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The hydraulic fracturing in-situ stress testing technology was used to test two boreholes (500-meter and 520-meter deep) at the Taiyuan pumped storage power station in Shanxi Province. The in-situ stress state of critical areas was obtained, and the ground stress level, underground building layout, and lining form in the project area were analyzed. The results show that the maximum horizontal principal stress ranges from 10.98 to 18.09 MPa, the minimum horizontal principal stress from 6.79 to 11.32 MPa, and the vertical principal stress from 9.61 to 13.57 MPa. Compared with the high and low in-situ stress values at the north and south ends of Shanxi Province, respectively, the measured values are between; Compared with the simulated in-situ stress field in the Qinshui Basin, the test results are basically consistent. The vertical stress values are between the maximum horizontal principal stress values and the minimum horizontal principal stress values (SH>Sv>Sh), which means the maximum horizontal stress at the measuring point is the maximum principal stress and is in the strike-slip stress state. Its lateral pressure coefficient Kav is between 0.92 and 1.09, reflecting that the tectonic action in the engineering area is not intense. In the range of 330–506 meters, the saturated uniaxial compressive strength of the two boreholes is betwwen 35 and 107 MPa, with an average of 63.79 MPa, and the ratio of the saturated strength to the maximum principal stress (\begin{document}$ {{R}_{\mathrm{b}}} $\end{document}/σm) is between 3.54 and 5.81, belonging to the medium–high stress level. The direction of the maximum horizontal principal stress in the project area is NE 43° to NE 70.5°, and the average is NE 59.5°, consistent with the regional focal mechanism solution and GPS displacement data. From the perspective of in-situ stress orientation, the average direction of the maximum principal stress in the engineering area is NE 59.5°, and the direction of the long axis of the underground powerhouse is between NE 29.5° and NE 89.5°, which is conducive to the stability of the surrounding rock of the powerhouse. The maximum water head PH of the underground hub project is about 4.62 MPa (i.e., PH

Flowering phenology is closely related to plant reproduction, and its response to climate change is obvious; therefore, revealing its influencing factors and interspecific changes has become an important issue in global change ecology and physical geography. Previous studies have reported that interspecific changes in flowering phenology are affected by climatic factors (such as temperature and precipitation) and related to plant functional traits. However, the magnitude of the correlation between functional traits and flowering phenology varies greatly among different regions and climatic zones, and the relationship between them remains unclear. In this study, to explore whether functional traits affect interspecific changes in the flowering phenology of subtropical evergreen broadleaf species, 67 woody species in the Ningbo Botanical Garden were chosen as the study objects. Four types of flowering phenological characteristics (initial flowering time, full bloom time, falling flower time, and duration of the flowering period) were observed. General statistical analyses (i.e., maximum, minimum, mean, coefficient of variation, and frequency) were used to test the distribution patterns of flowering phenology. Four statistical methods (independent samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, linear fitting, and generalized linear mixed effect regression models) were used to analyze the differences in flowering phenology between different types (tree vs. shrubs, different types of flower color, and fruit type) and the contributions of different functional traits (i.e., potential maximum tree height, life form, flower color, and fruit type) to the changes in flowering phenology. The results showed that: (1) the initial flowering time, full bloom time, falling flower time, and duration of the flowering period of 67 woody plants were March 28 ± 21.64 d, March 30 ± 27.02 d, April 15 ± 30.78 d, and 23.82 ± 13.31 d, respectively. (2) The initial flowering time and full bloom time of trees were significantly earlier than those of shrubs (P < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed between them in the falling flower time or duration of the flowering period (P > 0.05). The standard deviation of the flowering phenology of trees was lower than that of shrubs, indicating that the flowering phenology of trees was more stable than that of shrubs. (3) The results of generalized linear mixed-effect regression models showed that the effects of the four functional traits on flowering phenology differed. More specifically, flower color significantly affected falling-flower time (P < 0.01). The falling flower time of colored flowers was earlier than that of white flowers. Life form and potential maximum tree height significantly affected the duration of the flowering period (P < 0.01). Plants with higher potential maximum heights have longer flowering periods. In conclusion, our study indicates that the flowering phenology of 67 woody species in the Ningbo Botanical Garden is affected by functional traits. However, the magnitude of the influence is related to the type of functional trait. Flower color and potential maximum tree height contributed more to interspecific changes in flowering phenology than other functional traits. Our results help us understand the variation in flowering phenology among woody species in subtropical regions and provide a new perspective for the theoretical exploration of phenology.

Objective To investigate the occurrence of stress depression caused by retinal cells death driven by activation of photosensitive STIM1 calcium channel and the changes in brain inflammation related to the visually-associated brain regions. Methods A mouse model of retinal injury driven by light was constructed by injecting STIM1 virus into the vitreous body of mouse eyeball. HE staining and depression-related behavior test were performed to assess the severity of retinopathy and incidence of depression. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence assay were used to analyze the changes of microglial cells, inflammatory factors (IL-6 and MIP-1α), nerve cell damage marker (S100B), apoptotic protein (Caspase-3) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the depressive mice. Results ① The cell density in each layer of the mouse retina were decreased significantly under the light mode of 3 h/d for 7 consecutive days (P < 0.05). ② In the open field test, the times of entering the central area, moving distance in the central area and total distance of movement were obviously decreased (P < 0.05), the index of sucrose preference of the sucrose preference test was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the immobile time in the forced swimming test and the tail suspension test was notably increased (P < 0.001) in the mice from the photosensitive group. The positive rate of depression in all the 4 tests (open field test, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test and tail suspension test) was 23.26%. ③The density of IBa-1+ cells in the visual cortex and dorsolateral geniculate nucleus was elevated in the depressive mice of the photosensitive group (P < 0.05). The expression of IL-6 and MIP-1α at mRNA level was obviously elevated (P < 0.000 1), as well as the expression of S100B and Caspase-3 at protein level was significantly enhanced (P < 0.001), while the MBP protein in the white matter was clearly weakened (P < 0.05). The intensity of MBP fluorescence signal was evidently reduced in the corpus callosum (cc) area and cingulate gyrus (cg) area in white matter (P < 0.000 1). Conclusion A stress depression-like mouse model caused by light-driven retinal injury is successfully constructed. Pathogenesis of depression is closely associated with inflammatory environment and neuronal apoptosis in the vision-related brain regions and demyelinating injury in white matter.

Few therapeutic drugs and increased drug resistance have aggravated the current treatment difficulties of Cryptococcus in recent years. To better understand the antifungal drug resistance mechanism and treatment strategy of cryptococcosis. In this review, by combining the fundamental features of Cryptococcus reproduction leading to changes in its genome, we review recent research into the mechanism of four current anti-cryptococcal agents, coupled with new therapeutic strategies and the application of advanced technologies WGS and CRISPR-Cas9 in this field, hoping to provide a broad idea for the future clinical therapy of cryptococcosis.

China’s construction of high-speed rail has accomplished outstanding achievements that have drawn attention from around the world and have played a significant role in driving economic and social development. To investigate the reasons behind the competition between neighboring cities in the region during the process of setting up a high-speed railroad station, the economic principles of high-speed railway construction and operation station setup and its role effect are analyzed using the theories of investment multiplier, spatial spillover, and pole-axis. This is intended to solve the mystery surrounding the competition for the station between neighboring regions and offer theoretical support for the science of high-speed railway station setup. The result of the study demonstrates that the construction and operation of high-speed railway has significant spatial spillover effects that effectively enhance local employment levels and promote the coordinated development of the regional economy along the routes, in addition to having multiplier effects on national income that cause the regional economy to grow exponentially.

Objective To explore the mechanism of annexin A6 (AnxA6) regulating neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs). Methods AnxA6 gene knockout and AnxA6 overexpression viral vectors were constructed in freshly isolated and cultured NPCs, and then qPCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining and calcium imaging in living cells were used to detect the changes of AnxA6 knockout and overexpression on the expression of transcription factors Olig2, Hes1 and Ascl1 in NPCs differentiation in vitro, to observe the dynamic changes of intracellular Ca2+, and to evaluate the effect of AnxA6 on NPC differentiation and maturation. Results Compared with the normal control group, there was no obvious positive band of AnxA6 protein in the knockdown group (P < 0.05), but the OD value of the protein band in the overexpression group was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Under the resting state of NPCs (differentiation for 1 d), the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous oscillation of intracellular calcium ions were higher than those in the control group and the knockdown group. In the NPCs cells differentiated for 3 d, the mRNA level of Olig2 was increased and those of Hes1 and Ascl1 were decreased in the AnxA6 overexpression group. The percentage of Olig2 positive cells and the immunofluorescence signal intensity of CNPase were higher than those in the control group and knockdown group, and the up-regulated expression of the myelin formation-related factor Vimentin and Fyn mRNA was also elevated (P < 0.05). Conclusion Over expression of AnxA6 not only enhances the dynamic changes of Ca2+ in NPCs at the early stage of differentiation, but also promotes the expression of directed transcription factors in OLs and accelerates the formation and myelin sheath.

Objective To compare and analyze the effectiveness of different pruritogens on the itch model in rats. Methods A total of 240 healthy male SD rats aged 3 to 4 months were selected and divided into 3 groups: histamine-dependent pruritogens group (histamine phosphate, compound 48/80), non-histamine-dependent pruritogens group (5-HT, chloroquine and endothelin-1) and normal saline control group. The neck and cheek were selected as the itching area to compare the itching effects of different doses (low, medium and high concentrations) of pruritogens within 30 min after intradermal injection. The difference in the frequency of hind limb scratching was recorded by using the hind limb magnetic ring combined with behavior recording box system. The changes of sensory nerve endings evoked potential in the skin and the mast cells in subcutaneous tissue were observed and analyzed by means of multi-channel physiological signal acquisition and processing system and toluidine blue staining. Results In the histamine-dependent pruritogens group, only compound 48/80 at medium and high concentrations induced the increment of times of neck and cheek scratching, which was significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05); increases in frequency and amplitude of sensory nerve endings evoked potential (P < 0.05); and elevated number of mast cells near the blood vessels in the subcutaneous tissue (P < 0.05). And, increased times of scratching in neck and cheek were observed in the phosphohistamine group after injection of the 3 concentrations (P < 0.05). High concentration enhanced the frequency of subcutaneous evoked potential and increased the number of mast cells between the control group and the histamine phosphate group (both P < 0.05). Conclusion The best itch effectiveness is induced by 5-HT in rats, even with low concentration. While, histamine-dependent pruritogens compound 48/80 and non-histamine-dependent pruritogens chloroquine and endothelin-1 are only effective at medium to high concentrations. Histamine fails to induce scratching behaviors, and is difficult to induce the model.

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of NFATc3 in different malignant melanoma (MM) tissues and cells. Methods The metastatic (11 cases) and non-metastatic (20 cases) MM tissues and adjacent tissues (3 cases) were collected in paraffin sections. MM cell lines with different malignancy were compared and transfected with Crispr/Cas9 knock-down plasmid. The effects of NFATc3 expression on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of MM cells were observed by immunohistochemical staining, qPCR, Western blotting, CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry. Results ① NFATc3 was highly expressed in MM tissues, but hardly seen in the adjacent tissues (P < 0.01). Its expression at mRNA and protein levels was obviously up-regulated in the Mel-RM cells when compared with the A375 cells (P < 0.01). ②After NFATc3 knock-down, the cell survival rate of NFATc3 knock-down group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The proportion of Caspase-3 positive fluorescent cells was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining showed an increased proportion of apoptotic cells in the knock-down group (P < 0.05), and further Western blot assay confirmed that the expression of activated Caspase-3 (17×103) and Caspase-8 (18×103) proteins were increased. ③The number of invaded and migrated cells in the knock-down group were significantly reduced by wound healing test and Transwell test (P < 0.01). Conclusion NFATc3 is highly expressed in metastatic MM, and its expression level is correlated to the malignancy. NFATc3 knockdown can induce the apoptosis and inhibit the invasion and migration abilities of MM cells.

Due to the variety of measurement tasks and the complexity of the errors of coordinate measuring machine (CMM), it is very difficult to reasonably evaluate the uncertainty of the measurement results of CMM. It has limited the application of CMM. Task oriented uncertainty evaluation has become a difficult problem to be solved. Taking dimension measurement as an example, this paper puts forward a practical method of uncertainty modeling and evaluation of CMM task oriented measurement (called SVCMM method). This method makes full use of the CMM acceptance or reinspection report and the Monte Carlo computer simulation method (MCM). The evaluation example is presented, and the results are evaluated by the traditional method given in GUM and the proposed method, respectively. The SVCMM method is verified to be feasible and practical. It can help CMM users to conveniently complete the measurement uncertainty evaluation through a single measurement cycle.

The Simple View of Reading (SVR), which posits that reading comprehension is the product of decoding and linguistic comprehension, has been studied extensively with school-age readers. However, little is known about the intricacies of the SVR for adults who struggle with reading. This study addresses notable gaps in this literature, including the dimensionality of linguistic comprehension, the interaction between the two SVR components, and the relative contributions of components across different reading proficiency levels. With a sample of 392 struggling adult readers, confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the linguistic comprehension component encompasses the highly related yet separable constructs of oral vocabulary and listening comprehension. Structural equation modeling showed significant main effects of decoding and listening comprehension, but not oral vocabulary, on reading comprehension. In addition, the interaction among the SVR components did not uniquely contribute to variance in reading comprehension. Quantile regression models demonstrated that the unique effects of the SVR components were relatively stable in magnitude across different levels of reading comprehension performance. Implications for instruction and future research are discussed. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED608657.]

Stuttering is a disorder that affects about 1% of the population and manifests as speech disfluencies. Reading difficulties and disabilities are commonly found in this population. Nonetheless, speech disfluencies have not been explored in adult struggling readers (ASRs). In the current study, we examined the rate of stuttering in ASRs as well as the relationships between their speech fluency and reading skills. A total of 120 participants were interviewed about their experiences with reading and administered standardized reading and reading-related assessments. Speech fluency and the criterion for stuttering were based on the interview. About 18.3% of the sample met the criterion for stuttering. ASRs who stutter (ASRs-S) and ASRs who do not stutter (ASRs-NS) did not differ in their reading and reading-related skills. ASRs-S had higher rates of negative correlations between reading and reading-related skills compared with ASRs-NS. Correlation patterns between performance on standardized assessments point to higher rates of uneven skills or dissociations in ASRs-S. These findings may have implications for the assessment and instruction for ASRs. [For the corresponding grantee submission, see ED620471.]