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There is no single agreed-upon definition of data literacy because expectations of what it means to be data literate varies across contexts. The lack of agreement on a definition of data literacy across contexts is therefore necessary. However, definitions are important. Definitions embody our understanding of concepts and are the foundation for operationalization of concepts. The work reported in the chapter is motivated by the observation that despite no shortage of university graduates, organizations are struggling to find data-literate talent. There is an apparent disconnect between data literacy as taught in the academic domain and data literacy as expected by businesses in the public domain. An exploration of definitions of data literacy in academic and public domains is undertaken to gain insight in why the disconnect exists. A thematic analysis and comparison of definitions in the two domains were conducted. The differences identified provide some broad directions for developing data literacy capabilities in students that better fulfil the needs of business organizations.

The optimization analysis of gears in a hybrid transmission is carried out using the micro-modification module in the simulation platform of system analysis software MASTA，aiming at the vibration and noise problems of gear meshing in hybrid transmission. By comparing the transmission error between gears before and after modification and the contact stress nephogram of the tooth surface, the effectiveness of micro-modification based on system analysis software MASTA is verified, which provides a reliable theoretical basis for actual modification. The analysis results show that the transmission error of the gear is obviously reduced after micro-modification, and the contact stress nephogram of the tooth surface has been improved to a great extent, which plays an active role in reducing the vibration and noise of the gear. Finally, the data collection and comparative analysis of vibration and noise of gears in transmission are carried out. The results show that the corresponding box vibration acceleration and gear noise will be significantly improved after the micro-modification of the gear pair.

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the oceans, is the most abundant biological source of sulfur to the marine atmosphere. Atmospheric DMS is oxidized to condensable products that form secondary aerosols that affect Earth's radiative balance by scattering solar radiation and serving as cloud condensation nuclei. We report the atmospheric discovery of a previously unquantified DMS oxidation product, hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF, HOOCH2SCHO), identified through global-scale airborne observations that demonstrate it to be a major reservoir of marine sulfur. Observationally constrained model results show that more than 30% of oceanic DMS emitted to the atmosphere forms HPMTF. Coincident particle measurements suggest a strong link between HPMTF concentration and new particle formation and growth. Analyses of these observations show that HPMTF chemistry must be included in atmospheric models to improve representation of key linkages between the biogeochemistry of the ocean, marine aerosol formation and growth, and their combined effects on climate.

Methane (CH4) is the second most abundant greenhouse gas and affects the Earth's radiative balance. In some regions, the methane burden and budget are still not well understood due to the lack of in situ observations, especially vertical profile observations. Here, we present the first high‐resolution aircraft‐based tropospheric vertical profiles of CH4 across the Indian subcontinent. Observations show significant variability, with the largest variability seen in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) during post‐monsoon (September). The IGP also shows the highest concentrations and a peak in the boundary layer. By contrast, observations over western India show lower variability, especially during the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) (July). During ASM, when CH4 emissions peak, the vertical updraft of CH4 and other tracers is observed, leading to a peak between 4 and 5 km. During winter, the peak occurs in the boundary layer, and a decrease with altitude is observed. Model simulations slightly overestimate CH4 at the surface during some seasons but underestimate it at higher altitudes during all seasons. Integrated over the observed column, model simulations slightly underpredict CH4 (0.5%–3.1%) during all seasons. Calculations made using the observed CO/CH4 enhancement ratios show that in addition to anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions, other sources, such as rice cultivation and wetlands, need to be considered to reproduce the observed CH4 concentrations. Plain Language Summary: Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which causes global warming. Aircraft‐based observations of methane were conducted over India to study the vertical variability. Observations show that methane is highly variable with altitude, and these vertical profiles are different according to the region and season in India. Models can reproduce the average vertical profiles but not individual flights. Using these data, estimations of methane emissions were also done, which show that current inventories need to account for all the different sources, including agriculture and wetlands. Key Points: First high‐resolution aircraft‐based tropospheric vertical profiles of methane over India are reportedObservations show a large variability of tropospheric methane across seasons and locationsModel simulations slightly underestimate the observed methane in the free troposphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the extent of water invasion in the reservoir and mitigating its detrimental effects on gas well production and natural gas recovery have long been a challenging task in the efficient development of strongly heterogeneous edge water gas reservoirs. To elucidate the edge water invasion mechanism of strongly heterogeneous carbonate gas reservoirs, this study investigates the pore throat characteristics and fluid mobility from both qualitative and quantitative aspects, leveraging natural core observations, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests with centrifuge experiments. A core-scale edge water invasion simulation experiment was conducted under online NMR monitoring to examine the dynamic gas production characteristics of the three types of reservoirs during the water invasion process and to elucidate the formation mechanism and distribution pattern of water-sealed gas. Research findings indicate that carbonate reservoirs typically exhibit a diverse range of pore types, including various types of fractures and cavities. Fractures significantly enhance reservoir connectivity, thereby increasing fluid mobility, but also lead to strong non-uniform water invasion. In contrast, cavities substantially improve the storage capacity of the reservoir and can retard the advancement of the water invasion front, thereby alleviating the adverse effects of water invasion. The ultimate recovery rates of fracture-type, cavity-type, and fracture-cavity cores in the water invasion simulation experiment were 29.81%, 64.87%, and 53.03%, respectively. Premature water breakthroughs in the reservoir can result in a large number of gases in matrix pores and even cavities being sealed by formation water, rendering them unrecoverable, which seriously impacts the gas recovery rate of the reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the intensification of urbanization, characterized by increasingly dense land use, the proliferation of high-rise residences has emerged as a predominant housing solution, particularly evident in developed cities like those in China. With a primary aim of enhancing the residential living environment within high-rise structures, this study advocates for a comprehensive whole life cycle perspective. By employing digital technology and conducting experiments centered on a representative case study, this paper focuses on optimizing the functional layout of public activity spaces within high-rise residential projects. Specifically, this article aims to address challenges such as the inadequate configuration and articulation of various public spaces, along with the underutilization of peripheral activity areas. Central to the optimization efforts is the utilization of the Kruskal algorithm, which enables the analysis of flow lines and functions, ultimately leading to the derivation of optimal solutions. Through a detailed analysis of our case study, this paper provides actionable insights into enhancing the feasibility and effectiveness of public spaces within high-rise residential projects. Recognizing the pivotal role of public space layout in shaping residents' living experiences, the importance of addressing this issue early in the design phase was emphasized. By integrating scientifically driven digital technology solutions, smart, inclusive, and convenient communities that cater to the diverse needs of their inhabitants are aspired to be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]