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The clinical similarity among different neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs) suggested a shared genetic basis. We catalogued 23,109 coding de novo mutations (DNMs) from 6511 patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 4,293 undiagnosed developmental disorder (UDD), 933 epileptic encephalopathy (EE), 1022 intellectual disability (ID), 1094 schizophrenia (SCZ), and 3391 controls. We evaluated that putative functional DNMs contribute to 38.11%, 34.40%, 33.31%, 10.98% and 6.91% of patients with ID, EE, UDD, ASD and SCZ, respectively. Consistent with phenotype similarity and heterogeneity in different NPDs, they show different degree of genetic association. Cross-disorder analysis of DNMs prioritized 321 candidate genes (FDR < 0.05) and showed that genes shared in more disorders were more likely to exhibited specific expression pattern, functional pathway, genetic convergence, and genetic intolerance.

[Objective] The energy industry is closely related to national security and economic development, and its systemic risks cannot be ignored. This study explored the industry-level volatility interconnections and examined the direction and characteristics of systemic risk spillover from the normal and extreme energy market states. It provides a new perspective and technical support for systemic risk management in the energy industry. [Methods] Based on the volatility decomposition approach, we decomposed the volatility risk of each energy industry into continuity and jump components, and then constructed the connection matrix and spillover indicators between these components through the generalized variance decomposition method of the vector autoregressive model. Subsequently, the systemic risk spillover effects in China’s energy industries were analyzed from static and dynamic perspectives. [Results] The empirical results suggest that: (1) There are obvious jump fluctuations in the energy industry, and the accumulation of jump risk in the energy industry will lead to an increasing systemic risk; (2) The systemic risk spillover in the energy industry is significantly time variant. The risk tends to spread outside the industry during fluctuation periods and shifts to the intra-industry contagion during the stable periods; (3) Either within or between industries, volatility risks tend to be transferred within the same type of volatility components, and the net spillover direction between two components is along the continuity-to-jump path; (4) The coal industry is the largest sender of the continuity risk, the electricity industry is the only sender of the jump risk, and the new energy industry is the largest receiver of external risk in the form of volatility jumps. [Conclusion] The government should pay more attention to both cross-industry and cross-component spillovers during turbulent periods while paying attention to the self-feedback spillover within industries during stable periods, so as to prevent local risk from accumulating and spreading to the whole energy system.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by a combination of aging, environmental, and genetic factors. Previous research has implicated both causative and susceptibility genes in PD development. Nogo‐A, a neurite outgrowth inhibitor, has been shown to impact axon growth through ligand‐receptor interactions negatively, thereby involved in the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons. However, rare genetic studies have identified the relationship between neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo)‐associated genes and PD from a signaling pathway perspective. Methods: We enrolled 3959 PD patients and 2931 healthy controls, categorized into two cohorts based on their family history and age at onset: sporadic early Parkinson's disease & familial Parkinson's disease (sEOPD & FPD) cohort and sporadic late Parkinson's disease (sLOPD) cohort. We selected 17 Nogo‐associated genes and stratified them into three groups via their function, respectively, ligand, receptors, and signaling pathway groups. Additionally, we conducted the burden analysis in rare variants, the logistic regression analysis in common variants, and the genotype–phenotype association analysis. Last, bioinformatics analysis and functional experiments were conducted to identify the role of the MTOR gene in PD. Results: Our findings demonstrated that the missense variants in the MTOR gene might increase PD risk, while the deleterious variants in the receptor subtype of Nogo‐associated genes might mitigate PD risk. However, common variants of Nogo‐associated genes showed no association with PD development in two cohorts. Furthermore, genotype–phenotype association analysis suggested that PD patients with MTOR gene variants exhibited relatively milder motor symptoms but were more susceptible developing dyskinesia. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis results showed MTOR gene was significantly decreased in PD, indicating a potential negative role of the mTOR in PD pathogenesis. Experimental data further demonstrated that MHY1485, a mTOR agonist, could rescue MPP+‐induced axon inhibition, further implicating the involvement of mTOR protein in PD by regulating cell growth and axon growth. Conclusions: Our preliminary investigation highlights the association of Nogo‐associated genes with PD onset in the Chinese mainland population and hints at the potential role of the MTOR gene in PD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanistic pathways underlying these associations and their therapeutic implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baijiu is popular with a long history and balanced flavor. Flavor type is the most widely used classification mode for Baijiu. However, the evolutionary relationships of Baijiu flavor types and the differential markers between flavor types are still unclear, significantly impacting the development of the Baijiu industry. In this study, a total of 319 trace components were identified using gas chromatography–olfactometry–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among them, 91 trace components with high odor active values or taste active values were recognized as flavor components. Then random forests were conducted to screen differential markers between the derived and basic flavor types, while a principal component analysis assessed their effectiveness in distinguishing the flavor types of Baijiu. Finally, 19 differential markers (including 3-methylbutyric acid, pentanoic acid, 2-butanol, 2,3-butanediol, ethyl pro-panoate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl lactate, ethyl 2-hydroxy butanoate, isopentyl hexanoate, ethyl nonanoate, isopropyl myristate, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl benzoate, 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, 2-methylbutanal and 3-octanone) were screened and proven to effectively reveal the evolution of Baijiu flavor types; these were further verified as key differential markers using addition tests and a correlation analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia presenting a critical challenge in population‐aging healthcare. The elucidation of the interplay between brain structure and sarcopenia necessitates further research. The aim of this study is to explore the casual association between brain structure and sarcopenia. Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) was conducted to estimate the genetic correlations; MR was then performed to explore the causal relationship between Brain imaging‐derived phenotypes (BIDPs) and three sarcopenia‐related traits: handgrip strength, walking pace, and appendicular lean mass (ALM). The main analyses were conducted using the inverse‐variance weighted method. Moreover, weighted median and MR–Egger were conducted as sensitivity analyses. Genetic association between 6.41% of BIDPs and ALM was observed, and 4.68% of BIDPs exhibited causal MR association with handgrip strength, 2.11% of BIDPs were causally associated with walking pace, and 2.04% of BIDPs showed causal association with ALM. Volume of ventromedial hypothalamus was associated with increased odds of handgrip strength (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.37) and ALM (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.09). Mean thickness of G‐pariet‐inf‐Angular was associated with decreased odds of handgrip strength (OR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70 to 0.97) and walking pace (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.93 to 0.99). As part of the brain structure forward causally influences sarcopenia, which may provide new perspectives for the prevention of sarcopenia and offer valuable insights for further research on the brain‐muscle axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]