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The tadpoles of many anuran amphibians inhabit lotic habitats and evolved oral devices to adhere to the substratum. Although published anatomical descriptions of rheophilous tadpoles exist, little is known about the modifications in gastromyzophorous tadpoles that possess abdominal suckers and live in torrential sections of streams. We describe the gastromyzophorous tadpoles of Huia cavitympanum and Meristogenys jerboa from torrential streams of Borneo, with special attention to the anatomy of their abdominal suckers and their relations to cranial structures and musculature. One cranium of H. cavitympanum and its associated muscles were computer-reconstructed in three dimensions from serial histological sections. The abdominal sucker and oral sucker comprise a set of muscles and ligaments that attach to internal skeletal structures. Some muscles could be identified to attach directly to soft tissue of the abdominal sucker and most likely contribute to suction. Comparing tadpoles of H. cavitympanum to the closely related gastromyzophorous M. jerboa reveals differences in external and internal features, such as cornu trabeculae fusion and jaw details. Because of phylogenetic uncertainties, it is unclear whether or not this structural complex evolved once or several times convergently in ranids.

Experimental intranasal infection of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with calpox virus results in fatal disease. Route and dose used for viral inoculation of the test animals mimics the natural transmission of smallpox, thus representing a suitable model to study pathogenesis and to evaluate new vaccines against orthopoxvirus infection. However, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to death are still unclear. Therefore, our study aimed at investigating the kinetics of pathological alterations to clarify the pathogenesis in calpox virus infection. Following intranasal inoculation with two different viral doses, common marmosets were sacrificed on days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12 post inoculation. Collected tissue was screened using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and virological assays. Our data suggest that primary replication took place in nasal and bronchial epithelia followed by secondary replication in submandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Parallel to viremia at day 7, virus was detectable in many organs, mainly located in epithelial cells and macrophages, as well as in endothelial cells. Based on the onset of clinical signs, the histological and ultrastructural lesions and the immunohistochemical distribution pattern of the virus, the incubation period was defined to last 11 days, which resembles human smallpox. In conclusion, the data indicate that the calpox model is highly suitable for studying orthopoxvirus-induced disease.

Background Common marmosets are extensively used in immunological and pharmacological research, and the usage of methods such as flow cytometry gain increasing importance. Methods Using multicolor flow cytometry cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies with cells of common marmosets was analyzed. Furthermore, frequencies of immune cells and immunological parameters were assessed in healthy common marmosets. Results A total of 97 clones of monoclonal antibodies raised against CD markers, chemokine receptors, and miscellaneous markers were tested. Additionally, baseline frequencies of different innate and adaptive immune cells as well as certain parameters, such as activation and memory T-cell and B-cell distribution, are provided. Conclusion Our study gives an extended overview of cross-reactive antibodies for flow cytometric analysis of immune cells as well as baseline values for different immune parameters in healthy common marmosets.