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In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are a key component. Different types of TIICs play distinct roles. CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells could secrete soluble factors to hinder tumor cell growth, whereas regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) release inhibitory factors to promote tumor growth and progression. In the meantime, a growing body of evidence illustrates that the balance between pro- and anti-tumor responses of TIICs is associated with the prognosis in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, in order to boost anti-tumor response and improve the clinical outcome of tumor patients, a variety of anti-tumor strategies for targeting TIICs based on their respective functions have been developed and obtained good treatment benefits, including mainly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), adoptive cell therapies (ACT), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, and various monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, the tumor-specific features of immune cells are further investigated by various methods, such as using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and the results indicate that these cells have diverse phenotypes in different types of tumors and emerge inconsistent therapeutic responses. Hence, we concluded the recent advances in tumor-infiltrating immune cells, including functions, prognostic values, and various immunotherapy strategies for each immune cell in different tumors.

At present, the clinical treatment of malignant glioma is still unsatisfactory. The existence of the blood–brain barrier hinders most chemical and biological drugs to reach the brain tissue. In this study, a square‐shaped Janus drug carrying system, which incorporated with high infrared responsiveness, large drug loading capacity, and reliable magnetic targeting capabilities is synthesized. Combined with an external 3D printed magnetic wearable equipment, this carrying system can effectively penetrate the blood–brain barrier in both in vitro and in vivo tests, it is thus applied to two different targeting tumor therapies (including glioma). Animal experiments demonstrate the multiple therapeutic effects of the proposed system. The subsequent studies imply that the obtained carrier has no obvious toxic effects on the organs of animals. Different from the classical biochemical targeting method, this study uniquely combines the porous Janus nanocarrier with an external wearable magnetic guidance device (physical targeting), which is a promising target therapeutic concept with impressive flexibility and reliability. A new therapy concept for targeting brain gliomas by combining the square shaped Janus nanocarrier with a 3D printed magnetic helmet is presented. With the aid of external NIR irradiation, the relative animal experiments demonstrated the flexibility and reliability of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: LncRNAs and miRNAs are found to play crucial roles in the tumorigenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We aimed to investigate the functions and mechanisms of lncRNA-CAT104 and miR-182 in AML., Methods: Expression of CAT104, miR-182, and ZEB1 in K562 and HL60 cell lines was respectively or synchronously altered by transfection. Expressions of CAT104, miR-182 and ZEB1 in cell were then analyzed by qRT-PCR. Cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT, transwell assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expressions of ZEB1 and factors related with apoptosis and two signal pathways (Wnt/β-catenin and JNK) were detected by western blot., Results: CAT104 expressed highly in K562 and HL60 cells compared to embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 (P < 0.001). Knockdown of CAT104 inhibited cell viability, migration and invasion, but increased cell apoptosis of K562 and HL60 cells through inhibitionof miR-182 (P < 0.05). miR-182 promoted cell survival, migration and invasion through upregulatingthe expression of ZEB1 (P < 0.05). miR-182 silence deactivated Wnt/β-catenin and JNK signal pathways by downregulating the expression of ZEB1 in K562 and HL60 cells., Conclusion: LncRNA-CAT104 expressed highly in leukemia cells and its silence inhibited cell survival, migration and invasion by downregulating miR-182 expression. miR-182 functioned as an oncogene by upregulating ZEB1 via which miR-182 silence deactivated Wnt/β-catenin and JNK signal pathways in leukemia cells., Competing Interests: None., (IJCEP Copyright © 2017.)