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MXenes have wide applications because of the structural flexibility and compositional diversity. Quantum capacitance, electronic and photocatalytic properties of Sc2CO2 monolayer under uniaxial strains are investigated by first‐principles calculation. Sc2CO2 monolayer can withstand stress up to 13.96 N/M and about 14% tensile uniaxial strain limit. Sc2CO2 undergoes a transition from semiconductor to metal at −15% uniaxial strain. Sc2CO2 under uniaxial strains are only used for the water reduction at pH = 0. Sc2CO2 under uniaxial strains of −10%, −7%, −3%, 0%, and 4% within the appropriate pH scope are potential photocatalysts for water redox reaction. Sc2CO2 with −15% uniaxial strain is promising anode material, and Sc2CO2 with tensile uniaxial strain is more potential cathode material. Wide voltage improves the top quantum capacitance at negative bias under uniaxial strain and keeps the type of electrode materials. Quantum capacitance of Sc2C with mixed termination (Sc2CO0.59F1.19(OH)0.22) under uniaxial strain is explored. The introduction of uniaxial strain and mixed termination has little effect on the electrode type of Sc2CO2 MXene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting the sustainable development of ecological animal husbandry is not only an important guarantee to meet the people's needs for a better life, but also an effective way to build an ecological civilization society. In the process of Chinese modernization construction, the sustainable development of ecological animal husbandry focuses on improving level of large-scale breeding, optimizing the land use structure of animal husbandry, strengthening technology research and development and transformation. Starting from deeply building the sustainable development path of ecological animal husbandry in Chinese style modernization, building a high-quality development system of ecological animal husbandry by improving supporting facilities for animal husbandry, promoting the construction of ecological animal husbandry land, strengthening the innovative application of digital technology and extending the whole industrial chain of ecological animal husbandry can effectively empower Chinese transformation into a livestock power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cobalt complexes [Co(L 1) 2 ](ClO 4) 2 ⋅4CH 3 CN (1) and [Co(L 2) 2 ](ClO 4) 2 ⋅2CH 3 CN⋅0.5H 2 O (2) of the new click-derived bistriazolylpyridines 2,6-bis(1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)isonicotinate methyl ester (L 1) and 2,6-bis-(1-methoxycarbonylmethyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)isonicotinate methyl ester (L 2) were synthesized and characterized. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) mediated by complexes 1 and 2 was studied in CH 3 CN in the presence of acetic acid. Both complexes catalyzed HER with low overpotentials and high Faradaic efficiencies (370 mV and 93% for 1 , 300 mV and 95% for 2). The distal substituents on the triazolyl moiety of the bistriazolylpyridines have apparent impacts on the redox and catalytic properties of 1 and 2. The catalytic behaviors were further studied using spectroelectrochemistry and the reductant cobaltocene. It was found that the reduction of the bistriazolylpyridines was necessary for the catalytic activity. Plausible pathways were proposed for the HER mediated by 1 and 2. This work provided some hints for the preparation of HER catalysts based on the redox-active triazolylpyridine ligands. Hydrogen evolution was boosted by Co(II) complexes of click-derived bistriazolylpyridines and the distal groups on the bistriazolylpyridines had apparent impacts on the catalytic activities. [Display omitted] • Synthesis and characterization of cobalt complexes of click-derived bistriazolylpyridines. • Redox properties of cobalt complexes of bistriazolylpyridines. • Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution by cobalt complexes of bistriazolylpyridines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Public health organizations have recommended various definitions of influenza‐like illnesses under the assumption that the symptoms do not change during influenza virus infection. To explore the relationship between symptoms and influenza over time, we analyzed a dataset from an international multicenter prospective emergency department (ED)‐based influenza‐like illness cohort study. Methods: We recruited patients in the US and Taiwan between 2015 and 2020 with: (1) flu‐like symptoms (fever and cough, headache, or sore throat), (2) absence of any of the respiratory infection symptoms, or (3) positive laboratory test results for influenza from the current ED visit. We evaluated the association between the symptoms and influenza virus infection on different days of illness. The association was evaluated among different subgroups, including different study countries, influenza subtypes, and only patients with influenza. Results: Among the 2471 recruited patients, 45.7% tested positive for influenza virus. Cough was the most predictive symptom throughout the week (odds ratios [OR]: 7.08–11.15). In general, all symptoms were more predictive during the first 2 days (OR: 1.55–10.28). Upper respiratory symptoms, such as sore throat and productive cough, and general symptoms, such as body ache and fatigue, were more predictive in the first half of the week (OR: 1.51–3.25). Lower respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath and wheezing, were more predictive in the second half of the week (OR: 1.52–2.52). Similar trends were observed for most symptoms in the different subgroups. Conclusions: The time course is an important factor to be considered when evaluating the symptoms of influenza virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instabilities of the nontrivial phase elliptic solutions in a repulsive Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) with a periodic potential are investigated. Based on the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with an elliptic function potential, the well-known modulational instability (MI), the more recently identified high-frequency instability, and an unprecedented – to our knowledge – variant of the MI, the so-called isola instability are identified numerically. Upon varying parameters of the solutions, instability transitions occur through suitable bifurcations, such as the Hamiltonian-Hopf one. Specifically, (i) increasing the elliptic modulus k of the solutions, we find that MI switches to the isola instability and the dominant disturbance has twice the elliptic wave's period, corresponding to a Floquet exponent μ = π 2 K (k) . The isola instability arises from the collision of spectral elements at the origin of the spectral plane. (ii) Upon varying V 0 , the transition between MI and the high-frequency instability occurs. Differently from the MI and isola instability where the collisions of eigenvalues happen at the origin, the high-frequency instability arises from pairwise collisions of nonzero, imaginary elements of the stability spectrum; (iii) In the limit of sinusoidal potential, we show that MI occurs from a collision of eigenvalues with μ = π 2 K (k) at the origin; (iv) we also examine the dynamic byproducts of the instability in chaotic fields generated by its manifestation. An interesting observation is that, in addition to MI, the isola instability could also lead to dark localized events in the scalar defocusing NLS equation. • The high-frequency instability and isola instability are identified numerically. • Instability transitions occur through suitable bifurcations. • The isola instability could lead to dark localized events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social organisms make collective decisions during group movement, thereby remaining cohesive and providing the ecological and evolutionary benefits of sociality. The ability for groups to make successful collective decisions is dependent on relationships between leaders and followers. We investigated how consistent followers (a fan structure) facilitated successful group movement in a group of Tibetan macaques, Macaca thibetana , at Mt. Huangshan in Anhui, China. We used structural equation modelling to determine the relative influences of sex, age, number of maternal familial connections within the group, dominance and social network centrality on the number of fans that an individual had and the number of other group members that an individual was a fan of (fandom). Our structural equation modelling revealed that dominant females had more fans, while younger, dominant individuals with more familial connections were fans of more individuals. Fans and fandom were most strongly influenced by dominance, displaying a strong network of females occupying top positions in the dominance hierarchy who consistently followed each other. In addition, we examined the relationship between fan structure and movement speed and success. Using regression, we found a positive relationship between fans and speed and a negative correlation between fans and number of unsuccessful movements, suggesting a link between the social connections maintained in a movement and the speed of the movement. Dominant females with more fans initiated slower movements, perhaps because the complex fan structure slowed the joining process. However, individuals with more fans led fewer unsuccessful movements, suggesting a relationship between fans and initiation success. Our findings show a network of social relationships within Tibetan macaque groups that are used during movement organization to maintain cohesion and mediate the benefits of sociality. Highlights • We studied Tibetan macaque decision making during collective movement. • Dominant females had the most consistent followers during movement. • Dominant, younger individuals with more kin consistently followed more individuals. • Individuals with more consistent followers led slower movements. • Individuals with more consistent followers had fewer unsuccessful movement initiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First-principles calculation was adopted to study quantum capacitance, electronic and photocatalytic properties of Sc 2 CO 2 monolayer under biaxial strain. Our study shows that Sc 2 CO 2 can bear the maximum stress of 14.895 N/M. Sc 2 CO 2 with −10% strain undergoes the semiconductor-metal transition due to the blue shift of C-p, Sc-d, and O-p orbitals. The analysis of photocatalytic properties indicates that monolayer Sc 2 CO 2 under the biaxial strain from −6% to 2% can produce spontaneous water splitting reaction in appropriate pH range. The influence of biaxial strain on electrode type is also investigated in aqueous and ionic/organic systems. The results indicate that biaxial strain has little impact on electrode type of materials except −10% strain. Sc 2 CO 2 with −10% strain is suitable for anode material, while Sc 2 CO 2 under other strains is potential cathode material. The introduction of mixed termination has little influence on the electrode type of Sc 2 CO 0·42 F 1·19 (OH) 0.4 under strains. The wide potential has little influence on electrode type of Sc 2 C with pure –O and mixed termination. • Sc 2 CO 2 can bear the maximum stress of 14.895 N/M. • Biaxial strain has little impact on electrode type of materials except 10% strain. • Sc 2 CO 2 under the biaxial strain from −6% to 2% can produce spontaneous water splitting reaction in appropriate pH range. • Mixed termination has little influence on the electrode type of Sc 2 CO 0·42 F 1·19 (OH) 0.4 under strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze in detail the effects of the intermode nonlinearity (IEMN) and intramode nonlinearity (IRMN) on modulation instability (MI) in randomly birefringent two-mode optical fibers (RB-TMFs). In the anomalous dispersion regime, the MI gain enhances significantly as the IEMN and IRMN coefficients increases. In the normal dispersion regime, MI can be generated without the differential mode group delay (DMGD) effect, as long as the IEMN coefficient between two distinct modes is above a critical value, or the IRMN coefficient inside a mode is below a critical value. This critical IEMN (IRMN) coefficient depends strongly on the given IRMN (IEMN) coefficient and DMGD for a given nonlinear RB-TMF structure, and is independent on the input total power, the power ratio distribution and the group velocity dispersion (GVD) ratio between the two modes. On the other hand, in contrast to the MI band arising from the pure effect of DMGD in the normal dispersion regime, where MI vanishes after a critical total power, the generated MI band under the combined effects of IEMN and IRMN without DMGD exists for any total power and enhances with the total power. The MI analysis is verified numerically by launching perturbed continuous waves (CWs) with wave propagation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes a comprehensive study for non-Gaussian properties of wind pressure. The field measurements are implemented on the structure surface of a rigid structure, while a large-span membrane structure is selected as the flexible structure wind pressure contrast group. The non-Gaussian characteristics of measured pressure data were analyzed and discussed through probability density distribution, characteristic statistical parameters, power spectral density function, and the correlations, respectively. In general, the non-Gaussian characteristics of wind pressure present depending on tap location, wind direction, and structure geometry. In this study, the fluctuating wind pressures on the windward side and leeward side of the structures show obvious different degrees of non-Gaussian properties; that is, the surface of rigid structure shows strong non-Gaussian property in leeward, while the roof of flexible structure shows obvious non-Gaussian property in windward. Finally, this paper utilizes the present autospectrum empirical formula to fit the wind pressure power spectrum density of the measured data and obtains the conclusion that the existing empirical formula is not ideal for fitting of the flexible structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly of a semirigid tridentate N-donor ligand with Cd(II) ions afforded two novel coordination polymers, [Cd(tipa)(H 2 O) 2 ·2NO 3 ·2DMF·H 2 O] n ( 1 ), [Cd 2 (tipa) 2 Cl 4 ·2DMF·6H 2 O] n ( 2 ), where tipa = tris(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl) amine. Structural analyses indicate that the two compounds feature 2D layered networks. A 3-connected uninodal net with point symbol of (8 2 ·10) is constructed in compound 1 by the connection of tipa and metal ions, in which the terminally coordinated water molecules prevent further extension of the layer. Compound 2 features [Cd 2 Cl 4 ] motifs, which are bridged by tridentate tipa ligands into a 2D (3,6)-connected layer. The results show that tipa with different dihedral angles between benzene ring and terminal imidazole groups can act as versatile building blocks for the generation of various networks. Moreover, the photoluminescence properties of 1 and 2 in the solid state at room temperature have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a key pest in cotton crops, notably owing to its increasing resistance to commonly used pesticides. Such resistance prompts for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs that include novel pesticides being effective against the aphid. In the present study, we assessed lethal and sublethal effects of cycloxaprid, a novel chiral neonicotinoid pesticide developed in China, on A. gossypii. The lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) value of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii was estimated, using the dipping method, at 7.73 mg/L. The impact of a sublethal concentration (LC10) and a lethal concentration (LC40) of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii population growth and feeding behavior (using electrical penetration graph technique [EPG]), and its transgenerational effect were further assessed. Adult longevity and fecundity significantly decreased after exposure to LC40 or LC10 of cycloxaprid. Cycloxaprid with sublethal concentrations (especially LC40) had negative effects on phloem ingestion by A. gossypii. Additionally, the offspring of the adults exposed to LC40 of cycloxaprid had shorter nymphal development duration and adult longevity than the control, and those from LC10 and LC40 treatments had lower adult fecundity and net productive rate. We demonstrated that cycloxaprid is a pesticide showing both lethal and sublethal activities, and transgenerational effects on A. gossypii; it may be useful for implementation in IPM programs against this aphid pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isostructural lanthanide (Ln) hybrid complexes co-bridged by organic oxalate and inorganic hypophosphite, [Ln(oxa)(H2PO2)(H2O)2] (oxa = oxalate; Ln = Gd (1), Dy (2)), were solvothermally prepared with the goal of elucidating the role of a hybrid framework in the generation of novel molecular magnetic materials. The title compounds feature a two dimensional (2D) hybrid layer. The LnIII ions are octa-coordinated with distorted square antiprism geometry. The adjacent LnIII ions are co-bridged by hypophosphite and one type of oxalate ligand to form 1D hybrid chains, which are further linked by a second type of oxalate ligand to generate the resulting 2D framework. Magnetic investigations reveal that compound 1 features a large magnetocaloric effect with −ΔSmaxm = 46.60 J kg−1 K−1 (134.39 mJ cm−3 K−1), due to the combined advantages of organic oxalate and inorganic hypophosphite ligands, while compound 2 displays slow magnetic relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zinc diphosphonate with protonated 2,4,6-tri(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (H3TPT) as the template was hydrothermally prepared. The host layered framework was composed of 1-hydroxyethylidenediphosphonate and zinc ions. The guest H3TPT locates between the adjacent layers, acting as the charge balancer and template. The title compound features rapid photochromism upon irradiation with sunlight or UV light at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isostructural transition-metal (TM) triphosphonates decorated with neutral rigid N-containing ligands 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene (tib), [Zn3(L1)(tib)]·8H2O (1) and [Co3(L1)(tib)]·9H2O (2) (H6L1 = N(CH2PO3H2)3), nitrilotris(methylenephosphonic acid), have been solvothermally prepared and structurally characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and single-crystal/powder X-ray diffraction. The title compounds exhibit a pillar-layer structure with the TM-triphosphonates as layers and the rigid tib ligand as a pillar. The luminescence and magnetic properties have been investigated. Compound 1 exhibits intense blue luminescence, while compound 2 shows weak ferromagnetic behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isomorphic organically templated zinc/cobalt oxalates, (dmdabco)[Zn2(C2O4)3]·4H2O (1), and (dmdabco)[Co2(C2O4)3]·4H2O (2) (C2O42− = oxalate; dmdabco = N,N′-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane), have been prepared under solvothermal conditions and characterized by X-ray structural analyses. The dmdabco2+templating agent was derived from simplein situN-alkylation between methanol and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (dabco). Distinct from conventionalEschweiler-Clarkemethylation containing excess formic acid and formaldehyde, such one-step methylation from methanol molecules is convenient. Both1and2exhibit a uninodal 3-connected 3-D interrupted open-framework, in which oxalate ligands havein-planeandout-of-planeconnection modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) addition in N-limited grasslands often increases aboveground productivity, decreases species richness and leads to changes in species composition. In contrast to these consistant results in aboveground vegetation parameters, there is no consistant pattern in how N fertilization affects soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Our objectives were to test how plant functional group changes caused by N fertilization affect soil C dynamics and determine if different plant functional groups respond similarly. We conducted a two-factorial experiment to examine soil C dynamics with N fertilization and soil inoculation with field microbial communities in a greenhouse pot experiment. We used six plant species (two grasses and four forbs) that are dominant within sub-alpine meadows on the east part of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. For both grasses and forbs, N fertilization and soil inoculation, alone or in combination, decreased SOC by 4–10% and increased soil microbial biomass. For grasses, N fertilization combined with inoculation caused much lower SOC content and higher soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) as compared to inoculation alone. In contrast to forbs, grass aboveground biomass was significantly negatively correlated with SOC change and positively correlated with MBC change. Nitrogen fertilization combined with inoculation significantly increased basal respiration and cumulative C mineralization rates for both grasses and three of the four forbs as compared to inoculation alone. Grasses had higher basal respiration rates than forbs under these two treatments. Despite higher aboveground grass biomass, N-fertilization lowered the SOC pool by increasing soil MBC and basal respiration rates, thus increasing C decomposition. Overall, in these sub-alpine meadows, grasses and forbs impact on soil C dynamics differs and grasses, but not forbs, may reduce soil C sequestration in response to N fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new inorganic–organic hybrids, (H ampy )Zn 2 (PO 4 ) (HPO 3 ) ( 1 ) and ( ampy )Zn 2 (HPO 3 ) 2 ( 2 ), where ampy = 3-(aminomethyl)pyridine, have been solvothermally prepared and structurally characterized. Compound 1 exhibits an unusual two-dimensional layer structure, which possesses a central 4.8 2 zincophosphate sheet wrapped by infinite zincophosphite chains. Left- and right-handed helical chains participate in the formation of the zincophosphate layer. Compound 2 features a three-dimensional pillared-layer structure, in which two-dimensional Zn II (HPO 3 ) inorganic sheets were cross-linked by ampy ligands. The simultaneous occurrence of zinc-amine helical chains in 2 is unique and, to the best of our knowledge, firstly encountered in phosphite/phosphate hybrid materials. Different coordination modes and roles of the same ampy ligand were observed in the formation of the hybrid structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel open-framework beryllium phosphite, [H4tren][Be6(HPO3)8]·(H2O)3 (1, tren = tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), was synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Its structure features a 3D interrupted network with a low density (1.594 g cm−3), and 1 represents the first example of a beryllium phosphite material with extra-large 18-ring channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel Fe II -oxalate framework with the formulas of [NH 4 ][Fe II Li 3 (C 2 O 4 ) 3 ] ( 1 ) and [NH 4 ] 2 [Fe II (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ]·H 2 O ( 2 ) have been prepared by an oxalic acid flux approach and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction. Heterometallic compound 1 displays a three-dimensional (3D) framework with a pto topology, while homometallic compound 2 features a pillar-layer architecture with a hms topology. Thermal analysis indicates that the two compounds can be stable up to 300 °C and 200 °C, respectively. Magnetic investigations suggest that the Fe II ions in 1 and 2 exhibit weak magnetic exchange interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two organically templated beryllium phosphite and phosphate, [H2tmpda][Be3(HPO3)4] ( 1) and [H2ampy][Be3(HPO4)4] ( 2) [tmpda = N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine, ampy = 3-(aminomethyl)pyridine], were synthesized and structurally characterized. Compound 1 exhibits a (3,4)-connected layered structure with eight-ring windows, and it has a 44 grid topology by regarding the heptameric [Be3(HPO3)4] group as a 4-connected node in the layer. Compound 2 possesses a different (3,4)-connected three-dimensional framework with multidirectional 8-ring channels and zigzag 12-ring channels. This 3D architecture shows a pcu topology when the heptameric [Be3(HPO4)4] groups are regarded as 6-connected secondary building units. Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, P21/ m, a = 8.0217(6) Å, b = 13.7969(5) Å, c = 8.6581(2) Å, β = 92.315(3)°, V = 957.45(8) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0761, wR2 = 0.1640; 2, monoclinic, P21/ n, a = 7.5292(5) Å, b = 14.0999(8) Å, c = 16.5910(3) Å, β = 95.740(3)°, V = 1752.49(16) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0434, wR2 = 0.1017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new organically templated zinc phosphates, namely, [dmdabco][Zn2(HPO4)3]·(H2O) (1), [tmpip]0.5[Zn2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)] (2) and [tmpip][Zn3(HPO4)4] (3) (dmdabco=N,N′-dimethyl-1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, tmpip=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-piperazinium), were successfully synthesized under solvothermal reactions and structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The dmdabco2+ and tmpip2+ templating agents were derived respectively from simple in situ N-alkylation transformations between the methanol solvent and organic cyclic aliphatic diamines, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (dabco) in 1 and 1-methylpiperazine in 2 and 3. Such direct methylation feature is unique, and quite different from conventional Eschweiler-Clarke methylation in which an excess of formic acid and formaldehyde was required. Compound 1 exhibits a 4-connected 2D (4, 4) net with pentameric [Zn2(HPO4)3] clusters as secondary building units (SBUs); 2 possesses a complex double layered structure with 12-ring windows. Compound 3 has a (3, 4)-connected 3D pcu architecture with heptameric [Zn3(HPO4)4] clusters as SBUs, forming intersecting 8- and 12-ring channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Employing the common pyridine (=py) solvent as the source of structure-directing agents (SDAs), a novel three-dimensional open-framework beryllium phosphite (Hpy)4[Be6(HPO3)8]·H2O (1), has been solvothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by IR, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca (No. 61), a = 20.0034(4) Å, b = 20.2188(4) Å, c = 20.9731(3) Å, V = 8482.5(3) Å3, and Z = 8. The alternating connection of BeO4 tetrahedra and HPO3 pseudopyramids give rise to a (3, 4)-connected network with multidirectional intersecting 12-ring channels. The compound possesses a low density and a new {4.8.10}{42.6.8.10.12}{42.6}3{42.8.102.12}{43.62.8} topology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In grassland ecosystems, N and P fertilization often increase plant productivity, but there is no consensus if fertilization affects soil C fractions. We tested effects of N, P and N+P fertilization at 5, 10, 15 g m−2 yr−1 (N5, N10, N15, P5, P10, P15, N5P5, N10P10, and N15P15) compared to unfertilized control on soil C, soil microbial biomass and functional diversity at the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm depth in an alpine meadow after 5 years of continuous fertilization. Fertilization increased total aboveground biomass of community and grass but decreased legume and forb biomass compared to no fertilization. All fertilization treatments decreased the C:N ratios of legumes and roots compared to control, however fertilization at rates of 5 and 15 g m−2 yr−1 decreased the C:N ratios of the grasses. Compared to the control, soil microbial biomass C increased in N5, N10, P5, and P10 in 0–20 cm, and increased in N10 and P5 while decreased in other treatments in 20–40 cm. Most of the fertilization treatments decreased the respiratory quotient (qCO2) in 0–20 cm but increased qCO2 in 20–40 cm. Fertilization increased soil microbial functional diversity (except N15) but decreased cumulative C mineralization (except in N15 in 0–20 cm and N5 in 20–40 cm). Soil organic C (SOC) decreased in P5 and P15 in 0–20 cm and for most of the fertilization treatments (except N15P15) in 20–40 cm. Overall, these results suggested that soils will not be a C sink (except N15P15). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization may lower the SOC pool by altering the plant biomass composition, especially the C:N ratios of different plant functional groups, and modifying C substrate utilization patterns of soil microbial communities. The N+P fertilization at 15 g m−2 yr−1 may be used in increasing plant aboveground biomass and soil C accumulation under these meadows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two new organically templated zinc phosphites, [H2 dmpip][Zn3(HPO3)4] (1) and [HMedmpip][Zn3(HPO3)4] (2), where dmpip =2,6-dimethyl-piperazine and Medmpip = N-methyl-2,6-dimethyl-piperazinium, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Note that the new Medmpip 2+ template in 2 is generated from in situ N-methylation reaction between CH3OH and the dmpip amine precursor, which is used to serve as template in 1. Such direct N-methylation transformation is unique, and quite different from conventional Eschweiler–Clarke methylation in which an excess of formic acid and formaldehyde was required. Both compounds are constructed from strictly alternating ZnO4 and HPO3 units, and possess different (3,4)-connected interrupted frameworks with intersecting 8-, 10- and 12-ring channels (for 1), and 8-, 12-ring channels (for 2), respectively. The occurrence of helical channels in the open structure of 1, and fascinating hydrogen-bonded helices between the host inorganic chains and guest organic templates are also noteworthy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We analyze the switching characteristics of ultrashort pulses in a nonlinear high-birefringence two-core optical fiber by solving a set of four generalized coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations. In such a fiber, the critical power required for activating switching changes significantly with the polarization angle of the input pulse and, as a result, a pulse at a proper power level can be switched between the two cores of the fiber by changing the input polarization angle. This provides a simple mechanism of achieving optical switching with the fiber. We also study the effects of the group-delay difference (GDD) between the two polarization components and the coupling-coefficient dispersion (CCD) in the fiber on the switching characteristics. The GDD tends to break up the two polarization components in the input pulse and thus leads to an increase in the switching power. A larger GDD, however, can give a sharper switching contrast when the input polarization angle is varied. The CCD tends to break up the input pulse and cause pulse distortion, regardless of the polarization, so it also leads to an increase in the switching power. Unlike the GDD, a large CCD always reduces the switching contrast. To achieve high-quality switching, the fiber should have a small CCD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In several primate species, adult males are reported to compete for access to reproductive partners as well as forming affiliative and cohesive social bonds based on the exchange of goods or services. We hypothesized that among a broad set of fitness-maximizing strategies, grooming can be used by individual adult males to enhance social relationships through reciprocity and/or through the interchange of grooming for a different but equivalent good or service. We used focal animal sampling and continuously recorded dyadic grooming and agonistic interactions to test a series of predictions regarding male social interactions in a free-ranging group of Tibetan macaques ( Macaca thibetana) at Huangshan, China. During the non-mating season or between males of similar rank throughout the year, grooming effort given was matched by grooming effort received. However, lower ranking males groomed higher ranking males at a greater rate and/or for a longer duration during both the mating and non-mating periods. We found that higher ranking males directed less aggression towards males with whom they formed a frequent grooming partnership, indicating that grooming received was interchanged for increased social tolerance. These data suggest that individual male Tibetan macaques employ alternative social strategies associated with grooming reciprocity or interchange depending on dominance rank and rates of aggression, and highlight the importance of both biological markets and grooming reciprocity as behavioral mechanisms used by resident adult males to form and maintain affiliative social bonds. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1009-1020, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal monitoring of conspecifics is a crucial anti‐predator strategy that also protects infants against risks within the social group. This study examines how maternal characteristics, infant characteristics, mother–infant distance, and the social environment affect maternal monitoring behaviors in free‐ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). We observed 12 females with infants and analyzed their visual monitoring patterns. Our findings indicate that maternal rank significantly influences the time allocated to maternal visual monitoring, higher‐ranking mothers spending less time than lower‐ranking mothers. Maternal experience also played a role in monitoring strategies. Differences in monitoring strategies were observed based on maternal experience: first‐time mothers (primiparity) engaged in longer but less frequent monitoring sessions compared to experienced mothers (multiparity). The time and frequency of maternal monitoring decreased as infants aged, and mothers with male infants showed higher levels of monitoring than those with female infants. The distance between mother and infant also affected visual monitoring behavior, with mothers increasing their monitoring levels when infants were nearby (1–5 m), rather than within reach (0–1 m) or beyond nearby (>5 m). Additionally, the presence of kin and non‐kin influenced monitoring: as the number of nearby kin increased, monitoring levels decreased, while the presence of more non‐kin males led to an increase in monitoring time, and higher‐ranking non‐kin neighbors increased the frequency of monitoring. These results suggest that Tibetan macaque mothers can adapt their visual monitoring to the social risks faced by their infants, adjusting their strategies to their status and the needs of their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel 3d-4f heterometallic coordination polymer, {[Tm5(μ3-OH)2(BDC)6(IN)2Cu(H2O)2]·(H2O)3}n (1) [BDC = benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, IN = isonicotinate], has been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, FTIR, elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21 /c (No. 14), a = 13.7302(5) Å, b = 23.5428(3) Å, c = 21.5789(2) Å, β = 91.491(3)°, V = 6973.0(3) Å3, and Z = 4. The structure exhibits unusual two-dimensional Tm-carboxylate layer, which is constructed from the expansion of novel pentanuclear {Tm5} clusters. More interestingly, the heterometallic Cu(I) ions were successfully planted into such Ln-carboxylate layer by the bifunctional IN bridging ligands, resulting in the formation of an unprecedented 2D heterometallic lanthanide-transition-metal framework. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, numerous studies have evaluated the effect of plant function diversity on ecosystem functions such as productivity and soil nutrient status. We performed a redundancy analysis (RDA) to examine the relationship between plant functional diversity, productivity and soil nitrogen in a chronosequence of abandoned fields in sub-alpine meadow in the eastern part of the Tibet Plateau, China. We found that along the secondary succession sequence, legume richness and aboveground biomass significantly increased and both were positively correlated with total species richness (S) and aboveground biomass (T-bio). This pattern suggests that legume richness increases community productivity. In addition, we found that total aboveground biomass, legume and grass richness were positively correlated with soil microbial nitrogen (MBN), the ratio of microbial nitrogen to soil total nitrogen (MBN/TN) and the ratio of soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen (C/N), whereas they were negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen (TN), organic carbon (Corg), and microbial carbon (MBC). Contrary to our predictions grasses such as Stipa grandis, Scirpus tripueter, Koeleria cristata were more closely associated with MBN, MBN/TN than legumes such as Oxytropis ochrocephala, Thermopsis lanceolate and Astragalus polycladus. The late-successional grass Kobresio humilis had a stronger positive correlation with NH4-N as compared to the legumes and NO3-N was not associated with any legume species. This suggests that the grasses and legumes have a synergetic positive influence on the ecosystem properties, especially nitrogen. Therefore, in this N-limited, plant community diversity of both legumes and grasses has a strong influence on ecosystem changes during succession. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Tricuspid regurgitation is often associated in patients with congenital heart disease. Significant morbidity and mortality are related to tricuspid valve replacement. Tricuspid valve plasty is still a preferred choice. This report deals with our surgical experience in using the edge-to-edge valve plasty technique to correct severe tricuspid regurgitation in patients with congenital heart disease. Methods: From December 2002 to August 2007, severe tricuspid regurgitation was corrected with a flexible band annuloplasty and edge-to-edge valve plasty technique in nine patients with congenital heart disease. The age ranged from 7 to 62 years (average 24.4 years). Congenital cardiac anomalies included atrioventricular canal in five cases, secundum atrial septal defect in three cases, and cor triatriatum in one case. Results: No hospital death or postoperative morbidity occurred. No or trivial tricuspid regurgitation was present in six cases and mild tricuspid regurgitation in three cases at discharge. The follow-up ranged from 12 months to 70 months (average 39.3 months). No tricuspid stenosis was found. No to mild tricuspid regurgitation was present in eight cases, and moderate tricuspid regurgitation in one case at the latest follow-up. Conclusions: Edge-to-edge valve plasty is an easy, effective, and acceptable additional procedure to correct severe tricuspid regurgitation in patients with congenital heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A major constraint on vegetation succession on abandoned land is dominance by early successional species. Our aim was to inhibit weeds and alter the initial vegetation succession by the introduction of legume species (Medicago sativa, Melilotus suaveolens, and Astragalus adsurgens) into abandoned fields on the Loess Plateau, China. Results from our study showed that the addition of legume species strongly affected the dominance pattern of the abandoned-field vegetation. The number of naturally colonizing species was inhibited by the introduction of legume species in the first two growing seasons. The strongest effect on weed inhibition appeared by sowing Melilotus suaveolens. Vegetation cover and above-ground biomass increased after introduction of legume species and the number of naturally colonizing plant species showed a positive correlation with above-ground biomass. Later successional species like Stipa breviflora and Astragalus polycladus appeared three years following the introduction of Melilotus suaveolens, indicating that the course of old-field succession may be accelerated by introducing legume species such as Melilotus suaveolens, at least temporarily. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The nearly monodisperse starch capped CdSe nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple and “green” route at room temperature. The as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The XRD analysis showed that the starch capped CdSe nanoparticles were of the cubic structure, the average particle size was calculated to be about 3nm according to the Debye–Scherrer equation. TEM micrographs exhibited that the starch capped CdSe nanoparticles were well dispersed than the uncapped CdSe nanoparticles, the mean particles size of the capped CdSe was about 3nm in the TEM image, which was in good agreement with the XRD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Samarium- and manganese-doped lead titanate (Pb0.85Sm0.1Ti0.98Mn0.02O3, PSmT) ceramic powder was prepared by sol–gel method. The particle size of the sol–gel powder was about 250 nm. PSmT ceramics were also fabricated from the fine powder. The sintering temperature of these ceramics was lower than that of the ceramics made from mixed oxides. The X-ray diffraction patterns show that the ceramics have a pure tetragonal crystal structure. The c and a of the unit cell were 4.068 and 3.897 Å, respectively. The piezoelectric and dielectric properties were measured by using an impedance analyzer and a d33 meter. The dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric constant and thickness electromechanical coupling coefficient kt of the ceramics were 180, 51 and 0.44 pC N-1, respectively. The planar electromechanical coupling coefficient kp value was lower than 0.05. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We examined the possible long-term impact of translocation and subsequent provisioning and range restriction on recruitment rates in a group of rare Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana ) in Anhui Province, China. We compared demographic data recorded in the group (and in its fission products) during the 6 years before and after translocation and in a group with no history of management. We also compared preliminary data related to nutritional condition, habitat characteristics, and group activities. Infant losses markedly increased following translocation and management. Estimated measures of nutritional condition varied more among adults in the managed group than among those in the never managed group, suggesting that members of the managed group may have experienced higher levels of intragroup competition. We hypothesize that increased levels of intragroup competition for provisioned food may have put infants at increased risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activity and climate change affect biodiversity and cause species range shifts, contractions, and expansions. Globally, human activities and climate change have emerged as persistent threats to biodiversity, leading to approximately 68% of the ~522 primate species being threatened with extinction. Here, we used habitat suitability models and integrated data on human population density, gross domestic product (GDP), road construction, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the location of protected areas (PAs), and climate change to predict potential changes in the distributional range and richness of 26 China's primate species. Our results indicate that both PAs and NDVI have a positive impact on primate distributions. With increasing anthropogenic pressure, species' ranges were restricted to areas of high vegetation cover and in PAs surrounded by buffer zones of 2.7–4.5 km and a core area of PAs at least 0.1–0.5 km from the closest edge of the PA. Areas with a GDP below the Chinese national average of 100,000 yuan were found to be ecologically vulnerable, and this had a negative impact on primate distributions. Changes in temperature and precipitation were also significant contributors to a reduction in the range of primate species. Under the expected influence of climate change over the next 30–50 years, we found that highly suitable habitat for primates will continue to decrease and species will be restricted to smaller and more peripheral parts of their current range. Areas of high primate diversity are expected to lose from 3 to 7 species. We recommend that immediate action be taken, including expanding China's National Park Program, the Ecological Conservation Redline Program, and the Natural Forest Protection Program, along with a stronger national policy promoting alternative/sustainable livelihoods for people in the local communities adjacent to primate ranges, to offset the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change on primate survivorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study in detail the modulation instabilities (MIs) in nonlinear two-core optical fibers (TCFs) in the presence of fourth-order dispersion (FOD) by considering the symmetric and antisymmetric CW states. The analytical instability gain spectra with the FOD are shown explicitly. For the symmetric CW state, in the normal (anomalous) dispersion regime, the positive (negative) FOD reduces the original MI band, and the negative (positive) FOD can generate a completely new dominate MI band in the very high frequency range even with quite small amplitude of FOD for typical TCF parameters. For the antisymmetric CW state, in the normal dispersion regime, there is no MI without FOD. With the negative FOD, MI is generated at any given total powers. In the anomalous dispersion regime, being similar with the behaviors for symmetric CW state, the positive (negative) FOD effect is to reduce the original MI band, and the negative (positive) FOD can generate a completely new dominate MI band in the very high frequency range. We also verify our MI analysis by solving the coupled-mode equations numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoswitchable room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials are of great interest due to their potential applications in optical devices and switches. Herein, two Zn‐based coordination polymers (CPs) (H3‐TPB)·[Zn6(H‐HEDP)(HEDP)3(H2O)2]·5H2O (complex 1; HEDP = hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate; TPB = 1,3,5‐tris(4‐pyridyl)benzene) and (H‐TPB)·[Zn3(H‐HEDP)(HEDP)(H2O)]·2H2O (complex 2) with distinguishable photochromism and tunable RTP are synthesized involving photoactive TPB molecules with different packing modes. Complex 1 exhibits bidirectionally on/off RTP regulation via on‐switch with excitation of 250−330 nm light and off‐switch with 350−380 nm, and the "turn‐on" behavior can be attributed to the advance of Förster resonance energy transfer‐assisted intersystem crossing (ISC) process while "turn‐off" process due to the transformation from H3‐TPB cations to H3‐TPB· radicals. Complex 2 exhibits photoswitchable RTP accompanied with reversible photochromism by leveraging the self‐absorption and RTP emission. Two demos based on the above compounds are further applied to demonstrate the application in information recording and encryption fields. This work supplies a strategy toward the design of switchable RTP systems using electron transfer photochromism, shedding light on broadening the frontiers of photoresponsive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The process of aging itself and the behavioral changes caused by aging have been extensively studied and recognized in the field of biology. In this study, we determined that age had no effect on social behavior in male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana). Old female macaques were less likely to approach other monkeys. This study provides a new perspective on adjusting social interaction strategies in old non-human primates under nature environments. Aging can induce changes in social behaviors among humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Therefore, investigating the aging process in primate species can provide valuable evidence regarding age-related concerns in humans. However, the link between aging and behavioral patterns in nonhuman primates remains poorly comprehended. To address this gap, the present research examined aging-related behaviors exhibited by Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in their natural habitat in Huangshan, China, during the period from October 2020 to June 2021. We collected behavioral data from 25 adult macaques using different data collection methods, including focal animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. We found that among adult female macaques, the frequency of being attacked decreased with their age, and that the frequency of approaching other monkeys also decreased as age increased. In males, however, this was not the case. Our findings demonstrate that older female macaques exhibit active conflict avoidance, potentially attributed to a reduction in the frequency of approaching conspecifics and a decreased likelihood of engaging in conflict behaviors. This study provides some important data for investigating aging in NHPs and confirms that Macaca can exhibit a preference for social partners under aging-related contexts similar to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasing evidence shows that endothelial apoptosis contributes to cigarette smoke (CS)-induced disease progression, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our previous studies have validated Notch1 as an anti-apoptotic signaling in CS-induced endothelial apoptosis. Resveratrol (RESV) is a naturally occurring polyphenol that exhibits an anti-apoptotic activity in endothelial cells that exposed to many kinds of destructive stimulus. However, the effects of resveratrol on Notch1 signaling in CS-induced endothelial apoptosis have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine whether RESV can protect endothelial cells from CS-induced apoptosis via regulating Notch1 signaling.Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were pretreated with RESV for 2 h, followed by cotreatment with 2.5%CSE for 24 h to explore the role of RESV in CSE induced endothelial apoptosis. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or rapamycin was used to alter autophagic levels. Lentivirus Notch1 intracellular domain (LV-N1ICD), γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) and Notch1 siRNA were used to change Notch1 expression. The expression of Notch1, autophagic and apoptotic markers were examined by Western blot and the apoptosis rate was detected by Flow cytometry analysis.Results: Our results showed that activating autophagy reduced CSE-induced endothelial apoptosis, while blocking autophagy promoted cell apoptosis in HUVECs. RESV pretreatment attenuated the CSE-induced endothelial apoptosis and activated Notch1 signaling. RESV pretreatment also increased LC3b-II and Beclin1 production, decreased p62 and mTOR expression. 3-MA treatment inhibited autophagy and aggravated CSE induced apoptosis, while rapamycin promoted autophagy, led to a decrease in cell apoptosis. LV-N1ICD transfection upregulated autophagy and reduced apoptosis. However, this protective effect was abolished by 3-MA treatment. In cells treated with DAPT or Notch1 siRNA, autophagy was decreased, while apoptosis was increased. RESV partly rescued the DAPT or Notch1 siRNA induced apoptosis by activating Notch1 signaling.Conclusion: In HUVECs, RESV attenuates CSE induced endothelial apoptosis by inducing autophagy in a Notch1-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed microorganisms in the soil, playing an important role in vegetation succession, plant community diversity, and improving soil physicochemical properties. In this study, morphological identification and high-throughput sequencing technology were used to comprehensively analyze the AMF community composition and diversity at different succession stages of Songnen saline-alkali grassland. To determine the root colonization status of plants collected in the field, a colonization system was established using late-succession plants as host plants to verify the existence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and the matching phenomenon of AMF in Songnen saline-alkali grassland. The results indicated that both morphological methods and high-throughput sequencing technology showed that glomus was the dominant genus of AMF in Songnen saline grassland. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and linear regression analysis showed that electrical conductivity (EC) and pH were the main environmental factors affecting AMF species diversity and community structure in the succession sequence of Songnen saline grassland. In addition, the results of root colonization identification and the colonization system test in the field showed that AMF successfully colonized vegetation at different succession stages and had mycorrhizal symbiosis. The results of this study could help to understand the AMF community of Songnen saline-alkali grassland as well as provide a reference and basis for optimizing the AMF community structure of Songnen saline-alkali grassland through human intervention in the future and using mycorrhizal technology to restore and rebuild the degraded ecosystem of Songnen saline-alkali grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting the spatial distribution of species and suitable areas under global climate change could provide a reference for species conservation and long‐term management strategies. Macaca thibetana and Macaca arctoides are two endangered species of Chinese macaques. However, limited information is available on their distribution, and their habitat needs lack proper assessment due to complicated taxonomy and less research attention. In recent years, scholars widely used the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to predict the impact of global climate and certain environmental factors on species distribution. Therefore, we used the MaxEnt model to predict the spatiotemporal distribution of both macaque species under six climate change scenarios using occurrence and high‐resolution ecological data. We identified climatic factors, elevation, and land cover that shape their distribution range and determined shifts in their habitat range. The results demonstrated that temperature range, annual precipitation, forest land cover, and temperature seasonality, including the precipitation of the driest month are the main factors affecting their distribution. Currently, M. thibetana is mainly concentrated in central, eastern, southern, and southwestern China, and M. arctoides is mainly concentrated in three provinces (Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong) in southern China. The MaxEnt model predicted that the suitable habitat for both species will increase with increased greenhouse emission scenarios. We also found that with the further increase in greenhouse emissions M. thibetana is expected to migrate to western China, and M. arctoides is expected to migrate to western or eastern China. This reinterpretation of the distribution of M. thibetana and M. arctoides in China, and predicted potential suitable habitat and possible migration direction, may provide new insights into the future conservation and management of these two species. Highlights: Potential macaque distributions were predicted using different climate change scenarios.Macaque distributions were compared under present and future climate conditions.Suitable habitat areas for Macaca thibetana and Macaca arctoides are expected to increasing.Annual precipitation and annual temperature affected distribution.We believe the two species are migrating to the west of China to adapt to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunable full‐color room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) is charming due to its potentials in multiple anticounterfeitings, all‐color displays, and multichannel biomarkers. However, it is a huge challenge to achieve excitation‐dependent continuously adjustable full‐color RTP from a single‐component compound. Herein, two Zn(II)‐based organic coordination polymers are reported, which are the first examples characterized by blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, and red continuously tunable phosphorescence with decent quantum efficiencies in response to variation of excitation energy at ambient conditions. The unique photoluminescence behavior is induced by the selective formation and decay of multiple triplet excited states, i.e., ligand‐centered 3π–π*, 3(ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer), 3(halogen‐to‐ligand charge transfer), etc., in the coordination network based on the varying excitations. The population and stabilization of the unusual triplet excitons of Zn(II)‐based organic coordination polymers benefit from heavy atom effect of Br− ions and the restriction of molecular motion by crystallization. Here an insight is contributed for the construction of full‐color RTP materials, and metal‐organic coordination polymers are endowed with fresh features for extensive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigonal planar units with large polarizability anisotropy and high physicochemical stability are ideal structural units for exploring nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Integrating the merits of two types of triangular‐like moieties, a family of second‐order NLO‐active hybrid halides, MATX (X = Cl (1), Br (2), and I (3)), are achieved. MATX crystallizes in a nonpolar space group of P6¯$P\overline 6 $2c but exhibits the optimal spatial arrangement and superior NLO performance. The low coordination planar trigonal AgX3 units enable segregation in layers of the three‐winged propeller‐like Me3TPA units. All of the layers are packed in a perfect parallel fashion, making the functional materials exhibit superior NLO performances, including the phase matchable behavior with strong SHG responses (6.2/1, 6.5/2, and 7.6/3 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate), large birefringence (0.232/1, 0.252/2 and 0.260/3 at 1064 nm), high laser damage threshold, wide transparent window, and easiness of crystal growth. The first‐principles calculations reveal that the coexistence of strong linear and nonlinear optical properties are ascribed to the synergistic effect of the trigonal moieties. This study points out a useful path for the rational design of excellent NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigonal planar units with large polarizability anisotropy and high physicochemical stability are ideal structural units for exploring nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Integrating the merits of two types of triangular‐like moieties, a family of second‐order NLO‐active hybrid halides, MATX (X = Cl (1), Br (2), and I (3)), are achieved. MATX crystallizes in a nonpolar space group of P6¯$P\overline 6 $2c but exhibits the optimal spatial arrangement and superior NLO performance. The low coordination planar trigonal AgX3 units enable segregation in layers of the three‐winged propeller‐like Me3TPA units. All of the layers are packed in a perfect parallel fashion, making the functional materials exhibit superior NLO performances, including the phase matchable behavior with strong SHG responses (6.2/1, 6.5/2, and 7.6/3 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate), large birefringence (0.232/1, 0.252/2 and 0.260/3 at 1064 nm), high laser damage threshold, wide transparent window, and easiness of crystal growth. The first‐principles calculations reveal that the coexistence of strong linear and nonlinear optical properties are ascribed to the synergistic effect of the trigonal moieties. This study points out a useful path for the rational design of excellent NLO materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lawsonite is a water-rich mineral that has occurred in the geological record since the late Neoproterozoic era. This mineral forms at low-temperature and high- to ultrahigh-pressure conditions in cold subduction zones and has been predicted to be stable down to ca. 300 km. Therefore, lawsonite has been discussed as an essential carrier of water to mantle depths, and its oxygen isotopic composition has been considered a promising tool in characterizing subduction-related fluids down to the deeper upper mantle. In this study, we characterize LM-19 lawsonite in detail as a potential working reference material for oxygen isotopic microanalysis. Multiple LM-19 measurements by secondary ion mass spectrometry reveal that it is homogeneous in oxygen isotopes at the micro-scale. Precise oxygen isotopic analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry yields a mean δ18O of 8.98 ± 0.10‰ (1SD) that we recommend as the reference value for the LM-19 lawsonite. This reference material is most suitable for determination of oxygen isotopes in unknown lawsonite samples with low Cr (Cr2O3 <0.3 wt%) and low to moderate total Ti and Fe concentrations (i.e., TiO2 + Fe2O3* <1.36 wt%). The main limitation is that the chemical variability of LM-19 in Ti and Fe may cause a minor matrix effect resulting in the average δ18O bias of −0.30‰ for the regions enriched in total Ti and Fe contents. However, these enriched regions most likely compose only a minor portion of the LM-19 lawsonite (i.e., ca. 20%), meaning that the matrix effect should not significantly affect the accuracy of in situ oxygen isotopic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersion is one of the important characteristics of dusty plasma. In this paper, the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index of dusty plasma are first deduced and verified by the Kramers–Kronig dispersion relation. And then, the dependence of dispersion ability on the temperature, pressure, angular frequency of incident electromagnetic wave, as well as the number density, radius, and charge of dust particles is given. Finally, the theoretical results indicate that: 1) the dispersion ability decreases with the increase of angular frequency; 2) the dispersion ability monotonically varies with the pressure approximately, but nonmonotonically varies with the temperature; and 3) the dispersion ability monotonically increases with the increase of dust particle’s charge, but nonmonotonically changes with the number density and radius of dust particles. In particular, the involved physical explanations are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a rigid ligand 3,5-bis(imidazole-1-yl)pyridine (bip), three new low-dimensional Zn(II)/Cd(II) coordination polymers [Zn(bip)(Cl) 2 ] n ( 1 ), [Zn(bip)(Cl) 2 ] n ( 2 ) and [Cd(bip)( p -bdc) 0.5 (NO 3 )(H 2 O)·H 2 O] n ( 3 ) ( p -H 2 bdc = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) have been successfully obtained. Compounds 1 and 2 both feature zero-dimensional (0D) structures, whose asymmetric units are the same. Interestingly, the weak π-π stacking arrangement in 1 and 2 is significantly different in molecular orientation, resulting in two entirely different three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular structures. Compound 3 is characterized as an infinite one-dimensional (1D) chain structure formed by the linkage of Cd 2 (bip) 2 units and linear p -bdc 2− ligands, and is further extended into a 3D supramolecular architecture via weak π-π stacking interactions. It can be observed by careful investigation of the two structures that different packing modes in 1 and 2 can afford different networks. The photoluminescence of compounds 1 – 3 has been investigated in the solid state at ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the strategies towards anchoring polydentate N/O-ligands in metal phosphite/phosphate/phosphonate (MPO)-based supramolecular building blocks (SBBs) to generate hybrid MPO materials with novel functionality including photochromism, photomagnetism, and room temperature phosphorescence. The molecular design, assembly strategy, structure-functionality relationships and properties expansion are highlighted. [Display omitted] • Anchoring polydentate N/O-ligands in metal phosphite/phosphate/phosphonate (MPO) for functional hybrid materials has been reviewed. • Structures and structure-dependent functionalities of hybrid MPOs have been illustrated. • Further studies of hybrid MPOs based on polydentate N/O-ligands is suggested. The investigation of metal phosphates/phosphites (MPOs) has received continuous interest of researchers because of their diverse structural characteristics and interesting chemo-physical properties. Compared with inorganic phosphate/phosphite, organic phosphonate not only inherits the structural characteristics of inorganic phosphate/phosphite, but also shows tunable constituents, which provides extra freedom to yield novel hybrid materials with expanding application and broaden the research scope of traditional MPOs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the intermarriage of polydentate N/O-ligands and metal phosphites/phosphates/phosphonates (MPOs) gives birth to a new category of hybrid materials. The topic of this review is to propose strategies towards anchoring polydentate N/O-ligands in MPO-based supramolecular building blocks (SBBs) to generate functionalized MPO-based hybrid materials, reveal relationships between the microscopic functional struct-units and macroscopic physical functionality of resultant hybrid MPOs, extend the available functionality in the field of MPO-studies. Such a topic aims at enriching the research scope of MPOs from conventional MPOs (organically templated phosphates and phosphites with inorganic host structs) to unconventional MPOs (phosphates, phosphites and phosphonates decorated by polydentate N/O-ligands with hybrid host structs) in structural constituents, from traditional applications (adsorbent, ion-exchanger and catalyst) to emerging applications (room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), photochromism, photomagnetism, etc) in properties expansion. This review would offer valuable guidance for researchers engaged in MPO-based materials, and eventually facilitate the new studies of hybrid MPOs materials with desirable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microporous (NH4) [Zn5(PO4)3(HPO4)2 (HAPIM)2]·(H2O) is solvothermally prepared in the presence of 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole (APIM) as structure-directing agent using ZnO, H3PO4, APIM, MeOH, and H2O in the molar ratio 2:3.1:2:86.5:139 (autoclave, 160 °C, 6 d, 46% yield). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]