Search

In this paper, we introduce a hyperbolic model for entropy dissipative system of viscous conservation laws via a flux relaxation approach. We develop numerical schemes for the resulting hyperbolic relaxation system by employing the finite-volume methodology used in the community of hyperbolic conservation laws, e.g., the generalized Riemann problem method. For fully discrete schemes for the relaxation system of scalar viscous conservation laws, we show the asymptotic preserving property in the coarse regime without resolving the relaxation scale and prove the dissipation property by using the modified equation approach. Further, we extend the idea to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, we display the performance of our relaxation schemes by a number of numerical experiments.

To meet the demand for complex geometries and high resolutions of small-scale flow structures, a two-stage fourth-order subcell finite volume (SCFV) method combining the gas-kinetic solver (GKS) with subcell techniques for compressible flows over (unstructured) triangular meshes was developed to improve the compactness and efficiency. Compared to the fourth-order GKS-based traditional finite volume (FV) method, the proposed method realizes compactness effectively by subdividing each cell into a set of subcells or control volumes (CVs) and selecting only face-neighboring cells for high-order compact reconstruction. Because a set of CVs share a solution polynomial, the reconstruction is more efficient than that for traditional FV-GKS, where each CV needs to be separately reconstructed. Unlike in the single-stage third-order SCFV-GKS, both accuracy and efficiency are improved significantly by two-stage fourth-order temporal discretization, for which only a second-order gas distribution function is needed to simplify the construction of the flux function and reduce computational costs. For viscous flows, it is not necessary to compute the viscous term with GKS. Compared to the fourth-stage Runge--Kutta method, one half of the stage is saved for achieving fourth-order time accuracy, which also helps to improve the efficiency. Therefore, a new high-order method with compactness, efficiency, and robustness is proposed by combining the SCFV method with the two-stage gas-kinetic flux. Several benchmark cases were tested to demonstrate the performance of the method in compressible flow simulations.

The equation of state (EOS) embodies thermodynamic properties of compressible fluid materials and usually has very complicated forms in real engineering applications, subject to the physical requirements of thermodynamics. The complexity of EOS in form gives rise to the difficulty in analyzing relevant wave patterns. Concerning the design of numerical algorithms, the complex EOS causes the inefficiency of Riemann solvers and even the loss of robustness, which hampers the development of Godunov-type numerical schemes. In this paper, a strategy of local stiffened gas approximation is proposed for real materials. The stiffened gas EOS is used to approximate general EOS locally at each interface of computational control volumes so that the Riemann solver can be significantly simplified. In the meantime, the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver is adopted not only for high resolution purpose but effective reflection of the local thermodynamics as well. The resulting scheme is demonstrated to be efficient and robust and numerical examples display the excellent performance of such an approximation.

In the computation of compressible fluid flows, numerical boundary conditions are always necessary for all physical variables at computational boundaries while just partial physical variables are often prescribed as physical boundary conditions. Certain extrapolation technique or ghost cells are often employed traditionally for this issue but spurious wave reflections often arise to cause numerical instability. In this paper, we associate this issue with the one-sided generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver motivated by the accelerated piston problem in gas dynamics so that the extrapolation technique can be actually avoided. In fact, the compatibility arguments naturally requires to formulate the one-sided generalized Riemann problem and incorporate it into the numerical procedure of boundary conditions. As far as the interaction of nonlinear waves with physical boundaries, such a one-sided GRP solver shows significant effects, as numerical experiments demonstrate, on avoiding spurious wave reflections at the computational boundaries.

We construct a supersonic-sonic smooth patch solution for the two dimensional steady Euler equations in gas dynamics. This patch is extracted from the Frankl problem in the study of transonic flow with local supersonic bubble over an airfoil. Based on the methodology of characteristic decompositions, we establish the global existence and regularity of solutions in a partial hodograph coordinate system in terms of angle variables. The original problem is solved by transforming the solution in the partial hodograph plane back to that in the physical plane. Moreover, the uniform regularity of the solution and the regularity of an associated sonic curve are also verified.

A highly efficient gas-kinetic scheme with fourth-order accuracy in both space and time is developed for the Navier-Stokes equations on triangular meshes. The scheme combines an efficient correction procedure via reconstruction (CPR) framework with a robust gas-kinetic flux formula, which computes both the flux and its time-derivative. The availability of the flux time-derivative makes it straightforward to adopt an efficient two-stage temporal discretization to achieve fourth-order time accuracy. In addition, through the gas-kinetic evolution model, the inviscid and viscous fluxes are coupled and computed uniformly without any separate treatment for the viscous fluxes. As a result, the current scheme is more efficient than traditional explicit CPR methods with a separate treatment for viscous fluxes, and a fourth order Runge-Kutta approach. Furthermore, a robust and accurate subcell finite volume (SCFV) limiting procedure is extended to the CPR framework for troubled cells, resulting in subcell resolution of flow discontinuities. Numerical tests demonstrate the high accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the current scheme in a wide range of inviscid and viscous flow problems from subsonic to supersonic speeds.

This chapter deals with multi-material flow problems by a kind of effective numerical methods, based on a series of reduced forms of the Baer-Nunziato (BN) model. Numerical simulations often face a host of difficult challenges, typically including the volume fraction positivity and stability of multi-material shocks. To cope with these challenges, we propose a new non-oscillatory {\em energy-splitting} Godunov-type scheme for computing multi-fluid flows in the Eulerian framework. A novel reduced version of the BN model is introduced as the basis for the energy-splitting scheme. In comparison with existing two-material compressible flow models obtained by reducing the BN model in the literature, it is shown that our new reduced model can simulate the kinetic energy exchange around material interfaces very effectively. Then a second-order accurate extension of the energy-splitting Godunov-type scheme is made using the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver. Numerical experiments are carried out for the shock-interface interaction, shock-bubble interaction and the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability problems, which demonstrate the excellent performance of this type of schemes.

A spacetime outlook on Computational Fluid Dynamics is advocated: models in fluid mechanics often have the spacetime correlation property, which should be inherited and preserved in the corresponding numerical algorithms. Starting from the fundamental formulation of fluid mechanics under continuum hypothesis, this paper defines the meaning of spacetime correlation of the models, establishes the fundamental principle of finite volume schemes, expounds the necessity of spacetime coupling of algorithms, as well as realizes the physical and mathematical unification of basic governing equations of fluid mechanics and finite volume schemes. In practice, the design methodology of spacetime coupling high order numerical algorithms is presented, and the difference from spacetime decoupling method is compared. It should be pointed out that most of the contents in this paper are suitable for computational fluid dynamics under the assumption of continuous medium, and some are only suitable for compressible flow., Comment: in Chinese

When describing the deflagration-to-detonation transition in solid granular explosives mixed with gaseous products of combustion, a well-developed two-phase mixture model is the compressible Baer-Nunziato (BN) model, containing solid and gas phases. If this model is numerically simulated by a conservative Godunov-type scheme, spurious oscillations are likely to generate from porosity interfaces, which may result from the average process of conservative variables that violates the continuity of Riemann invariants across porosity interfaces. In order to suppress the oscillations, this paper proposes a staggered-projection Godunov-type scheme over a fixed gas-solid staggered grid, by enforcing that solid contacts with porosity jumps are always inside gaseous grid cells and other discontinuities appear at gaseous cell interfaces. This scheme is based on a standard Godunov scheme for the Baer-Nunziato model on gaseous cells and guarantees the continuity of the Riemann invariants associated with the solid contact discontinuities across porosity jumps. While porosity interfaces are moving, a projection process fully takes into account the continuity of associated Riemann invariants and ensure that porosity jumps remain inside gaseous cells. This staggered-projection Godunov-type scheme is well-balanced with good numerical performance not only on suppressing spurious oscillations near porosity interfaces but also capturing strong discontinuities such as shocks., Comment: 48 pages

This paper addresses the issue of the formulation of weak solutions to systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws as integral balance laws. The basic idea is that the "meaningful objects" are the fluxes, evaluated across domain boundaries over time intervals. The fundamental result in this treatment is the regularity of the flux trace in the multi-dimensional setting. It implies that a weak solution indeed satisfies the balance law. In fact, it is shown that the flux is Lipschitz continuous with respect to suitable perturbations of the boundary., Comment: 8 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1902.09047

This paper focuses on the structure of classical sonic-supersonic solutions near sonic curves for the two-dimensional full Euler equations in gas dynamics. In order to deal with the parabolic degeneracy near the sonic curve, a novel set of dependent and independent variables are introduced to transform the Euler equations into a new system of governing equations which displays a clear regularity-singularity structure. With the help of technical characteristic decompositions, the existence of a local smooth solution for the new system is first established in a weighted metric space by using the iteration method and then expressed in terms of the original physical variables. This is the first time to construct a classical sonic-supersonic solution near a sonic curve for the full Euler equations.

The kinetic theory provides a physical basis for developing multiscal methods for gas flows covering a wide range of flow regimes. A particular challenge for kinetic schemes is whether they can capture the correct hydrodynamic behaviors of the system in the continuum regime (i.e., as the Knudsen number $\epsilon\ll 1$ ) without enforcing kinetic scale resolution. At the current stage, {the main approach to analyze such a property is the asymptotic preserving (AP) concept, which aims to show whether a kinetic scheme reduces to a solver for the hydrodynamic equations as $\epsilon \to 0$, such as the shock capturing scheme for the Euler equations. However, the detailed asymptotic properties of the kinetic scheme are indistinguishable when $\epsilon$ is small but finite under the AP framework}. In order to distinguish different characteristics of kinetic schemes, in this paper we introduce the concept of unified preserving (UP) aiming at assessing asmyptotic orders of a kinetic scheme by employing the modified equation approach and Chapman-Enskon analysis. It is shown that the UP properties of a kinetic scheme generally depend on the spatial/temporal accuracy and closely on the inter-connections among the three scales (kinetic scale, numerical scale, and hydrodynamic scale) and their corresponding coupled dynamics. Specifically, the numerical resolution and specific discretization of particle transport and collision determine the flow physics of the scheme in different regimes, especially in the near continuum limit. As two examples, the UP methodology is applied to analyze the discrete unified gas-kinetic scheme and a second-order implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta scheme in their asymptotic behaviors in the continuum limit., Comment: 32 pages, 7 figures

Reliable tracking of moving boundaries is important for the simulation of compressible fluid flows and there are a lot of contributions in literature. We recognize from the classical piston problem, a typical moving boundary problem in gas dynamics, that the acceleration is a key element in the description of the motion and it should be incorporated into the design of a moving boundary tracking (MBT) method. Technically, the resolution of the accelerated piston problem boils down to a one-sided generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver, which is taken as the building block to construct schemes with the high order accuracy both in space and time. In this paper we take this into account, together with the cell-merging approach, to propose a new family of high order accurate moving boundary tracking methods and verify its performance through one- and two-dimensional test problems, along with accuracy analysis.

Supersonic-sonic patches are ubiquitous in regions of transonic flows and they boil down to a family of degenerate hyperbolic problems in regions surrounded by a streamline, a characteristic curve and a possible sonic curve. This paper establishes the global existence of solutions in a whole supersonic-sonic patch characterized by the two-dimensional full system of steady Euler equations and studies solution behaviors near sonic curves, depending on the proper choice of boundary data extracted from the airfoil problem and related contexts. New characteristic decompositions are developed for the full system and a delicate local partial hodograph transformation is introduced for the solution estimates. It is shown that the solution is uniformly $C^{1,\frac{1}{6}}$ continuous up to the sonic curve and the sonic curve is also $C^{1,\frac{1}{6}}$ continuous., Comment: 34 pages

This paper addresses the three concepts of \textit{ consistency, stability and convergence } in the context of compact finite volume schemes for systems of nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. The treatment utilizes the framework of "balance laws". Such laws express the relevant physical conservation laws in the presence of discontinuities. Finite volume approximations employ this viewpoint, and the present paper can be regarded as being in this category. It is first shown that under very mild conditions a weak solution is indeed a solution to the balance law. The schemes considered here allow the computation of several quantities per mesh cell (e.g., slopes) and the notion of consistency must be extended to this framework. Then a suitable convergence theorem is established, generalizing the classical convergence theorem of Lax and Wendroff. Finally, the limit functions are shown to be entropy solutions by using a notion of "Godunov compatibility", which serves as a substitute to the entropy condition., Comment: 27 pages

With increasing engineering demands, there need high order accurate schemes embedded with precise physical information in order to capture delicate small scale structures and strong waves with correct "physics". There are two families of high order methods: One is the method of line, relying on the Runge-Kutta (R-K) time-stepping. The building block is the Riemann solution labeled as the solution element "1". Each step in R-K just has first order accuracy. In order to derive a fourth order accuracy scheme in time, one needs four stages labeled as "$1\odot 1\odot 1\odot 1=4$". The other is the one-stage Lax-Wendroff (L-W) type method, which is more compact but is complicated to design numerical fluxes and hard to use when applied to highly nonlinear problems. In recent years, the pair of solution element and dynamics, labeled as "$2$", are taken as the building black. The direct adoption of the dynamics implies the inherent temporal-spatial coupling. With this type of building blocks, a family of two-stage fourth order accurate schemes, labeled as "$2\odot 2=4$", are designed for the computation of compressible fluid flows. The resulting schemes are compact, robust and efficient. This paper contributes to elucidate how and why high order accurate schemes should be so designed. To some extent, the "$2\odot 2=4$" algorithm extracts the advantages of the method of line and one-stage L-W method. As a core part, the pair "$2$" is expounded and L-W solver is revisited. The generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver, as the discontinuous and nonlinear version of L-W flow solver, and the gas kinetic scheme (GKS) solver, the microscopic L-W solver, are all reviewed. The compact Hermite-type data reconstruction and high order approximation of boundary conditions are proposed. Besides, the computational performance and prospective discussions are presented.

This paper serves to treat boundary conditions numerically with high order accuracy in order to match the two-stage fourth-order finite volume schemes for hyperbolic problems developed in [{\em J. Li and Z. Du, A two-stage fourth order time-accurate discretization {L}ax--{W}endroff type flow solvers, {I}. {H}yperbolic conservation laws, SIAM, J. Sci. Comput., 38 (2016), pp.~A3046--A3069}]. As such, it is significant when capturing small scale structures near physical boundaries. Different from previous contributions in literature, the current approach constructs a fourth order accurate approximation to boundary conditions by only using the Jacobian of the flux function (characteristic information) instead of its successive differentiation leading to tensors of high ranks in the inverse Lax-Wendroff method. Technically, data in several ghost cells are constructed with interpolation so that the interior scheme can be implemented over boundary cells, and theoretical boundary condition has to be modified properly at intermediate stages so as to make the two-stage scheme over boundary cells fully consistent with that over interior cells. This highlights the fact that {\em continuous boundary conditions only match continuous partial differential equations (PDEs), and they must be approximated in a consistent way (even though it could be exactly valued) when the PDEs are discretized.} Several numerical examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the current approach when dealing with general boundary conditions.

The Riemann problem, and the associated generalized Riemann problem, are increasingly seen as the important building blocks for modern higher order Godunov-type schemes. In the past, building a generalized Riemann problem solver was seen as an intricately mathematical task for complicated physical or engineering problems because the associated Riemann problem is different for each hyperbolic system of interest. This paper changes that situation. The HLLI Riemann solver is a recently-proposed Riemann solver that is universal in that it is applicable to any hyperbolic system, whether in conservation form or with non-conservative products. The HLLI Riemann solver is also complete in the sense that if it is given a complete set of eigenvectors, it represents all waves with minimal dissipation. It is, therefore, very attractive to build a generalized Riemann problem solver version of the HLLI Riemann solver. This is the task that is accomplished in the present paper. We show that at second order, the generalized Riemann problem version of the HLLI Riemann solver is easy to design. Our GRP solver is also complete and universal because it inherits those good properties from original HLLI Riemann solver. We also show how our GRP solver can be adapted to the solution of hyperbolic systems with stiff source terms. Our generalized HLLI Riemann solver is easy to implement and performs robustly and well over a range of test problems. All implementation-related details are presented. Results from several stringent test problems are shown. These test problems are drawn from many different hyperbolic systems, and include hyperbolic systems in conservation form; with non-conservative products; and with stiff source terms. The present generalized Riemann problem solver performs well on all of them.

This paper develops a new fifth order accurate Hermite WENO (HWENO) reconstruction method for hyperbolic conservation schemes in the framework of the two-stage fourth order accurate temporal discretization in [{\em J. Li and Z. Du, A two-stage fourth order time-accurate discretization {L}ax--{W}endroff type flow solvers, {I}. {H}yperbolic conservation laws, SIAM, J. Sci. Comput., 38 (2016), pp.~A3046--A3069}]. Instead of computing the first moment of the solution additionally in the conventional HWENO or DG approach, we can directly take the {\em interface values}, which are already available in the numerical flux construction using the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver, to approximate the first moment. The resulting scheme is fourth order temporal accurate by only invoking the HWENO reconstruction twice so that it becomes more compact. Numerical experiments show that such compactness makes significant impact on the resolution of nonlinear waves.

This paper proposes a new non-oscillatory {\em energy-splitting} conservative algorithm for computing multi-fluid flows in the Eulerian framework. In comparison with existing multi-fluid algorithms in literatures, it is shown that the mass fraction model with isobaric hypothesis is a plausible choice for designing numerical methods for multi-fluid flows. Then we construct a conservative Godunov-based scheme with the high order accurate extension by using the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver, through the detailed analysis of kinetic energy exchange when fluids are mixed under the hypothesis of isobaric equilibrium. Numerical experiments are carried out for the shock-interface interaction and shock-bubble interaction problems, which display the excellent performance of this type of schemes and demonstrate that nonphysical oscillations are suppressed around material interfaces substantially., Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures

One of the fundamental differences of compressible fluid flows from incompressible fluid flows is the involvement of thermodynamics. This difference should be manifested in the design of numerical methods and seems often be neglected in addition that the entropy inequality, as a conceptual derivative, is taken into account to reflect irreversible processes and verified for some first order schemes. In this paper, we refine the GRP solver to illustrate how the thermodynamical variation is integrated into the design of high resolution methods for compressible fluid flows and demonstrate numerically the importance of thermodynamic effect in the resolution of strong waves. As a by-product, we show that the GRP solver works for generic equations of state, and is independent of technical arguments.

There have been great efforts on the development of higher-order numerical schemes for compressible Euler equations. The traditional tests mostly targeting on the strong shock interactions alone may not be adequate to test the performance of higher-order schemes. This study will introduce a few test cases with a wide range of wave structures for testing higher-order schemes. As reference solutions, all test cases will be calculated by our recently developed two-stage fourth-order gas-kinetic scheme (GKS). All examples are selected so that the numerical settings are very simple and any high order accurate scheme can be straightly used for these test cases, and compare their performance with the GKS solutions. The examples include highly oscillatory solutions and the large density ratio problem in one dimensional case; hurricane-like solutions, interactions of planar contact discontinuities (the composite of entropy wave and vortex sheets) sheets with large Mach number asymptotic, interaction of planar rarefaction waves with transition from continuous flows to the presence of shocks, and other types of interactions of two-dimensional planar waves. The numerical results from the fourth-order gas-kinetic scheme provide reference solutions only. These benchmark test cases will help CFD developers to validate and further develop their schemes to a higher level of accuracy and robustness.

For computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver and the gas-kinetic kinetic scheme (GKS) provide a time-accurate flux function starting from a discontinuous piecewise linear flow distributions around each cell interface. With the use of time derivative of the flux function, a two-stage Lax-Wendroff-type (L-W for short) time stepping method has been recently proposed in the design of a fourth-order time accurate method [18]. In this paper, based on the same time-stepping method and the second-order GKS flux function [34], a fourth-order gas-kinetic scheme is constructed for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. In comparison with the formal one-stage time-stepping third-order gas-kinetic solver [21], the current fourth-order method not only reduces the complexity of the flux function, but also improves the accuracy of the scheme, even though the third- and fourth-order schemes have similar computation cost. Most importantly, the robustness of the fourth-order GKS is as good as the second-order one. Perfect numerical solutions can be obtained from the high Reynolds number boundary layer solutions to the hypersonic viscous heat conducting flow computations. Many numerical tests, including many difficult ones for the Navier-Stokes solvers, have been used to validate the current fourth-order method. Following the two-stage time-stepping framework, the one-stage third-order GKS can be easily extended to a fifth-order method with the usage of both first-order and second-order time derivatives of the flux function. The use of time-accurate flux function may have great impact on the development of higher-order CFD methods.

In this paper we develop a novel two-stage fourth order time-accurate discretization for time-dependent flow problems, particularly for hyperbolic conservation laws. Different from the classical Runge-Kutta (R-K) temporal discretization for first order Riemann solvers as building blocks, the current approach is solely associated with Lax-Wendroff (L-W) type schemes as the building blocks. As a result, a two-stage procedure can be constructed to achieve a fourth order temporal accuracy, rather than using well-developed four stages for R-K methods. The generalized Riemann problem (GRP) solver is taken as a representative of L-W type schemes for the construction of a two-stage fourth order scheme., Comment: 24 pages

The Generalized Riemann Problems (GRP) for nonlinear hyperbolic systems of balance laws in one space dimension are now well-known and can be formulated as follows: Given initial-data which are smooth on two sides of a discontinuity, determine the time evolution of the solution near the discontinuity. While the classical Riemann problem serves as a primary building block in the construction of many numerical schemes (most notably the Godunov scheme), the analytic study of GRP will lead to an array of GRP schemes, which extend the Godunov scheme. Currently there are extensive studies on the second-order GRP scheme, which proves to be robust and is capable of resolving complex multidimensional fluid dynamic problems [M. Ben-Artzi and J. Falcovitz, "Generalized Riemann Problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics", Cambridge University Press, 2003]. A more general formulation of the second-order GRP solver is still confined with a class of weakly coupled systems [Numer. Math. (2007) 106:369-425]. This paper provides a unified approach for solving the GRP in the general context of hyperbolic balance laws, without weakly coupled constraint, towards high order accuracy. The derivation of the second-order GRP solver is more concise compared to those in previous works and the third-order quadratic GRP is resolved for the first time. The latter is shown to be necessary through numerical experiments with strong discontinuities. Our method relies heavily on the new treatment of the rarefaction wave by deriving the L(Q)-equations, an ODE system capturing the "evolution" of the characteristic derivatives in x-t space for generalized Riemann invariants. The case of a sonic point is incorporated into a general treatment. The accuracy of the derived GRP solvers are justified and numerical examples are presented for the performance of the resulting scheme., Comment: 41 pages