Search

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is expected to play a pivotal role in future wireless sensing networks owing to its potential for high-resolution and high-accuracy sensing. In this work, we investigate a multi-target direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation problem in a semi-passive IRS-assisted sensing system, where IRS reflecting elements (REs) reflect signals from the base station to targets, and IRS sensing elements (SEs) estimate DoA based on echo signals reflected by the targets. {First of all, instead of solely relying on IRS SEs for DoA estimation as done in the existing literature, this work fully exploits the DoA information embedded in both IRS REs and SEs matrices via the atomic norm minimization (ANM) scheme. Subsequently, the Cram\'er-Rao bound for DoA estimation is derived, revealing an inverse proportionality to $MN^3+NM^3$ under the case of identity covariance matrix of the IRS measurement matrix and a single target, where $M$ and $N$ are the number of IRS SEs and REs, respectively. Finally, extensive numerical results substantiate the superior accuracy and resolution performance of the proposed ANM-based DoA estimation method over representative baselines., Comment: accepted by WCL

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has attracted growing interests for enabling the future 6G wireless networks, due to its capability of sharing spectrum and hardware resources between communication and sensing systems. However, existing works on ISAC usually need to modify the communication protocol to cater for the new sensing performance requirement, which may be difficult to implement in practice. In this paper, we study a new intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided millimeter-wave (mmWave) ISAC system by exploiting the distinct beam scanning operation in mmWave communications to achieve efficient sensing at the same time. First, we propose a two-phase ISAC protocol aided by a semi-passive IRS, consisting of beam scanning and data transmission. Specifically, in the beam scanning phase, the IRS finds the optimal beam for reflecting signals from the base station to a communication user via its passive elements. Meanwhile, the IRS directly estimates the angle of a nearby target based on echo signals from the target using its equipped active sensing element. Then, in the data transmission phase, the sensing accuracy is further improved by leveraging the data signals via possible IRS beam splitting. Next, we derive the achievable rate of the communication user as well as the Cram\'er-Rao bound and the approximate mean square error of the target angle estimation Finally, extensive simulation results are provided to verify our analysis as well as the effectiveness of the proposed scheme., Comment: submitted to IEEE TWC

Future wireless systems are likely to adopt extremely large aperture arrays to achieve higher throughput, wider coverage, and higher spatial resolution. Conventional wireless systems predominantly operate in the far field (FF) of the radiation source. However, as the array size increases and the carrier wavelength decreases, the near field (NF) becomes nonnegligible. Since the NF and FF differ in many aspects, it is critical to identify their corresponding regions. In this article, we first provide a comprehensive overview of the existing NF-FF boundaries, then introduce a novel NF-FF demarcation method based on effective degrees of freedom (EDoF) of the channel. Since EDoF is intimately related to channel capacity, the EDoF-based border is able to characterize key channel performance more accurately than the classic Rayleigh distance and other representative benchmarks. Furthermore, we analyze the main features of the EDoF-based NF-FF boundary, provide insights into system design, and outline the associated challenges and research opportunities., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, 1 table

This paper investigates an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided millimeter-wave integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. Specifically, based on the passive beam scanning in the downlink, the IRS finds the optimal beam for reflecting the signals from the base station to a communication user. Meanwhile, the IRS estimates the angle of a nearby target based on its echo signal received by the sensing elements mounted on the IRS (i.e., semi-passive IRS). We propose an ISAC protocol for achieving the above objective via simultaneous (beam) training and sensing (STAS). Then, we derive the achievable rate of the communication user and the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) of the angle estimation for the sensing target in closed-form. The achievable rate and CRB exhibit different performance against the duration of beam scanning. Specifically, the average achievable rate initially rises and subsequently declines, while the CRB monotonically decreases. Consequently, the duration of beam scanning should be carefully selected to balance communication and sensing performance. Simulation results have verified our analytical findings and shown that, thanks to the efficient use of downlink beam scanning signal for simultaneous communication and target sensing, the STAS protocol outperforms the benchmark protocol with orthogonal beam training and sensing., Comment: Accepted by IEEE SPAWC

Extremely large-scale array (XL-array) communications can significantly improve the spectral efficiency and spatial resolution, and has great potential in next-generation mobile communication networks. A crucial problem in XL-array communications is to determine the boundary of applicable regions of the plane wave model (PWM) and spherical wave model (SWM). In this paper, we propose new PWM/SWM demarcations for XL-arrays from the viewpoint of channel gain and rank. Four sets of results are derived for four different array setups. First, an equi-power line is derived for a point-to-uniform linear array (ULA) scenario, where an inflection point is found at $\pm \frac{\pi}{6}$ central incident angles. Second, an equi-power surface is derived for a point-to-uniform planar array (UPA) scenario, and it is proved that $\cos^2(\phi) \cos^2(\varphi)=\frac{1}{2}$ is a dividing curve, where $\phi$ and $\varphi$ denote the elevation and azimuth angles, respectively. Third, an accurate and explicit expression of the equi-rank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-ULA scenario. Finally, an approximated expression of the equi-rank surface is obtained for a ULA-to-UPA scenario. With the obtained closed-form expressions, the equi-rank surface for any antenna structure and any angle can be well estimated. Furthermore, the effect of scatterers is also investigated, from which some insights are drawn., Comment: Accepted by China Communications

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, most research focuses on the scenario of the narrowband and/or instantaneous channel state information (CSI), while wide bandwidth with the use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) (including sub-Terahertz) spectrum is a major trend in next-generation wireless communications, and statistical CSI is more practical to obtain in realistic systems. Thus, we {consider} the ergodic achievable rate of RIS-assisted mmWave multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication systems. The widely used Saleh-Valenzuela channel model is adopted to characterize the mmWave channels and only the statistical CSI is available. We first derive the approximations of the ergodic achievable rate by means of the majorization theory and Jensen's inequality. Then, an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to maximize the ergodic achievable rate by jointly designing the transmit covariance matrix at the base station and the reflection coefficients at the RIS. Specifically, the design of the transmit covariance matrix is transformed into a power allocation problem and solved by spatial-frequency water-filling. The reflection coefficients are optimized by the Riemannian conjugate gradient algorithm. Simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms., Comment: submitted for possible publication. in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2022

Integrated ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output (UM-MIMO) and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) systems are promising for 6G and beyond Terahertz (0.1-10 THz) communications, to effectively bypass the barriers of limited coverage and line-of-sight blockage. However, excessive dimensions of UM-MIMO and IRS enlarge the near-field region, while strong THz channel sparsity in far-field is detrimental to spatial multiplexing. Moreover, channel estimation (CE) requires recovering the large-scale channel from severely compressed observations due to limited RF-chains. To tackle these challenges, a hybrid spherical- and planar-wave channel model (HSPM) is developed for the cascaded channel of the integrated system. The spatial multiplexing gains under near-field and far-field regions are analyzed, which are found to be limited by the segmented channel with a lower rank. Furthermore, a compressive sensing-based CE framework is developed, including a sparse channel representation method, a separate-side estimation (SSE) and a dictionary-shrinkage estimation (DSE) algorithms. Numerical results verify the effectiveness of the HSPM, the capacity of which is only $5\times10^{-4}$ bits/s/Hz deviated from that obtained by the ground-truth spherical-wave-model, with 256 elements. While the SSE achieves improved accuracy for CE than benchmark algorithms, the DSE is more attractive in noisy environments, with 0.8 dB lower normalized-mean-square-error than SSE.

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a prospective technology for next-generation wireless networks due to their potential in coverage and capacity enhancement. Previous works on achievable rate analysis of RIS-assisted communication systems have mainly focused on the rich-scattering environment where Rayleigh and Rician channel models can be applied. This work studies the ergodic achievable rate of RIS-assisted multiple-input multiple-output communication systems in millimeter-wave band with limited scattering under the Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. Firstly, we derive an upper bound of the ergodic achievable rate by means of majorization theory and Jensen's inequality. The upper bound shows that the ergodic achievable rate increases logarithmically with the number of antennas at the base station (BS) and user, the number of the reflection units at the RIS, and the eigenvalues of the steering matrices associated with the BS, user and RIS. Then, we aim to maximize the ergodic achievable rate by jointly optimizing the transmit covariance matrix at the BS and the reflection coefficients at the RIS. Specifically, the transmit covariance matrix is optimized by the water-filling algorithm and the reflection coefficients are optimized using the Riemannian conjugate gradient algorithm. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithms., Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures

This paper considers a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided millimeter wave (mmWave) downlink communication system where hybrid analog-digital beamforming is employed at the base station (BS). We formulate a power minimization problem by jointly optimizing hybrid beamforming at the BS and the response matrix at the RIS, under the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints at all users. The problem is highly challenging to solve due to the non-convex SINR constraints as well as the unit-modulus phase shift constraints for both the RIS reflection coefficients and the analog beamformer. A two-layer penalty-based algorithm is proposed to decouple variables in SINR constraints, and manifold optimization is adopted to handle the non-convex unit-modulus constraints. {We also propose a low-complexity sequential optimization method, which optimizes the RIS reflection coefficients, the analog beamformer, and the digital beamformer sequentially without iteration.} Furthermore, the relationship between the power minimization problem and the max-min fairness (MMF) problem is discussed. Simulation results show that the proposed penalty-based algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art semidefinite relaxation (SDR)-based algorithm. Results also demonstrate that the RIS plays an important role in the power reduction., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2101.09980

This paper considers a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided millimeter wave (mmWave) downlink communication system where hybrid analog-digital beamforming is employed at the base station (BS). We formulate a power minimization problem by jointly optimizing hybrid beamforming at the BS and the response matrix at the RIS, under signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) constraints. The problem is highly challenging due to the non-convex SINR constraints as well as the non-convex unit-modulus constraints for both the phase shifts at the RIS and the analog beamforming at the BS. A penalty-based algorithm in conjunction with the manifold optimization technique is proposed to handle the problem, followed by an individual optimization method with much lower complexity. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-art algorithm. Results also show that the joint optimization of RIS response matrix and BS hybrid beamforming is much superior to individual optimization., Comment: To appear in IEEE WCNC 2021