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Objectives This study aims to evaluate the morphological features of gubernacular tract (GT) for erupting permanent mandibular canines at different ages from 5 to 9 years old with a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method. Methods The cone-beam CT images of 50 patients were divided into five age groups. The 3D models of the GT for mandibular canines were reconstructed and analysed. The characteristics of the GT, including length, diameter, ellipticity, tortuosity, superficial area, volume, and the angle between the canine and GT, were evaluated using a centreline fitting algorithm. Results Among the 100 GTs that were examined, the length of the GT for mandibular canines decreased between the ages of 5 and 9 years, while the diameter increased until the age of 7 years. Additionally, the ellipticity and tortuosity of the GT decreased as age advanced. The superficial area and volume exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The morphological variations of the GT displayed heterogeneous changes during different periods. Conclusions The 3D measurement method effectively portrayed the morphological attributes of the GT for mandibular canines. The morphological characteristics of the GT during the eruption process exhibited significant variations. The variations in morphological changes may indicate different stages of mandibular canine eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The liver plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification in the human body. It is also one of the organs sensitive to a series of stimuli such as [...], To explore hepatoprotective role and underlying mechanisms of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TTM), 36 rats were randomly divided into control, C[Cl.sub.4]-induced liver injury model, and biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) and low-, moderate-, and high-dose TTM treatment groups. After C[Cl.sub.4]-induced model establishment, the rats from DDB and TTM groups were administrated with DDB at 0.2 g/kg per day and TTM at 0.1,0.5, and 1.0g/kgperday, while the rats from control and model groups were administrated with saline. .After 5 days of treatments, all rats were sacrificed for determining serum ALT and AST levels and liver index, examining histopathological changes in liver through HE and TUNEL staining, and evaluating TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression by real-time PCR, and caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax expression by Western blot. Results indicated that C[Cl.sub.4] could induce acute liver injury and abnormal liver function in rats with obvious hepatomegaly, increased liver index, high ALT and AST levels, up-regulated TNF-α and IL-6, and overexpressed Bax and caspase-3. However, DDB and TTM could execute protective role in C[Cl.sub.4]-induced liver injury in rats through reducing ALT and AST levels, rescuing hepatomegaly, down-regulating inflammatory factors and inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, TTM has obvious protective role in C[Cl.sub.4]induced liver injury of rats through inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis. Key words: Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TTM), liver injury, hepatomegaly, inflammatory factor, apoptosis. En vue d'etudier le role hepatoprotecteur de Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TTM) et les mecanismes sous-jacents, nous avons reparti aleatoirement 36 rats dans des groupes temoin, modele de lesions hepatiques provoquees par le C[Cl.sub.4] et acide dimethyle biphenyle dicarboxilique (DDB), ainsi que dans les groupes de traitement par TTM a doses moderee et elevee. Apres avoir realise le modele de provocation par le C[Cl.sub.4], nous avons administre aux rats des groupes DDB et TTM du DDB a 0,2 g/kg par jour et du TTM a 0,1, 0,5 et 1,0 g/kg par jour, alors que nous avons administre une solution saline aux rats des groupes temoin et C[Cl.sub.4]. Apres 5 jours de traitement, nous avons euthanasie tous les rats en vue d'etablir les taux d'ALT et d'AST ainsi que l'index hepatique, puis d'etudier les variations histopathologiques du foie a l'aide des colorations par l'hematoxyline-eosine et la technique de TUNEL. Nous avons aussi evalue l'expression de l'ARNm de TNF-α et de l'IL-6 par la technique de PCR en temps reel, et l'expression de la caspase-3 et des proteines Bcl-2 et Bax par immunobuvardage de western. Les resultats ont montre que l'administration de C[Cl.sub.4] peut provoquer des lesions hepatiques aigues et des anomalies de la fonction hepatique chez le rat, avec une hepatomegalie manifeste, une augmentation de l'index hepatique et des taux d'ALT et d'AST, une regulation a la hausse de l'expression de TNF-α et de l'IL-6, ainsi qu'une surexpression de la proteine Bax et de la caspase-3. Cependant, le DDB et TTM pouvaient avoir un role protecteur contre les lesions hepatiques provoquees par le C[Cl.sub.4] chez le rat en permettant de diminuer les taux d'ALT et d'AST, de contrer l'hepatomegalie, de reguler a la baisse les facteurs inflammatoires et d'inhiber l'apoptose des hepatocytes de maniere proportionnelle a la dose. Par consequent, TTM joue un role de protection evident contre les lesions provoquees par le C[Cl.sub.4] chez le rat par l'intermediaire d'une inhibition de l'apoptose des hepatocytes. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Trillium tschonoskii Maxim (TTM), lesion hepatique, hepatomegalie, facteur inflammatoire, apoptose.

Abstract Background Although the expenses of liver cirrhosis are covered by a critical illness fund under the current health insurance program in China, the economic burden associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) related diseases is not well addressed. In order to provide evidence to address the economic disease burden of HBV, we conducted a survey to investigate the direct economic burden of acute and chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by HBV-related disease. Methods From April 2010 to November 2010, we conducted a survey of inpatients with HBV-related diseases and who were hospitalized for seven or more days in one of the seven tertiary and six secondary hospitals in Shandong, China. Patients were recorded consecutively within a three-to-five month time period from each sampled hospital; an in-person survey was conducted to collect demographic and socio-economic information, as well as direct medical and nonmedical expenses during the last month and last year prior to the current hospitalization. Direct medical costs included total outpatient, inpatient, and self-treatment expenditures; direct nonmedical costs included spending on nutritional supplements, transportation, and nursing. Direct medical costs during the current hospitalization were also obtained from the hospital financial database. The direct economic cost was calculated as the sum of direct medical and nonmedical costs. Our results call for the importance of implementing clinical guideline, improving system accountability, and helping secondary and smaller hospitals to improve efficiency. This has important policy implication for the on-going hospital reform in China. Results Our data based on inpatients with HBV-related diseases suggested that the direct cost in US dollars for acute hepatitis B, severe hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis and primary liver cancer was $2954, $10834, $4552, $7400.28, $6936 and $10635, respectively. These costs ranged from 30.72% (for acute hepatitis B) to 297.85% (for primary liver cancer) of the average annual household income in our sample. Even for patients with health insurance, direct out-of-pocket cost of all HBV-related diseases except acute hepatitis B exceeded 40.00% of the patient’s disposable household income, making it a catastrophic expenditure for the household. Conclusion Hepatitis B imposes considerable economic burden on a family. Our findings will help health policy makers’ understanding of the magnitude of the economic burden of HBV-related diseases in China. Evidence from our study also contributes to our understanding of potential benefits to society from allocating more resources to preventing and treating HBV infection, as well as increasing insurance coverage in China. These findings have important policy implications for health care reform efforts currently underway in China focusing on how to reduce the burden of catastrophic disease for its citizens.

Background: Glioblastoma is the most malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Several prediction models have been produced to aid in prognosis assessment. Age, a primary decision factor for prognosis, is associated with increased genomic alterations, however the exact link between increased age and poor prognosis is unknown. Objective: In this study, we aimed to reveal the underlying cause of poor prognosis in elderly patients. Methods: This study included data on 616 primary GBM tumor samples from the CGGA and TCGA databases and 41 nontumor brain tissue samples obtained from GSE53890. Hallmarks and clinicopathological characteristics were evaluated in both tumor and nontumor brain tissues. The association between choice of treatment regimen and age was measured using ANOVA and Student's t test. Results: Age was a robust predictor of poor prognosis in glioma. No age‐related hallmarks of cancer were detected, including pathological characteristics or mutations. However, treatment choice was strongly significantly different between old and young patients. Combined chemo‐radiation therapy could benefit old and young GBM patients, however, old patients are currently less likely to choose it. Conclusion: The vast divergence in prognosis between young and old GBM patients is largely caused by choice of treatment rather than age‐related tumor genomic characteristics. Postoperative standard radio‐ and chemotherapy provide strong benefits to primary glioblastoma patients of all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the morphological features of gubernacular tract (GT) for erupting permanent mandibular canines at different ages from 5 to 9 years old with a three-dimensional (3D) measurement method., Methods: The cone-beam CT images of 50 patients were divided into five age groups. The 3D models of the GT for mandibular canines were reconstructed and analysed. The characteristics of the GT, including length, diameter, ellipticity, tortuosity, superficial area, volume, and the angle between the canine and GT, were evaluated using a centreline fitting algorithm., Results: Among the 100 GTs that were examined, the length of the GT for mandibular canines decreased between the ages of 5 and 9 years, while the diameter increased until the age of 7 years. Additionally, the ellipticity and tortuosity of the GT decreased as age advanced. The superficial area and volume exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The morphological variations of the GT displayed heterogeneous changes during different periods., Conclusions: The 3D measurement method effectively portrayed the morphological attributes of the GT for mandibular canines. The morphological characteristics of the GT during the eruption process exhibited significant variations. The variations in morphological changes may indicate different stages of mandibular canine eruption., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Institute of Radiology and the International Association of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)