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IntroductionNorovirus is widely recognized as a leading cause of both sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) across all age groups. The GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant has consistently prevailed since 2012, distinguishing itself from other variants that typically circulate for a period of 2–4 years.ObjectiveThis review aims to systematically summarize the prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis following emergence of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant.MethodsData were collected from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases spanning the period between January 2012 and August 2022. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the global prevalence and distribution patterns of norovirus gastroenteritis from 2012 to 2022.ResultsThe global pooled prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis was determined to be 19.04% (16.66–21.42%) based on a comprehensive analysis of 70 studies, which included a total of 85,798 sporadic cases with acute gastroenteritis and identified 15,089 positive cases for norovirus. The prevalence rate is higher in winter than other seasons, and there are great differences among countries and age groups. The pooled attack rate of norovirus infection is estimated to be 36.89% (95% CI, 36.24–37.55%), based on a sample of 6,992 individuals who tested positive for norovirus out of a total population of 17,958 individuals exposed during outbreak events.ConclusionThe global prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis is always high, necessitating an increased emphasis on prevention and control strategies with vaccine development for this infectious disease, particularly among the children under 5 years old and the geriatric population (individuals over 60 years old).

The Euro 7 emission standards for light-duty vehicles released at the end of 2022 have for the first time restricted the emission of non exhaust particulate matter from vehicles, which has attracted widespread attention from brake and tire manufacturers and vehicle manufacturers. Prior to this, there were few reports on the testing methods for brake wear particulate matter emissions in China, and most of them focused on studying the emission characteristics and composition of brake wear particulate matter emissions. This article reviews the testing methods for particulate matter emissions from light-duty vehicle braking wear at home and abroad, including methods based on inertia dyno bench, operating loss sealed chamber, actual road and pin-on-disc tribometer.

Advancements in genome editing enable permanent changes of DNA sequences in a site-specific manner, providing promising approaches for treating human genetic disorders caused by gene mutations. Recently, genome editing has been applied and achieved significant progress in treating inherited genetic disorders that remain incurable by conventional therapy. Here, we present a review of various programmable genome editing systems with their principles, advantages, and limitations. We introduce their recent applications for treating inherited diseases in the clinic, including sickle cell disease (SCD), β-thalassemia, Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH), etc. We also discuss the paradigm of ex vivo and in vivo editing and highlight the promise of somatic editing and the challenge of germline editing. Finally, we propose future directions in delivery, cutting, and repairing to improve the scope of clinical applications.

The development of haploid genetics has motivated studies on genome evolution and function, especially the technological advancements in recent years have prompted the birth of culture techniques for mammalian haploid embryonic stem cells (haESCs). Sperm-like haESCs are novel haESCs derived from mouse parthenogenetic blastocysts. Sperm-like haESCs only contain paternal genetic material, and their sex chromosome is the X chromosome. They can self-renew, differentiate, and proliferate in vitro for a long time. Furthermore, editing single or multiple genes using the CRISPR system is possible for sperm-like haESCs, which can replace sperms to fertilize oocytes. In contrast to traditional methods for constructing mouse models, such as pronuclear injection, cytoplasmic injection, and tetraploid complementation, by injecting sperm-like haESCs after gene editing into oocytes, semi-cloned mice with a definitive genotype can be obtained efficiently and stably without chimerism, and primary mice can be used for research. The mouse disease model based on multiple precisely edited genes obtained from sperm-like haESCs can explain the effect of multiple genes synergistic interaction at the level of biological individuals to completely simulate various pathological characteristics of complex human diseases that may be affected by multiple genes, and this model facilitates the exploration of novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Objective To investigate the effect of silencing the endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein calnexin on the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. Methods Calnexin siRNA was transfected into SCC-9 and SCC-25 tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, and the expression of calnexin was detected by qRT-PCR. The silencing effect of calnexin siRNA was further verified by Western blotting. CCK-8 assay was applied to detect the effect of silencing calnexin on the proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells; Transwell assay was used to detect the effect of silencing calnexin on the invasion and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. Results qRT-PCR showed that calnexin siRNA could effectively downregulate the expression of calnexin. Western blot analysis further confirmed the silencing effect of calnexin siRNA on calnexin. The CCK-8 assay showed that silencing calnexin expression on the 4th and 5th days could inhibit the proliferation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The Transwell assay showed that knockdown of calnexin could inhibit the invasion and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (P < 0.001). Conclusion Knockdown of calnexin can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of salivary gland tumors and their pathological types.Methods Data from 2 456 patients with salivary gland tumors diagnosed between January 1973 and December 2018 at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were collected, and their gender, age and tumor pathological type, location, and benign and malignant composition ratios were retrospectively analyzed.Results Over the 46-year study period, 2 456 patients with salivary gland tumors were treated; 41.9% were female, and 58.1% were male. The peak incidence was found among the 40 to 60 years of age group, in which 593 (24.1%) patients had malignant tumors and 1 863 (75.9%) had benign tumors. The ratio of benign and malignant tumors was 3.1∶1. The top two most common benign tumors were pleomorphic adenoma (58.7%) and Warthin tumors (33.6%). The top two most common malignant tumors were mucoepidermoid carcinoma (27.7%) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (26.1%). The most common sites of benign pleomorphic adenomas were the parotid glands, palate, and submandibular glands. Mucinous epidermoid carcinomas in malignant tumors were common in the parotid glands and small salivary glands. The incidence of salivary gland tumors in this group has increased each year, and this group accounted for 53.3% of the total cases over the past 10 years.Conclusion The number of patients with salivary gland tumors is increasing each year. The total incidence of salivary gland tumors is higher in men than in women. Large salivary gland tumors are mainly benign tumors, and small salivary gland tumors are more common. Polymorphic adenomas, Warthin tumors, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas are the most common tumor types; patients 40~60 years old are most likely to have benign salivary glands and have a high incidence of malignant tumors.

Objective To investigate the role of lncRNAs in the invasion and metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) cells. Methods With SACC-LM as the experimental group and SACC83 as the control group, lncRNA chips were used to screen the differentially expressed lncRNAs. The differentially expressed lncRNAs were further verified by real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The invasion and migration abilities of the adenoid cystic carcinoma cell lines before and after transfection with lncRNA siRNAs were detected by invasion and migration experiments. The clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with different expression of lncRNAs and SACC were analyzed. Results The microarray showed that ADAMTS9-AS2 was highly expressed in the SACC-LM cells. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR further confirmed that ADAMTS9-AS2 was significantly upregulated in the SACC-LM cells. Invasion and migration experiments showed that the invasion and migration were significantly reduced after the expression level of ADAMTS9-AS2 was downregulated (P ＜ 0.001). Analysis of the clinicopathological data showed that ADAMTS9-AS2 was highly expressed in SACC. High expression of ADAMTS9-AS2 was associated with poor prognosis and a high tumor metastasis rate in SACC patients. Conclusion High expression of ADAMTS9-AS2 promotes the migration and invasion of SACC cells. ADAMTS9-AS2 is upregulated in the SACC tissues and is related to a high metastasis rate and poor prognosis.

Objective To analyze the value of virtual surgical planning in the surgical treatment of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible and to provide a reference for clinical practice.Methods From September 2017 to June 2018, 13 patients with mandibular osteoradionecrosis were evaluated preoperatively using the 3D virtual surgery software CMF Proplan 2.0. The surgical guide was designed and 3D printed. Bone resection, fibula shaping and bone graft localization were completed during the operation. In some cases, implants were implanted at the same time, and denture restoration was completed 3 to 6 months after surgery. Patients’ general information, perioperative data, and efficacy evaluation were analyzed.Results All patients underwent surgery successfully. The survival rate of the free fibula musculocutaneous flap was 100% (13/13), and one patient had complications (partial necrosis at the edge of the flap). The follow-up period was 7 to 15 months, and the median time was 10 months. All patients achieved a healing effect. The number of cases with an increase in mouth opening ≥ 1 cm, 0.5 cm ≤ mouth opening increase < 1 cm, and mouth opening increase < 0.5 cm were 5, 6, and 2, respectively. An imaging examination showed that 12 patients had good bone healing, and 1 patient did not completely heal 7 months after operation. The denture restoration was 92.3% (12/13), of which 3 cases were implanted and repaired at the same time. The average chewing efficiency was 56.11% ± 7.12% (42.03%-67.83%).Conclusion Virtual surgical planning is an effective method for the surgical treatment of mandibular osteoradionecrosis, which can reduce the risk of surgery and more effectively perform mandibular shape and function repair.

Objective To investigate the differential expression of mitochondrial microRNAs (mitomiRs) in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and to screen out mitomiRs related to chemotherapy resistance. Methods Mitochon⁃ drial, cytoplasmic, and total cellular RNAs were extracted from the squamous cell carcinoma cell line CAL⁃27 and the cisplatin⁃resistant cell line CAL⁃27⁃re. High⁃throughput miRNA microarrays were used to screen for differentially ex⁃ pressed mitomiRs between the drug⁃resistant and parental cells. The upregulated mitomiRs in the CAL⁃27 and CAL⁃27⁃ re cells and in samples from chemoresistant and chemosensitive tongue squamous cell carcinoma patients were verified by qRT⁃PCR. Results The microarray detected 263 miRNAs in 6 components of the mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and total cellular RNAs from the CAL⁃27 and CAL⁃27⁃re cells, including 57 mitomiRs and 134 cytoplasmic microRNAs (cy⁃ tomiRs). Compared with the total miRNAs, 35 mitomiRs were upregulated in the CAL⁃ 27⁃re cells, and 31 mitomiRs were upregulated in the CAL⁃27 cells (≥ 1.5⁃fold). Further comparative analysis of mitomiRs that were differentially ex⁃ pressed between the parental and drug⁃resistant cells identified 11 upregulated mitomiRs (miR⁃2392, miR⁃4462, miR⁃ 1290, miR⁃4449, miR⁃1268a, miR⁃1246, and miR⁃371a⁃5p, miR⁃3934⁃5p, miR⁃4271, miR⁃513p, and miR⁃664b⁃3p) and 5 downregulated mitomiRs (miR⁃188⁃5p, miR⁃1973, miR ⁃3653, miR⁃4499, and miR⁃5787); the expression levels of the other 41 mitomiRs were almost identical in both cell lines. The qRT⁃PCR results were consistent with the miRNA microarray results. The 11 upregulated mitomiRs that were validated between the CAL⁃27 and CAL⁃27⁃re cells included miR⁃1268a, miR⁃2392, miR⁃4462, and miR⁃1290. Additionally, 5 mitomiRs, including miR⁃4449, were upregulated in the clinical chemotherapy⁃resistant tongue squamous cell carcinoma samples. Conclusion Differentially expressed mit⁃ omiRs were found between cisplatin⁃resistant and cisplatin⁃sensitive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells. mitomiRs with high expression levels (miR⁃2392, miR⁃4462, miR⁃1290, miR⁃4449 and miR⁃1268a) may play important roles in the drug resistance of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective To investigate the effect of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (FIS1) on apoptosis and cisplatin resistance in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cells. Methods The squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC9 and CAL27 were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of FIS1 after cisplatin treatment, the knockdown and over⁃ expression of FIS1 of SCC9 and CAL27 with or without cisplatin treatment were accomplished through small interfering RNA (siRNA) and plasmid, respectively. The mitochondrial division state in cells was detected by mitochondrial stain⁃ ing, and the apoptosis state of cells was detected by TUNEL, flow cytometry and Caspase 3/7. Results FIS1 protein ex⁃ pression in tongue squamous carcinoma cells treated with cisplatin was increased, but the mRNA level did not change. Silencing of FIS1 expression reduced mitochondrial division and apoptosis in squamous cell carcinoma cells treated with cisplatin, whereas overexpression of FIS1 exhibited the opposite effects. The percentage of dividing mitochondria, the number of apoptotic cells and the activity of Caspase 3/7 in SCC9 and CAL27 cells were significantly different be⁃ fore and after modulation of FIS1 expression (P < 0.05). Conclusion FIS1 is involved in the regulation of cisplatin chemotherapy sensitivity in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and can be used as a new target for improving the sensitivi⁃ ty of cisplatin chemotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

On the basis of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, this paper establishes a sequence stratigraphic frame, and predicts reservoirs by analyzing velocity field, seismic inversion, and seismic attributes. In the case study of the Jurassic Toutunhe Formation braided river delta reservoir of Shinan 21 well block, middle of the Junggar Basin, space variant velocity field inversion and reservoir prediction were carried out based on the sequence stratigraphic frame and the reservoir prediction accuracy was improved. Comparing the prediction results with the real drilling shows that, when the burial depth of bed of interest is 2 500 m, the maximum prediction error of depth is only 10 m, and the average relative prediction error is 0.16%; for appraisal wells with an average effective sandstone of 13 m, the maximum prediction error of sandstone thickness is only 5 m. The structure mapping and reservoir prediction constrained by the sequence stratigraphic frame achieved success. Key words: sequence stratigraphic frame, reservoir prediction, Junggar Basin, braided river delta

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oesophageal cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers worldwide. Our previous population-based study reported a high prevalence of oesophageal cancer in Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, China. Ancestors of the Chaoshan population migrated from the Taihang Mountain region of north-central China, which is another high-incidence area for oesophageal cancer. The purpose of the present study was to obtain evidence of inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in the Chaoshan population, with reference to the Taihang Mountain population, with the eventual goal of molecular identification of the disease genes. METHODS: We conducted familial correlation, commingling, and complex segregation analyses of 224 families from the Chaoshan population and 403 families from the Taihang population using the FPMM program of S.A.G.E. version 5.3.0. A second analysis focused on specific families having large numbers of affected individuals or early onset of the disease. RESULTS: For the general population, moderate sib-sib correlation was noticed for esophageal cancer. Additionally, brother-brother correlation was even higher. Commingling analyses indicated that a three-component distribution model best accounts for the variation in age of onset of oesophageal cancer, and that a multifactorial model provides the best fit to the general population data. An autosomal dominant mode and a dominant or recessive major gene with polygenic inheritance were found to be the best models of inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in some large families. CONCLUSIONS: The current results provide evidence for inherited susceptibility to oesophageal cancer in certain high-risk groups in China, and support efforts to identify the susceptibility genes.