Search

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury is an important clinical complication in which excessive inflammation is a key factor; however, few studies have provided effective means of its regulation. As previous studies suggested that electro-acupuncture (EA) is able control excessive inflammation, the present study aimed to explore its effects on liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in experimental rats. The animals were randomly divided into surgery and sham groups, which were further divided into four sub-groups, including a non-treatment (NT), a non-point acupuncture (NPA), the non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl L-pioperazinium iodide (DMPPI) and an EA group. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum cytokine and myeloperoxidase (MP) levels and the tissue pathology were evaluated after 90 min of ischemia followed by a 4, 8 or 24 h reperfusion. The results demonstrated that EA and DMPPI suppressed serum ALT elevation at 4 and 8 h reperfusion, whereas NPA did not. I/R induced hepatocellular necrosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolization and sinusoidal congestion was ameliorated by EA treatment after an 8 and 24 h reperfusion. In addition, EA also inhibited liver neutrophil accumulation, evidenced by a decreased MPO level at 8 h reperfusion. EA also suppressed the release of serum inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6 for the duration of reperfusion. However, little influence on IL-10 was observed. Mechanistically, vagus block by subphrenic vagotomy or mecamylamine hydrochloride abolished EA effect on liver damage, neutrophil accumulation and inflammatory factor release. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that EA protects the liver against I/R induced injury by inhibiting the inflammatory response, which is associated with the vagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C56H46N4O22P2Zn2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.6537(4) Å, b = 31.1374(11) Å, c = 9.8927(4) Å, β = 112.709(2)°, V = 2743.13(19) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0341, wRref(F2) = 0.0934, T = 296(2) K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the tungsten hydrate structure model, we report the strategy to fabricate hierarchically structured WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O/graphene composites through a facile hydrothermal approach. The structure characteristics, conversion reaction mechanism as well as the electrochemical properties are carefully investigated. The hierarchical architectures assembled by nanorods or nanobricks of about 20 nm thickness combine the advantages of reduced length scale of Li ion diffusion derived from nanosizes and structural stability guaranteed by hierarchical features. In addition, compared with bare WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O and anhydrous WO 3 , the WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O/graphene composites exhibit the optimal performances with high rate capability and good cycle stability, which is attributed to synergistic effects of structural hydration and graphene: providing a more open charge transfer channel, forming a conductive pathway and accommodating the volume change. Such an improved lithium storage performance makes the graphene-based WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O a promising anode candidate for lithium-ion battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that the exposed facet and defect state are crucial to the photocatalytic performance. Here, we report that the exposed facets of the building blocks in the tungsten oxide hierarchical nanostructures could be controlled by adjusting the amount of formamide in the hydrothermal precursor solution and the oxygen vacancies were successfully introduced through the post-air annealing. It is found that exposing high percentage (020) facet is unbeneficial for the photocatalytic performance and (200) and (002) facets should be the photocatalytic active facets of the hexagonal tungsten oxide. The hexagonal tungsten oxide with oxygen vacancies and maximum (200) and (002) facets archives highest photocatalytic performance in degrading rhodamine B under simulated solar light irradiation, which the rate constant per specific surface area (k/SBET) is 7.3 times as high as the sample without oxygen vacancies and minimum (200) and (002) facets. Both introducing oxygen vacancies and exposing (200) and (002) facets can enhance the separation efficiency of photo-generated charges, thus improving the photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common one dimensional (1D) core-shell phase junction usually cannot fully utilize the separated charges because one phase is encapsulated inside, which leads to the incomplete release of the electrons or holes. Here, a unique vertical 1D/1D tungsten oxide phase junction constructed by orthorhombic WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O (o-WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O) nanorods and hexagonal WO 3 (h-WO 3 ) nanowires in the sunflower-like structure was fabricated via a facile one-step hydrothermal method. The nanorods and the nanowires vertically intersect at the endpoint to construct the vertical 1D/1D phase junction with another end exposed outside. This structure ensures that both two phases can contact the pollutants, so as to fully release the holes and electrons that accumulate on the o-WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O and h-WO 3 phase, respectively. Furthermore, the two phases are both single crystals, substantially decreasing the impediments of defects to the transport of the photogenerated charges. This novel hierarchical structure with vertical 1D o-WO 3 ·0.33H 2 O/h-WO 3 phase junction can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of the separated photogenerated charges and thus effectively enhance the photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique reduced graphene oxide (RGO) three-dimensionally wrapped WO 3 (WO 3 @RGO) composite was synthesized via a facile one-step hydrothermal method. In this composite, the building blocks of the WO 3 hierarchical structure, the nanobelts, were intimately wrapped by a layer of RGO. Due to the synergistic effect of the hierarchical structure of WO 3 and intimately wrapped RGO on the surface of the nanobelts, the WO 3 @RGO showed much higher photocatalytic performance in degrading rhodamine B and phenol under simulated solar light irradiation than the bare WO 3 and other composites in which only the mainframe of WO 3 was wrapped by RGO. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity was significantly influenced by the loading amount of RGO. The optimal performance was found in the 1.2% WO 3 @RGO, which was about 2.50 times that of the bare WO 3 . Conclusively, using graphene to wrap the building blocks rather than only the mainframe of semiconductors is anticipated to be a promising method to achieve high-performance photocatalysts for solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hierarchical tungsten oxide nanostructures, controllably assembled with one-dimensional nanosized building blocks, which exhibit different exposed facets and crystal phases were synthesized via a facile hydrothermal reaction assisted by urea. Systematic and comprehensive investigations indicate that urea plays a significant role in tuning the exposed facets of the building blocks and controlling the crystal phase by effectively regulating the process of nucleation. By adjusting the amount of urea, a suitable crystal phase can be obtained and the exposed facets can be tuned to achieve the highest photocatalytic activity of tungsten oxide. It has been found that (020) is the active facet of orthorhombic WO3·0.33H2O but not of hexagonal WO3. The orthorhombic WO3·0.33H2O exposing the largest amount of (020) facets shows the highest photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B under visible light illumination, which is 4.1 times as high as that of the sample exposing the least amount of (020) facets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface-chemistry nature of lithium host influences the Li+ electrochemical behaviours. Electronegative graphene film (PrGO) can regulate and optimize the concentration of Li+ and the strucutre of solid-electroyle interphase. Then this prepaed electrode (PrGO@Li) demonstrated reversible electrochemical stripping/deposition behaviors, and the lithium metal battery based PrGO@Li anode exhibits excllent energy storage characteristics. [Display omitted] • Partially reduced graphene oxide film was prepared by thermal self-diffusion and expansion. • PrGO with adjustable oxygen content is capable of realizing a quantitative Li. • The optimized PrGO@Li-400 exhibits highly conformal Li + stripping/deposition behaviors. • Full battery based this anode exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance. To achieve practical application of lithium (Li) metal anodes for high-energy–density batteries, the primary challenges of the inhomogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and irregular Li electrochemical stripping/depositing behaviors should been surmounted. So as to homogenize Li+ distribution and stabilize the SEI layer, herein, we reported a partially reduced graphene oxide (PrGO) film with a manageable electronegativity as an ideal Li host to construct composite electrode (PrGO@Li). The fabricated PrGO with tunable oxygen amount and negatively charge can achieve controllable Li capacity avoiding excess Li. More importantly, the electronegative PrGO film matrix can cause an electrostatic force and thereby regulate the Li+ distribution pattern and diffusion kinetics, which induces a homogeneous and stable LiF-rich SEI and highly conformal Li+ stripping/deposition behaviors without Li dendrites. As a result, the optimal PrGO@Li electrode delivers long-term reversible Li+ stripping/depositing processes with an extremely low overpotential (7 mV) after 2000 h cycling at 20 mA cm−2 and 10 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the full battery based on this anode paired with LiFePO 4 cathode exhibits outstanding cycling stability, high rate capacity and excellent flexibility characters. Meanwhile, the controllable PrGO films can also be loading with sulfur as cathodes for satisfactory Li/sulfur batteries. This research deeply analyzes the intermediation mechanism between the graphene host and Li+ on the electrochemical behaviors, and offers universal guidance for the development of high-performance Li-metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of portable electronics, the demand for flexible shielding and thermal management materials is increasing steadily. Herein, we reported a scalable flexible graphene film preapred following hydrogen iodide chemical reducing and graphitization thermal reducing. Benifitting from the coordinated reduction, the fabricated graphene film is equipped with varous characteristics of high orientation, rich defect and three-dimensional porosity. Then the graphene film deliver outstanding mechanical property and electrical conductivity (1.2 × 105 S m−1). Moreover, superior electromagnetic interference (EMI) and thermal conductivity are realized compared with the simplex thermal reduction. The EMI effectiveness can reach a high value of 70 dB when the thickness is only 35 μm, and the specific EMI effectiveness is 380 dB/g cm−3. And the relationship between the effectiveness and structure parameters (thickness and density) is uncovered. The thermal conductivity could be up to 864 W m−1 K−1. This research may not only provide a new avenue to the development of flexible shielding and thermal management materials, but also promote the application of graphene. A scalable flexible graphene film was preapred following hydrogen iodide chemical reducing and graphitization thermal reducing. The prepared graphene film was equipped with three-dimensional porous network, high orientation and rich defect. And the graphene film was endowed with high electronic conductivity, super thermally conductivity and excellent EMI shielding performance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new pseudocapacitive nanocomposite is reported in this article. Such amorphous materials were prepared via restacking of Ni-Mn LDH and MnO 2 nanosheets obtained by exfoliation treatments. Synergetic effects of the two components were demonstrated in both alkaline and neutral aqueous electrolytes, as rate capability and cycle stability were both greatly improved compared to each-component samples and mixture. Tests on an activated carbon//nano-composite asymmetric device reveal that the energy density could be about 16 Wh/Kg at a power density of 15 KW/Kg in alkaline electrolytes, while in neutral electrolytes, the value reached about 13 Wh/Kg at a power density of 9 KW/Kg, matching with many other composition technologies. Besides, rather small leakage and self-discharge currents further indicate its promising applications in practical areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CMF-Ni substrate with high hydrophilicity and good electrical conductivity can induce spherical NiFe particles with strong structure to tightly anchor on the CMF surface, demonstrating fast charge-transfer kinetics and good cycling stability. [Display omitted] • Ni-modified CMF presented increased hydrophilicity and electrical conductivity. • The CMF-Ni substrate could induce spherical NiFe to tightly anchor on CMF surface. • NiFe particles were encapsulated with oxyhydroxide (NiFeOOH) thin layers. • The binder-free NiFe/CMF-Ni electrode exhibited enhanced cycling stability. • Excellent activity was ascribed to the strong interaction between NiFe and CMF-Ni. A substrate with good hydrophilicity and conductivity is essential to design a binder-free efficient catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, We introduced Ni particles onto one side of the carbon macro-film (CMF) surface (CMF-Ni) via electrodeposition method. The hydrophilicity and conductivity of the CMF-Ni could be increased sharply compared to the CMF. And then spherical NiFe particles could be tightly anchored on the CMF side of the CMF-Ni substrate. Compared to the NiFe/CMF with flower-like structure prepared by using bare CMF as a substrate, the obtained NiFe/CMF-Ni with sandwich structure could be directly used as a binder-free electrode and exhibited higher stability and faster catalytic reaction kinetics. There is no obvious change of morphology and microstructure for the NiFe/CMF-Ni electrode after OER stability test at 1.54 V@50 mA cm−2 after 24 h. The main reasons for this result are that NiFe particles are mainly encapsulated with NiFeOOH thin layers and intertwined with carbon nanotubes, thereby possessing good corrosion resistance. This work not only fabricates an efficient binder-free electrode but also more importantly provides a facile substrate strategy, which can pave the way for effective integrated electrodes fabricating and their stability boosting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc (Zn) based metal-air battery has been considered as one of promising candidates for the next-generation batteries due to its high theoretical specific capacity and abundant reserve. However, Zn electrode is susceptible to dendrite growth and corrosion depravation in the long cycling process, causing capacity decline and short lifespan. Herein, a novel zinc-stannum (Zn–Sn) alloy electrode has been facilely prepared through powder sintering technology to restrain the dendrite growing and promote the corrosion resistance. Compared with pure Zn foil electrode, the optimized Zn–Sn10 alloy electrode exhibited a lower voltage hysteresis of 119 mV and a better topography with non-dendrite after cycling 400 h at 0.5 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the Zn corrosion resistance in alkaline electrolyte has been significantly improved. Theoretical calculations also account for these superiorities by the uniform charge distribution in the superficial ZnSn layer. As a result, the assembled Zn-air battery based on Zn–Sn alloy anode electrode showed satisfactory power density, rate properties and cycling life. This research provides a facile and cost-efficient strategy to stabilize Zn anode and holds great promise in developing high-performance rechargeable Zn-based battery energy systems. [Display omitted] • A novel Zn–Sn alloy electrode was prepared through powder sintering technology. • The alloy plates exhibited compact structure and uniform electron distribution. • The alloy electrodes showed dendrite-free grown and corrosion resistance. • 4.the assembled Zn-air battery showed satisfactory electrochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• WC-Co composite powder is synthesized by employing successive liquid methanol. • Carbon nanolayers loaded on the intermediates prevent particle aggregation of WC-Co. • WC-Co composite powder with clean surface is no need for washing with water or acid. • WC-Co composite powder possesses controllable carbon content. Tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) mixtures is the most critical material for cemented carbide. However, traditional preparation methods by using various carbon sources (e. g. carbon black, glucose, methane, carbon monoxide) cause severe carbon deposition. Consequently, traditional WC-Co mixtures exhibits uncontrollable carbon content. To address the challenge, we investigate the in-situ synthesis of WC-Co mixtures by supplying successive liquid methanol as a carbon source and nitrogen gas as a diluent. The as-prepared WC-Co mixture possesses clean surface and controllable carbon content, which are no need for removing excess carbon deposition by washing with water. The carbon nanolayers derived from methanol cracking gas appear on the surface of the intermediates, which can effectively prevent particle aggregation, efficiently increase the intimate contact probability of WC particles and Co particles, and greatly reduce the appearance of excess carbon deposition during subsequent carbonization processes. The present study offers insights on employing quantitative methanol cracking gas as reductive and carbonaceous atmosphere to mediate carbon content in the WC-Co composite powder, which presents a more economical and efficient pathway for large-scale synthesis of high-quality WC-Co mixtures with clean surface and controllable carbon content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiogenesis is a fundamental part of the response to tissue injury, which is involved in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor plays an important role in angiogenesis. The expression of VEGF is increased during hepatic fibrogenesis and correlates with the micro-vessel density. In this study, we investigated the effects of bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenetic drug, on the formation of hepatic fibrosis. We found that bevacizumab could attenuate the development of hepatic fibrosis and contribute to the protection of liver function. Bevacizumab was also found to downregulate the expression α-SMA and TGF-β1, which have been reported to be profibrogenic genes in vivo. We also observed that the expression of VEGF increased significantly during the development of hepatic fibrosis and CCl4 was found to induce hepatocytes to secrete VEGF, which led to the activation and proliferation of HSCs. Bevacizumab was also found to block the effects of the hepatocytes on the activation and proliferation of HSCs. Our results suggest that bevacizumab might alleviate liver fibrosis by blocking the effect of VEGF on HSCs. Bevacizumab might be suitable as a potential agent for hepatic fibrosis therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• WC particles were successfully in-situ wrapped with graphitic carbon films (GCFs). • GCFs possessed high degree of graphitization and ultrathin edges. • In-situ growth of GCFs could effectively prevent WC particles from agglomeration. • The WC@GCFs-Pt presented excellent HER performance and long cycling durability. • Enhanced electrochemical performance was ascribed to GCFs combining WC with Pt. Tungsten carbide (WC) particles-embedded carbon nanomaterials with ultrathin edges and high degree of graphitization are very favorable co-catalysts for Pt in electrochemical fields. Herein, WC-embedded graphite carbon films (WC@GCFs) were successfully fabricated as co-catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) via an in-situ carbonization technique. The mass specific activity of the WC@GCFs loading Pt NPs is 278 mA mg−1 Pt and 277 mA mg−1 Pt under the overpotential of 48 and 52 mV, which is 1.3 and 1.45 times higher than those of the commercial Pt-C (212.8 mA mg−1 Pt and 191.4 mA mg−1 Pt). The WC@GCFs-Pt displays excellent high stability for HER in acidic and alkaline media even after 5000 potential cycles. As expected, the GCFs originated from the surface of WC can effectively prevent WC particles from agglomeration, which contributes to high catalytic activity and stability of WC. The in-situ formed GCFs possesses ultrathin edges (~5 carbon layers), high degree of graphitization, and some oxygen-containing function groups. Charges are easily transferred from Pt NPs to WC via the linked-GCFs, which contributes to the high HER activity of WC@GCFs-Pt. We believe this work can provide a more economical and efficient route for large-scale synthesis of graphite carbon films coated transition metal carbide as co-catalysts in electrochemical fields. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Elbaite was used for the first time to activate PMS. • Elbaite can activate PMS in a wide pH range of 2.9–10.7. • PMS was activated easily by elbaite with low activation energy of 18.6 kJ/mol. • SO 4 − and OH were produced successfully by activating PMS with elbaite. • MB, DOX, and BPA in wastewater can be efficiently removed by PMS/elbaite. In this work, the abundant, low−cost, innocuous, and chemically stable elbaite (a type of tourmaline) was employed to catalyze peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for wastewater purification by using methylene blue (MB) as one of the target pollutants. The results revealed that PMS could be catalyzed by elbaite within broad pH range (i.e., 2.9–10.7) and with low activation energy (i.e., 18.6 kJ/mol). Complete MB degradation was obtained within 15 min under the optimized conditions: [elbaite] 0 = 1.00 g/L, [PMS] 0 = 0.50 g/L, initial solution pH = 2.9. MB degradation (%) sustained 99.9 % after five successive catalytic reactions, indicating good durability and long−term stability. In addition, the complete degradation of doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX) and bisphenol A (BPA) further confirmed the degradation activity of the PMS/elbaite system. PMS interacted with elbaite via replacing the surface−bonded and structural OH groups of elbaite with its OH groups to bond with Y Li Y Al Y R and Y Li Z Al Z R cations (R = Al, Li, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cr, V), which offered channels for electron transfer from negatively charged elbaite to PMS, leading to the activation of PMS. Thus, elbaite is found to be promising for catalyzing PMS to treat organic wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tungsten carbide can be used as the template to produce the ultrathin and coiled carbon nanosheets (UC-CNS) repeatedly. The UC-CNS loaded Pt NPs displays high electrochemical properties and excellent stability. • The UC-CNS could be stripped away from the WC substrate without obvious destruction. • The UC-CNS possessed high degree of graphitization and high specific surface area. • The UC-CNS/Pt displayed high electrochemical activity and excellent stability. • Excellent activity was ascribed to strong interaction between UC-CNS and Pt. Highly graphitic carbon nanomaterials with large specific surface area and good dispersion are very favorable supports for Pt-based catalysts in fuel cells. Ultrathin and coiled carbon nanosheets (UC-CNS) were successfully synthesized via chemical vapor deposition method using tungsten carbide (WC) as substrate. After the WC@UC-CNS was immersed in HF/HNO 3 /H 2 O solution, UC-CNS was completely stripped away from the WC substrate without obvious destruction, and possessed coiled edges and more oxygen-containing functional groups for anchoring Pt nanoparticles. Another obtained product (WO 3) could be used as a tungsten source to produce UC-CNS repeatedly. The purified UC-CNS, with thicknesses of 3.45–5.61 nm, possessed high specific surface area (547 m2 g−1) and high degree of graphitization (I G /I D =1.43). Pt loaded on the UC-CNS exhibited high electrocatalytic activity and extremely high stability for methanol oxidation reaction even after 14,000 potential cycles. We believe UC-CNS can be widely used in fuel cells and other related green chemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors based on commercialized metallic collectors (such as Cu and Al) possess an innate interface imperfection, causing long ion diffusion pathway and sluggish electron conduction, as well as inferior flexibility. Herein, we explore carbon nanotubes macroscopic films (CMF) as current collectors to build near-integrated electrodes via anchored combination between CMF and commercial active carbon (AC). In addition, our fabricated CMF presents outstanding electrolyte permeation, which shortens the ion diffusion pathway, increases the electron conduction and ameliorates the flexibility. As a result, the supercapacitor based on CMF exhibits prominent electrochemical performance of specific capacitance (48.5 F cm−3 at 0.5 A g−1), rate capability (82.5% from 0.5 to 16 A g−1) and volumetric energy density (104.9 Wh L−1), which higher than those of reported flexible supercapacitors. More importantly, the supercapacitor exhibits remarkable stability under different folding conditions, even in particular circumstances (such as low temperature and negative pressure). Further, the supercapacitors show good energy features in parallels and series. Therefore, it is believed that these supercapacitors based on CMF are promising in the future wearable energy storage devices in different operating environments. Image 1 • Flexible supercapacitors were fabricated based CMF current collectors. • The interface between active materials and CMF was interpenetrating networks. • The fabricated supercapacitor showed excellent flexibility. • The flexible supercapacitor exhibited high volumetric energy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CNT templates played a vital role in regulating the grown direction of H 2 WO 4 precursors, and ultimately determined the morphologies and sizes of WO 3. The WO 3 short rods deposited on the CNT bundles exhibit excellent hydrogen oxidation performance, which indicates great potential application as electrocatalyst for DMFCs and in other related fields. • Length to width ratios of WO 3 can be mediated via CNT templates. • CNT bundles exhibit good prospects in regulating the morphologies of nanomaterials. • SR-WO 3 /CNTs displayed excellent hydrogen oxidation properties and high stability. • Excellent performance is attributed to the conductive CNTs and good dispersion of WO 3. The morphology of tungsten oxide (WO 3) was effectively mediated by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as templates. The grown direction of WO 3 on the CNT bundle surfaces could be controlled, which mainly depended on the distribution state of tungsten acid (H 2 WO 4) precursor in the reaction system. After thermal treatment of H 2 WO 4 /CNTs under nitrogen gas flow, WO 3 with different morphologies (plates, short rods, and long rods) and sizes (10–1000 nm) supported by CNT bundles were finally obtained. The results indicated CNT bundles as templates can play an important role in regulating the morphologies of WO 3. Moreover, the study shows that CNT bundles exhibit excellent prospects in the tailor-synthesis of micro/nanostructured materials with different dimensions. According to the peak current density for the 1000th electrochemical cycle in 0.5 mol L−1 H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 mol L−1 CH 3 OH electrolyte solution, short rod-like WO 3 /CNTs exhibited higher peak current density (43.2 mA cm−2) than long rod-like WO 3 /CNTs (23.68 mA cm−2), plate-like WO 3 /CNTs (15.63 mA cm−2), CNTs (2.25 mA cm−2), and commercial WO 3 (3.19 mA cm−2). The results demonstrated the potential application of short rod-like WO 3 /CNTs materials for hydrogen oxidation reaction of methanol fuel cells and in other related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]