Search

There are broad application prospects for evaluation of measurement uncertainty in the environmental test laboratory based on quality control data accumulated in long-term routine analysis. The quality control charting method is used only for the same concentration data. Linear calibration using reference materials can be used in different concentration measurement data but the complete quality control data cover different concentrations with the same number of measurements and should be prepared before the mathematical mode is established, which makes its application in most testing laboratories unsuitable. Robust statistics is a type of statistical analysis method where it is unnecessary to identify and delete outliers but it can also reduce the effect of outliers on the final results based on all measurement data. Quality control charting methods and robust statistics (iteration method), when outliers exist, are used to calculate intermediate precision (sR′) after normalizing different concentration data by recovery rate and are described in this paper. Five sets of data collected in our laboratory and 19 sets of data from the other laboratories, which cover routine testing items in environmental protection field, were used to verify the feasibility of the new method. It can be shown that the average difference of relative intermediate precision (ΔsR′-rsd) between robust statistics and quality control charting methods are almost in agreement (i.e. 0.15%) for the single concentration data. For the multi-level concentration data after normalization, the average difference (ΔsR′-rsd) between quality control charting and linear calibration, between robust statistics and linear calibration, are 0.43% and 0.20%, respectively. The average of difference (ΔsR′-rsd) between robust statistics and quality control charting method is 0.26%, which indicates that the results of all three methods are generally in line with each other. The principle of the new methods proposed in this paper is easy to understand and the calculation procedure is significantly simplified, making it suitable for cases of linear calibration using reference materials with direct proportion mode.

The present work purports to draw the links between two strands of literature: the vast literature on homeownership access across ethnic/migratory groups, and the emerging literature on inter-generational differences in ownership and their implications for wealth inequalities. It examines the case of Hong Kong, where homes are unbelievably expensive irrespective of the large public housing sector, and where recent immigrants from mainland China constitute a quasi-ethnic group even though the great majority of the local populations are Chinese nationals. The study draws upon the micro-data files of the 1996, 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2016 population censuses, and situates the analysis on the changing housing market dynamics and immigration scenes since the eve of the 1997 handover. The findings reveal a significant drop in homeownership among younger generations in recent years, and the drop is more pronounced for recent migrants from the mainland. The latter also suffer from increasing inaccessibility to public housing, rented or owned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gradualist housing reform over the past quarter century has produced a highly complex mix of housing tenure forms and consumption patterns in urban China. Using a sample of sixteen hundred residential histories derived from a survey conducted in 2001, this article traces how individuals and households in Beijing responded to the different phases of the urban housing reform and gradually moved from renting work trait housing to owner occupation over the period 1980 to 2001. The proportional hazards model is used to analyze the factors that affected the tenure change at different points in time. The findings show that despite gradual introduction of market mechanisms, established rules that favored seniority in the workplace and people holding redistributive powers continued to be practiced in reform China. Cadres in Party and government organizations and state-owned enterprises and people with many years in the work unit were those who were most likely to experience the ownership switch. Keywords: homeownership; market transition; Beijing

Twenty-plus years of reform have brought about a highly complex system of housing tenure in urban China. Although the traditional work unit housing under rental occupancy remains the dominating tenure mode, an increasing number of urban households have become owners under various forms of subsidized homeownership. The author analyzes data derived from a survey conducted in 1996 of movers to newly completed 'commodity housing' in Beijing and Guangzhou. Findings show that despite the many attempts at privatization and commodification, private housing in Beijing has become almost nonexistent. In Guangzhou, the open-market sector is better developed, and a sizable number of households have opted to move from subsidized to nonsubsidized housing. The findings also reveal that although the direction of movement is significantly related to the current tenure, it is unrelated to whether the move involves a change in tenure status. Keywords: housing reform; tenure status; residential relocation; urban China

Two surveys of newly completed commodity housing are used to examine housing consumption in Beijing and Guangzhou. Similar differential factors are observed in the subsidized sectors.