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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator, has been a pivotal tool in advancing our understanding of fundamental physics. By colliding heavy ions (such as lead ions), the LHC recreates conditions similar to those just after the Big Bang. This allows scientists to study the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), a state of matter where quarks and gluons are not confined within protons and neutrons. These studies provide insights into the strong force and the early universe's behavior. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent significant findings from A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) at LHC. The topics encompass measurements regarding to properties of the QGP, particle production, flow and correlations, dileptons, quarkonia and electromagnetic probes, heavy flavor, and jets. Additionally, we introduce future plans for detector upgrades of the ALICE experiment., Comment: 29 pages, 32 figures. This review is dedicated to Professor Wenqing Shen in honor of his leadership and significant impact on the Chinese heavy-ion physics community. All authors contributed equally to this work

We introduce a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 3.0 based on PYTHIA 6.428 and the PACIAE 2.2 program series. The simulation framework of C-, B-, and A-loops are designed for the high energy ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}\geq 3$ GeV) and low energy ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}<3$ GeV) nuclear collisions, respectively, in PACIAE 3.0. In the C-loop simulation, the parton-parton inelastic scattering processes are added in the partonic rescattering process. The single string structure and multiple string interaction mechanism have been introduced investigating the strangeness enhancement in C- and B-loop. An improved mapping relation between the centrality percentage definition and the impact parameter definition is proposed responding the observation of $b_{max}\approx 20$ fm from ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS collaborations. We have extensively modified the phenomenological coalescence hadronization model. The PACIAE 3.0 model simulated results of particle yield, transverse momentum distribution, and rapidity distribution well reproduce, respectively, the experimental data measured at FOPI, E895, RHIC, and LHC energies., Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures

We improve the centrality definition in impact parameter in PACIAE model responding the fact reported by the ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS collaborations that the maximum impact parameter in heavy ion collisions should be extended to 20 $fm$. Meanwhile the PACIAE program is updated to a new version of PACIAE 2.2.2 with convenience of studying the elementary nuclear collisions, proton-nucleus collisions, and the nucleus-nucleus collisions in one unified program version. The new impact parameter definition together with the optical Glauber model calculated impact parameter bin, $N_{part}$, and $N_{coll}$ in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at relativistic energies are consistent with the improved MC-Glauber model ones within the error bar. The charged-particle pseudorapidity and the transverse momentum distributions in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV simulated by PACIAE 2.2.2 well reproduce the ALICE experimental data., Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables

The lepton charge asymmetry in $W^\pm$ production in the nuclear collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV is investigated with a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE. Recently published ALICE and the ATLAS data of lepton charge asymmetry are well reproduced. An interesting linear scaling behavior is observed in the lepton charge asymmetry as a function of the collision system valence quark number asymmetry among the different size of nuclear collision systems at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV. This linear scaling behavior may serve as an additional constraint on the PDF (nPDF) extractions., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2201.09525

We have systematically studied the connection between hadron and its quark component nuclear modification factors and the flavor (mass) ordering at both parton and hadron levels in the nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies by the PACIAE model. It turns out that these two physical phenomena explored in our last publication (J. Phys. G 49 065104, 2022) are generally held, irrespective of the rapidity, centrality, reaction energy, and the collision system size. The mass ordering at hadron level in nuclear modification factor seems to be really existed, which should be studied further both theoretically and experimentally., Comment: 7 pages, 12 figures

In this paper, the centrality dependent $\Zn$ and $\Wpm$ production and the isospin effect in $\Wpm$ production are investigated with a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sNN=5.02$~TeV. ALICE data of $\Zn$ production in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sNN=5.02$~TeV are found to be reproduced fairly well. The prediction on $\Wpm$ production in the same collision system is given as well. An interesting isospin effect is observed in exploring the charge asymmetry between $\Wp$ and $\Wm$ as a function of the asymmetry between number of valence $u$- and $d$-quarks varied from small to large collision systems at center-of-mass energy 5.02 TeV. The results serve as a important benchmarks for understanding the initial conditions of heavy-ion collisions., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2002.00344

The Spin Physics Detector, a universal facility for studying the nucleon spin structure and other spin-related phenomena with polarized proton and deuteron beams, is proposed to be placed in one of the two interaction points of the NICA collider that is under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Russia). At the heart of the project there is huge experience with polarized beams at JINR. The main objective of the proposed experiment is the comprehensive study of the unpolarized and polarized gluon content of the nucleon. Spin measurements at the Spin Physics Detector at the NICA collider have bright perspectives to make a unique contribution and challenge our understanding of the spin structure of the nucleon. In this document the Conceptual Design of the Spin Physics Detector is presented.

In this work, we propose a method to show the correspondence between hadron and its quark component nuclear modification factors. A parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE based on the PYTHIA6.4 is employed to calculate the hadron and its quark component nuclear modification factors in the 0-5\% most central $Pb+Pb$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV. It turns out that the hadron nuclear modification factor is usually smaller than that of its quark component. On the other hand, it is shown in our study that the "dead cone effect" is more likely to be identified with the quarks and mesons but not with the baryon states obviously., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures

We present a systematic study on the strange and multi-strange particles production in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{S_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV based on the PACIAE model simulations. Two different mechanisms, namely the single string structure variations and multiple string interactions, are implemented in the simulations. These modifications give rise to an enhancement of the string tension value involved in the Lund string fragmentation framework and generate more strange particles in the hadronic final state. By comparing the simulation results with the ALICE experimental data, it turns out that the inclusion of the variable effective string tension in the PACIAE model is capable to reach an improved agreement between theory and experiment on the strangeness production in Pb+Pb collisions., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1806.11390

In this paper, production of ${\rm W}^{\pm}$ and ${\rm Z}^{0}$ vector bosons in p-p, p-Pb (Pb-p), and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV is dynamically simulated with a parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE. ALICE data of ${\rm Z}^{0}$ production is found to be reproduced fairly well. A prediction for ${\rm W}^{\pm}$ production is given in the same collision systems, at the same energy and at the same energy. An interesting isospin-effect is observed in the sign-change of $\mu^{\pm}$ charge asymmetry in pp, pn, np, and nn collisions and in minimum bias p-Pb, Pb-p and Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV, respectively.

We employed the PYTHIA 6.4 model and the extended parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.2 to comparatively investigate the DIS normalized specific charged hadron multiplicity in the 27.6 GeV electron semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering off proton and deuteron. The PYTHIA and PACIAE results calculated with default model parameters not well and fairly well reproduce the corresponding HERMES data, respectively. In addition, we have discussed the effects of the differences between the PYTHIA and PACIAE models., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1412.7579

The parton and hadron cascade model PACIAE 2.1 (cf. Comput. Phys. Commun.184 (2013) 1476) has been upgraded to the new issue of PACIAE 2.2. By this new issue the lepton-nucleon and lepton-nucleus (inclusive) deep inelastic scatterings can also be investigated. As an example, the PACIAE 2.2 model is enabled to calculate the specific charged hadron multiplicity in the $e^-$+p and $e^-$+D semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering at 27.6 GeV electron beam energy. The calculated results are well comparing with the corresponding HERMES data. Additionally, the effect of model parameters \alpha and \beta in the Lund string fragmentation function on the multiplicity is studied., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

Based on the requirement in the simulation of lepton-nucleus deep inelastic scattering (DIS), we construct a fortran program LDCS 1.0 calculating the differential and total cross sections for the unpolarized charged lepton-unpolarized nucleon and neutrino-unpolarized nucleon neutral current (charged current) DIS at leading order. Any set of the experimentally fitted parton distribution functions could be employed directly. The mass of incident and scattered leptons is taken into account and the boundary conditions calculating the single differential and total cross section are studied. The calculated results well agree with the corresponding experimental data which indicating the LDCS 1.0 program is good. It is also turned out that the effect of tauon mass is not negligible in the GeV energy level., Comment: 23 pages, 9 figures, FORTRAN codes and readme files attached