, Hong, Jiang, Hong, Ni, Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hu, John S., Hu, Tao, Hughes, Holly R., Hüttner, Florian, Hyndman, Timothy H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, Risto, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Kadono, Fujio, Kaukinen, Karia H., Kawate, Michael, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kobinger, Gary, Koloniuk, Igor, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Langevin, Stanley L., Lee, Benhur, Lefkowitz, Elliot J., Leroy, Eric M., Li, Shaorong, Li, Longhui, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Liu, Huazhen, Lukashevich, Igor S., Maes, Piet, de Souza, William Marciel, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., Massart, Sebastien, McCauley, John W., Melzer, Michael, Mielke-Ehret, Nicole, Miller, Kristina M., Ming, Tobi J., Mirazimi, Ali, Mordecai, Gideon J., Mühlbach, Hans-Peter, Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, José A., Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R. T., Olmedo-Velarde, Alejandro, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Pályi, Bernadett, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Park, Adam C., Parrish, Colin R., Patterson, David A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Payne, Susan, Peracchio, Carlotta, Pérez, Daniel R., Postler, Thomas S., Qi, Liying, Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rima, Bertus K., Luna, Gabriel Robles, Romanowski, Víctor, Rota, Paul, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sall, Amadou Alpha, Salvato, Maria S., Sang, Rosemary, Sasaya, Takahide, Schulze, Angela D., Schwemmle, Martin, Shi, Mang, Shí, Xiǎohóng, Shí, Zhènglì, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Shirako, Yukio, Siddell, Stuart G., Simmonds, Peter, Sironi, Manuela, Smagghe, Guy, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Stone, David M., Sugano, Jari, Suttle, Curtis A., Tabata, Amy, Takada, Ayato, Takeuchi, Shigeharu, Tchouassi, David P., Teffer, Amy, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Torto, Baldwyn, Towner, Jonathan S., Tsuda, Shinya, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Uchida, Janice, Usugi, Tomio, Vaira, Anna Maria, Vallino, Marta, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Varsani, Arvind, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Wang, Lin-Fa, Wang, Guoping, Wang, Yanxiang, Wang, Yaqin, Waqas, Muhammad, Wèi, Tàiyún, Wen, Shaohua, Whitfield, Anna E., Williams, John V., Wolf, Yuri I., Wu, Jiangxiang, Xu, Lei, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yang, Caixia, Yang, Zuokun, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhai, Lifeng, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Jinguo, Zhang, Zhe, and Zhou, Xueping

Published
2021
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43. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author

Kuhn, Jens H., Adkins, Scott, Agwanda, Bernard R., Al Kubrusli, Rim, Alkhovsky, Sergey V., Amarasinghe, Gaya K., Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, Ayllón, María A., Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, Ballinger, Matthew J., Basler, Christopher F., Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, Bejerman, Nicolas, Bennett, Andrew J., Bente, Dennis A., Bergeron, Éric, Bird, Brian H., Blair, Carol D., Blasdell, Kim R., Blystad, Dag-Ragnar, Bojko, Jamie, Borth, Wayne B., Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thomas, Brown, Paul A., Brown, Judith K., Buchholz, Ursula J., Buchmeier, Michael J., Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Büttner, Carmen, Calisher, Charles H., Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chandran, Kartik, Charrel, Rémi N., Cheng, Qi, Chiaki, Yuya, Chiapello, Marco, Choi, Il-Ryong, Ciuffo, Marina, Clegg, J. Christopher S., Crozier, Ian, Dal Bó, Elena, de la Torre, Juan Carlos, de Lamballerie, Xavier, de Swart, Rik L., Debat, Humberto, Dheilly, Nolwenn M., Di Cicco, Emiliano, Di Paola, Nicholas, Di Serio, Francesco, Dietzgen, Ralf G., Digiaro, Michele, Dolnik, Olga, Drebot, Michael A., Drexler, J. Felix, Dundon, William G., Duprex, W. Paul, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dye, John M., Easton, Andrew J., Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Ferguson, Hugh W., Fooks, Anthony R., Forgia, Marco, Formenty, Pierre B. H., Fránová, Jana, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Fu, Jingjing, Fürl, Stephanie, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Gāo, George Fú, García, María Laura, García-Sastre, Adolfo, Garrison, Aura R., Gaskin, Thomas, Gonzalez, Jean-Paul J., Griffiths, Anthony, Goldberg, Tony L., Groschup, Martin H., Günther, Stephan, Hall, Roy A., Hammond, John, Han, Tong, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hewson, Roger, Hong, Jiang, Hong, Ni, Hongo, Seiji, Horie, Masayuki, Hu, John S., Hu, Tao, Hughes, Holly R., Hüttner, Florian, Hyndman, Timothy H., Ilyas, M., Jalkanen, Risto, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jonson, Gilda B., Junglen, Sandra, Kadono, Fujio, Kaukinen, Karia H., Kawate, Michael, Klempa, Boris, Klingström, Jonas, Kobinger, Gary, Koloniuk, Igor, Kondō, Hideki, Koonin, Eugene V., Krupovic, Mart, Kubota, Kenji, Kurath, Gael, Laenen, Lies, Lambert, Amy J., Langevin, Stanley L., Lee, Benhur, Lefkowitz, Elliot J., Leroy, Eric M., Li, Shaorong, Li, Longhui, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Liu, Huazhen, Lukashevich, Igor S., Maes, Piet, de Souza, William Marciel, Marklewitz, Marco, Marshall, Sergio H., Marzano, Shin-Yi L., Massart, Sebastien, McCauley, John W., Melzer, Michael, Mielke-Ehret, Nicole, Miller, Kristina M., Ming, Tobi J., Mirazimi, Ali, Mordecai, Gideon J., Mühlbach, Hans-Peter, Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, José A., Netesov, Sergey V., Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, Nunes, Márcio R. T., Olmedo-Velarde, Alejandro, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallás, Vicente, Pályi, Bernadett, Papa, Anna, Paraskevopoulou, Sofia, Park, Adam C., Parrish, Colin R., Patterson, David A., Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, Pawęska, Janusz T., Payne, Susan, Peracchio, Carlotta, Pérez, Daniel R., Postler, Thomas S., Qi, Liying, Radoshitzky, Sheli R., Resende, Renato O., Reyes, Carina A., Rima, Bertus K., Luna, Gabriel Robles, Romanowski, Víctor, Rota, Paul, Rubbenstroth, Dennis, Rubino, Luisa, Runstadler, Jonathan A., Sabanadzovic, Sead, Sall, Amadou Alpha, Salvato, Maria S., Sang, Rosemary, Sasaya, Takahide, Schulze, Angela D., Schwemmle, Martin, Shi, Mang, Shí, Xiǎohóng, Shí, Zhènglì, Shimomoto, Yoshifumi, Shirako, Yukio, Siddell, Stuart G., Simmonds, Peter, Sironi, Manuela, Smagghe, Guy, Smither, Sophie, Song, Jin-Won, Spann, Kirsten, Spengler, Jessica R., Stenglein, Mark D., Stone, David M., Sugano, Jari, Suttle, Curtis A., Tabata, Amy, Takada, Ayato, Takeuchi, Shigeharu, Tchouassi, David P., Teffer, Amy, Tesh, Robert B., Thornburg, Natalie J., Tomitaka, Yasuhiro, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, Torto, Baldwyn, Towner, Jonathan S., Tsuda, Shinya, Tu, Changchun, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioannis E., Uchida, Janice, Usugi, Tomio, Vaira, Anna Maria, Vallino, Marta, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Varsani, Arvind, Vasilakis, Nikos, Verbeek, Martin, von Bargen, Susanne, Wada, Jiro, Wahl, Victoria, Walker, Peter J., Wang, Lin-Fa, Wang, Guoping, Wang, Yanxiang, Wang, Yaqin, Waqas, Muhammad, Wèi, Tàiyún, Wen, Shaohua, Whitfield, Anna E., Williams, John V., Wolf, Yuri I., Wu, Jiangxiang, Xu, Lei, Yanagisawa, Hironobu, Yang, Caixia, Yang, Zuokun, Zerbini, F. Murilo, Zhai, Lifeng, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhang, Song, Zhang, Jinguo, Zhang, Zhe, and Zhou, Xueping

Published
2021
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50. Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) disease diagnosed on a British Columbia salmon farm through a longitudinal farm study.

Author

Di Cicco, Emiliano, Ferguson, Hugh, Schulze, Angela, Kaukinen, Karia, Li, Shaorong, Vanderstichel, Raphaël, Wessel, Øystein, Rimstad, Espen, Gardner, Ian, Hammell, K, and Miller, Kristina

Subjects
Animals, British Columbia, Cardiomyopathies, Fish Diseases, Fisheries, Inflammation, Longitudinal Studies, Reoviridae Infections, Salmo salar
Abstract

Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is an emerging disease of marine-farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), first recognized in 1999 in Norway, and later also reported in Scotland and Chile. We undertook a longitudinal study involving health evaluation over an entire marine production cycle on one salmon farm in British Columbia (Canada). In previous production cycles at this farm site and others in the vicinity, cardiac lesions not linked to a specific infectious agent or disease were identified. Histologic assessments of both live and moribund fish samples collected at the farm during the longitudinal study documented at the population level the development, peak, and recovery phases of HSMI. The fish underwent histopathological evaluation of all tissues, Tworts Gram staining, immunohistochemistry, and molecular quantification in heart tissue of 44 agents known or suspected to cause disease in salmon. Our analysis showed evidence of HSMI histopathological lesions over an 11-month timespan, with the prevalence of lesions peaking at 80-100% in sampled fish, despite mild clinical signs with no associated elevation in mortalities reported at the farm level. Diffuse mononuclear inflammation and myodegeneration, consistent with HSMI, was the predominant histologic observation in affected heart and skeletal muscle. Infective agent monitoring identified three agents at high prevalence in salmon heart tissue, including Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), and parasites Paranucleospora theridion and Kudoa thyrsites. However, PRV alone was statistically correlated with the occurrence and severity of histopathological lesions in the heart. Immunohistochemical staining further localized PRV throughout HSMI development, with the virus found mainly within red blood cells in early cases, moving into the cardiomyocytes within or, more often, on the periphery of the inflammatory reaction during the peak disease, and reducing to low or undetectable levels later in the production cycle. This study represents the first longitudinal assessment of HSMI in a salmon farm in British Columbia, providing new insights on the pathogenesis of the disease.

Published
2017

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