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Farfarae Flos (FF), also known as "Kuandonghua" in Chinese, is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with various therapeutic properties, including antitussive, expectorant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. Despite the widespread consumption of processed FF, there has been limited progress in improving quality control measures for both raw FF and honey-processed Farfarae Flos (PFF). This study aimed to establish a comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation and distinguish between FF and PFF by integrating high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis with chemometric techniques. Additionally, the antioxidant activities of FF and PFF were assessed using radical-scavenging experiments. The spectrum-effect relationship is the association of chemical composition information of the fingerprint with antioxidant activity, which was used to predict the primary active components that influence the antioxidant activity of FF. The results indicated that FF and PFF samples showed a clear distinction, and the most potent pharmacologically active ingredients were hyperoside, quercetin, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, neochlorogenic acid, rutin, cryptochlorogenic acid, and isochlorogenic acid C. Moreover, the comprehensive efficacy of the honey-processed FF was better than for raw FF. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for future evaluation of the quality, further research, and practical use of FF herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Glass, bone, and dentin are commonly applied substrates for osteoclast cultures; however, the impact of these substrates on osteoclastogenesis remains underexplored. This study aimed to address a significant gap in understanding how different substrates influence the process of osteoclastogenesis. Methods: RAW 264.7 cells were cultured and induced with RANKL on glass, bone, and dentin slides. Histological and molecular techniques were used to identify patterns and differences in osteoclast behavior on each substrate. Results: Osteoclasts cultured on glass slides possessed the greatest number of nuclei and the highest expression levels of ACP5 (TRAP) and CTSK, with osteoclasts on bone and dentin slides displaying progressively lower levels. Src expression was also most pronounced in osteoclasts on glass slides, with decreased levels observed on bone and dentin. This variation in Src expression likely contributed to differences in cytoskeletal remodeling and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), resulting in substrate-dependent divergences in osteoclastogenesis. Conclusions: Glass slides were the most favorable substrate for inducing osteoclastogenesis, while bone and dentin slides were less effective. The substrate-induced expression of Src played a fundamental role in shaping the phenotypic divergence of osteoclasts. These insights fill important knowledge gaps and have significant implications for the development and selection of in vitro models for bone-related diseases and drug screening platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of organic compounds containing O/N heteroatoms to aqueous electrolytes such as ZnSO4 (ZS) solutions is one of the effective strategies to inhibit Zn anode dendrites and side reactions. However, addressing the stability of Zn plating/stripping at high current densities and areal capacities by this method is still a challenge, especially in capacitors known for high power and long life. Herein, an organic heterocyclic compound of 1, 4, 7, 10‐tetraazacyclododecane (TC) containing four symmetrically distributed N atoms is employed as ZS additive, expanding the life of Zn anodes from ≈ 30 h to 1000 and 240 h at deep plating/stripping conditions of 10 and 20 mA cm−2/mAh cm−2, respectively; the cumulative capacity is as high as 5.0 Ah cm−2 with 99% Coulombic efficiency, far exceeding reported additives. TC with higher binding energies than H2O for Zn species tends to adsorb to Zn (002) in a lying manner and participate in the solvation shell of Zn2+, thus avoiding Zn dendrites and side‐reaction damage, especially at high current densities. The TC‐endowed Zn anode's stability under such extreme conditions is verified in Zn‐ion capacitors (i.e., > 94.6% capacity retention after 28 000 cycles), providing new insights into the development of high‐power Zn‐based energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescent (MR‐TADF) materials, which combine large oscillator strengths, small singlet‐triplet energy gaps, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and color purity, have attracted great interest in both experimental and theoretical research in recent years. However, the differences between two classes of MR‐TADF, utilizing carbonyl groups and boron atoms as acceptors respectively, have not been clearly delineated, and the implementation of strategies combining both is extremely limited. This limitation hampers the diversity in composition and structure of MR‐TADF. In this study, we employed boron as the central acceptor and carbonyl groups as peripheral acceptors, designing and investigating 7 merged systems of MR‐TADF molecules. Calculations revealed that, in contrast to the strong acceptor characteristics of boron atoms, carbonyl groups do not exhibit absolute acceptor features, and their resonance effects depend on the surrounding environment. This unique resonance effect induces LRCT features to varying degrees, enabling the emission coverage of these molecules across almost the entire visible spectrum (theoretical emission wavelengths covering 452–751 nm). We gained an understanding of the differences between boron acceptors and carbonyl groups, achieving full‐color emission by adjusting only the MR cores. This provides insights into the rational design of complex‐component full‐color MR‐TADF emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to insufficient near‐field resolution and artifacts, it is challenging to evaluate the left ventricular apical perfusion with phased‐array probes. By combining high‐frequency linear probe and contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), imaging of apical myocardial perfusion could be improved. The study aims to evaluate the preliminary application of CEUS by high‐frequency linear probes to assess the apical perfusion. Methods: The study enrolled retrospectively 91 patients to test the feasibility of the novel method. In protocol 1, patients were stratified into a group with left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis (N = 40) and a group without LAD stenosis or coronary artery disease (N = 41) based on the degree of coronary artery narrowing, quantified by >50% stenosis in coronary angiography. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to test the diagnostic value of perfusion parameters. In protocol 2, the reproducibility of high‐frequency linear probe in apical perfusion analysis was compared with the conventional phased‐array probe in 30 patients. Results: (1) The novel method is feasible in 81(89.01%) patients. (2) In protocol 1, to detect LAD stenosis, the best cut‐off of β, T, A, and MBF were 10.32, 3.28, 9.39, and 4.99, respectively. Area under the curve of β, T, A, and MBF were.880,.881,.761, and.880, respectively. (3) In protocol 2, compared with phased‐array probe, the quantitative analysis of high‐frequency linear probe is of high reproducibility and could get good curve fitting (R2 =.29 vs. R2 =.71, P <.01). Conclusion: Observation of apical perfusion using this method is feasible and quantitative analysis allows an accurate and convenient identification of LAD stenosis. This method provides an alternative for patients who have difficulties in visualizing the apical region with a phased‐array probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the state estimation for cyber‐physical systems with multiple channels under joint Denial‐of‐Service and deception attacks. We show that the optimal estimator (OE) cannot be implemented in practice, as its computational complexity exponentially grows with respect to time. Then, we develop a centralized approximate optimal estimator (AOE) by using a generalized pseudo‐Bayesian algorithm. This AOE is not only computationally efficient, but also features theoretically guaranteed performance and stability. Specifically, it is proved when the attack success rate is less than a threshold value, both the OE and the AOE are stable, and the averaged performance deviation between the OE and the proposed AOE remains bounded. Finally, simulation examples are provided to illustrate the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]