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We show generically that the dynamics of a probe particle near the event horizon of a non-extreme black hole is described by the tachyon effective action. The Hagedorn temperature in the action is always equal to the Hawking temperature of the background black hole. The fact suggests that the infalling particle should decay completely into gravitons or closed strings approaching the event horizon. The increased area in the black hole due to absorption of a particle should be interpreted as the entropy of degenerate states of the closed strings that the particle decays into. With the energy match condition between the infalling particle and the emitted closed strings on the event horizon, we examine this variational area-entropy relation and find that it matches in all cases if the closed string emission process from an unstable D0-brane obeys the first law., Comment: 12 pages

In rotating magnetospheres planted on compact objects, there usually exist lightcylinders (LC), beyond which the rotation speed of the magnetic field lines exceeds the speed of light. The LC is a close analog to the horizon in gravity, and is a casual boundary for charged particles that are restricted to move along the magnetic field lines. In this work, it is proposed that there should be Hawking-like radiation of charged particles from the LC of a rotating magnetosphere from the point of view of tunneling by using the field sheet metric., Comment: 7 pages, no figure

Starquakes probably occur in rapidly spinning or ultra high field neutron stars. In this article, we argue that highly compressed gas containing electron-positron pairs could evaporate and erupt from inside the neutron star when a crack forms and then heals during a starquake. Under the influence of the existing oscillation modes of the star, the crack may have sufficiently large size and long lifetime. An appropriate amount of gas can erupt into the magnetosphere with relativistic and nearly uniform velocity, producing various transient and bursting phenomena., Comment: 4 pages, no figure

We show that energy should be dissipated or extracted in the current sheet (CS) of a split magnetosphere deviating from the Michel split monopole, with the CS heating up or cooling down. But the electromagnetic energy remains unchanged everywhere. Based on the de-centered monopole solution generated by symmetry in flat spacetime, we construct two generalized split monopole configurations, in which the field lines intersect with the CS at arbitrary angles. One configuration resembles the outer geometry of the so-called ``new pulsar magnetosphere model", for which up to $47\%$ of the spin down energy is transferred to the Joule heating process in the CS. In the other configuration, we observe that negative energy is dissipated in the CS, which is usually observed in magnetospheres on rotating black holes. This means that energy is extracted simultaneously from the central star and the CS to power the output Poynting flux at infinity. We interpret the extraction of energy from the CS as that thermal energy of charged particles in the CS is transferred to the ordered kinetic energy of these particles drifting in the force-free (FF) electromagnetic fields. Hence, the CS is like an ``air conditioner" in the sky, which can heat up or cool down, depending on the configurations., Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures

We discuss the merger process of binary black holes with Hawking radiation taken into account. Besides the redshifted radiation to infinity, binary black holes can exchange radiation between themselves, which is first redshifted and then blueshifted when it propagates from one hole to the other. The exchange rate should be large when the temperature-divergent horizons are penetrating each other to form a single horizon with unique temperature. This will cause non-negligible mass and angular momentum transfer between the black holes during the merging process of the horizons. We further argue in the large mass ratio limit that the light hole whose local evaporation is enhanced by the competing redshift-blueshift effects will probably evaporate or decay completely before reaching the the horizon of the heavy one. We also discuss the possibility of testing Hawking radiation and even exploring the information loss puzzle in gravitational wave observations., Comment: 17 pages, no figure

We study the force-free electrodynamics on rotating black holes in the Born-Infeld (BI) effective theory. The stream equation describing a steady and axisymmetric magnetosphere is derived. From its near-horizon behavior, we obtain the modified Znajek regularity condition, with which we find that the horizon resistivity in the BI theory is generally not a constant. As expected, the outer boundary condition far away from the hole remains unchanged. In terms of the conditions at both boundaries, we derive the perturbative solution of split monopole in the slow rotation limit. It is interesting to realise that the correction to the solution relies not only on the parameter in the BI theory, but also on the radius (or the mass) of the hole. We also show that the quantum effects can undermine the energy extraction process of the magnetosphere in the non-linear theory and the extraction rate gets the maximum in the Maxwell theory., Comment: 14 pages

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) effects may be included in physical processes of magnetar and pulsar magnetospheres with strong magnetic fields. Involving the quantum corrections, the Maxwell electrodynamics is modified to non-linear electrodynamics. In this work, we study the force-free magnetosphere in non-linear electrodynamics in a general framework. The pulsar equation describing a steady and axisymmetric magnetosphere is derived, which now admits solutions with corrections. We derive the first-order non-linear corrections to the near-zone dipole magnetosphere in some popular non-linear effective theories. The field lines of the corrected dipole tend to converge on the rotational axis so that the fields in the polar region are stronger compared to the pure dipole case., Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure

In this work, we consider the possibility of energy release in pulsar magnetospheres deformed by gravitational waves from nearby sources. The strong electromagnetic fields in the magnetospheres may release non-negligible energy despite the weakness of the gravitational wave. When the background spacetime is perturbed due to the passage of a gravitational wave, the original force-free state of the inner magnetosphere will be slightly violated. The plasma-filled magnetosphere tends to evolve into new force-free states as the spacetime varies with time. During this process, a small portion of the electromagnetic energy stored in the magnetosphere will be released to the acceleration of charged particles along the magnetic field lines. When the pulsar is close enough to the gravitational wave source (e.g., $\sim10^{-2}$ pc to the gravitational wave sources observed recently), the resulting energy loss rate is comparable with the radio luminosity of the pulsar. It is also noticed that, under very stringent conditions (for magnetars with much shorter distance to the sources), the released energy can reach the typical energy observed from fast radio bursts (FRBs)., Comment: 6 pages, no figure, ApJ in press