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Prolonging the lifetime of photoinduced hot carriers in lead–halide perovskite quantum dots (QDs) is highly desirable because it can help improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Ligand engineering has recently become a promising strategy to achieve this; nevertheless, mechanistic studies in this field remain limited. Herein, we propose a new scenario of ligand engineering featuring Pb2+/Br− site-selective capping on the surface of CsPbBr3 QDs. Through joint observations of temperature-dependent photoluminescence, ultrafast transient absorption, and Raman spectroscopy of the two contrasting model systems of CsPbBr3 QDs (i.e., capping with organic ligand only vs hybrid organic/inorganic ligands), we reveal that the phononic regulation of Pb–Br stretching at the Br-site (relative to Pb-site) leads to a larger suppression of charge–phonon coupling due to a stronger polaronic screening effect, thereby more effectively retarding the hot-carrier cooling process. This work opens a new route for the manipulation of hot-carrier cooling dynamics in perovskite systems via site-selective ligand engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy transition metal borides, carbides, and nitrides are still difficult to synthesize, and certain compositions are not even possible to stabilize. With the help of existing materials databases, we assemble 240 materials of chemical formula M 2 X, that we intend to investigate via density-functional theory (DFT). Our calculations demonstrate the stability of several novel compounds, which are highly likely to be synthesized in experiment, widening the potential applications as structural ceramics. The X site plays the primary role in determining the structural stability, with boron leading to many more stable ceramics than carbon and nitrogen. The chemical bonding is found to arise from a mixture of covalent bonding (M-X) and weak metallic bonding (M-M), which ensures varied elastic properties. Among the newly predicted materials, Tc 2 B ,Os 2 B , and Os 2 C are shown to be ultra-incompressible. A low shear modulus makes these systems prone to plasticity, which leads to an interesting coexistence of hardness and ductility for novel Os 2 B and Os 2 C , as well as existing Mo 2 B and Mo 2 C. Chemically, replacing 4 d with 5 d elements is shown to enhance bulk and shear moduli, which could be used for hardness engineering by selective doping. This report lays the foundations for further experimental research on the mechanical merits of the late transition metal borides, carbides, and nitrides of chemical formula M 2 X. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccination after birth provides protection against pathogen infection and immune related disorders in healthy children. The detailed effects of vaccination on neonatal immunity, however, remain largely unknown. Here, we reported that vaccination using Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) diminished the immunosuppressive function of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells in neonatal mice, an immature myeloid population. A combination of single‐cell transcriptome, metabolite profiling, and functional analysis demonstrated that upregulation of mTOR/HIF1a signalling and the enhanced glycolysis explained the effects of BCG on neonatal myeloid cells. Pharmalogical inhibition of glycolysis or mTOR signalling efficiently rescued the effects of BCG on neonatal myeloid cells. These observations suggest that BCG facilitates the maturation of myeloid cells in early life, which may contribute to its beneficial effects against immune disorders later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: In our study, we discovered a fragment duplication autoregulation mechanism in 'ZS-HY', which may be the reason for the phenotype of red foliage and red flesh in grapes. In grapes, MYBA1 and MYBA2 are the main genetic factors responsible for skin coloration which are located at the color loci on chromosome 2, but the exact genes responsible for color have not been identified in the flesh. We used a new teinturier grape germplasm 'ZhongShan-HongYu' (ZS-HY) which accumulate anthocyanin both in skin and flesh as experimental materials. All tissues of 'ZS-HY' contained cyanidin 3-O-(6″-p-coumaroyl glucoside), and pelargonidins were detected in skin, flesh, and tendril. Through gene expression analysis at different stage of flesh, significant differences in the expression levels of VvMYBA1 were found. Gene amplification analysis showed that the VvMYBA1 promoter is composed of two alleles, VvMYBA1a and 'VvMYBA1c-like'. An insertion of a 408 bp repetitive fragment was detected in the allele 'VvMYBA1c-like'. In this process, we found the 408 bp repetitive fragment was co-segregated with red flesh and foliage phenotype. Our results revealed that the 408 bp fragment replication insertion in promoter of 'VvMYBA1c-like' was the target of its protein, and the number of repeat fragments was related to the increase of trans-activation of VvMYBA1 protein. The activation of promoter by VvMYBA1 was enhanced by the addition of VvMYC1. In addition, VvMYBA1 interacted with VvMYC1 to promote the expression of VvGT1 and VvGST4 genes in 'ZS-HY'. The discovery of this mutation event provides new insights into the regulation of VvMYBA1 on anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed grape, which is of great significance for molecular breeding of red-fleshed table grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositional data are interrelated, and analyzing the evolution of each component is crucial for understanding population dynamics. However, the complex structure and tedious process of modeling pose challenges to the reasonable construction of grey compositional models for analyzing multi-trend mixed data. To address this, a novel enriched nonlinear grey compositional model with global multi-parameter combinatorial optimization is firstly proposed. Secondly, two types of Monte Carlo simulations are designed to validate the performances, modeling characteristics and noise levels of our model. Finally, using the bioenergy power generation structure of China as a case study, the practicability of our approach is verified. The results demonstrate that our model significantly outperforms traditional mainstream models in multi-trend mixed sequences, and the interrelationships among components are effectively verified. Our model not only enriches the methodological base but also broadens the application scope of grey compositional model. • A novel non-linear dynamic GM-Markov compositional model is constructed. • Our model is capable of achieving global multi-parameter combinatorial optimization. • Our model can accurately fit compositional data exhibiting fluctuations and multi-trend. • Our model might be useful in forecasting bioenergy power generation structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we obtain the optimal instability threshold of the Couette flow for Navier–Stokes equations with small viscosity ν>0$\nu >0$, when the perturbations are in the critical spaces Hx1Ly2$H^1_xL_y^2$. More precisely, we introduce a new dynamical approach to prove the instability for some perturbation of size ν12−δ0$\nu ^{\frac{1}{2}-\delta _0}$ with any small δ0>0$\delta _0>0$, which implies that ν12$\nu ^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is the sharp stability threshold. In our method, we prove a transient exponential growth without referring to eigenvalue or pseudo‐spectrum. As an application, for the linearized Euler equations around shear flows that are near the Couette flow, we provide a new tool to prove the existence of growing modes for the corresponding Rayleigh operator and give a precise location of the eigenvalues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To model fuzzy numbers with the confidence degree and better account for information uncertainty, Zadeh came up with the notion of Z-numbers, which can effectively combine the objective information of things with subjective human interpretation of perceptive information, thereby improving the human comprehension of natural language. Although many numbers are in fact Z-numbers, their higher computational complexity often prevents their recognition as such. In order to reduce computational complexity, this paper reviews the development and research direction of Z-numbers and deduces the operational rules for symmetric triangular Z-numbers. We first transform them into classical fuzzy numbers. Using linear programming, the extension principle of Zadeh, the convolution formula, and fuzzy number algorithms, we determine the operational rules for the basic operations of symmetric triangular Z-numbers, which are number-multiplication, addition, subtraction, multiplication, power, and division. Our operational rules reduce the complexity of calculation, improve computational efficiency, and effectively reduce the information difference while being applicable to other complex operations. This paper innovatively combines Z-numbers with classical fuzzy numbers in Z-number operations, and as such represents a continuation and innovation of the research on the operational laws of Z-numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Glucan is the main component of the cell wall of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including various yeast, fungi, or certain bacteria. Previous reports demonstrated that β-glucan was widely investigated as a potent immunomodulators to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, which indicated that it could be recommended as an effective adjuvant in immunotherapy. However, the detailed effects of β-glucan on neonatal immunity are still largely unknown. Here, we found that β-glucan did not affect the frequencies and numbers of myeloid cells in the spleen and bone marrow from neonates. Functional assay revealed that β-glucan from neonates compromised the immunosuppressive function of immature myeloid cells, which were myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Flow cytometry or gene expression analysis revealed that β-glucan-derived polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs produced lower level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and arginase-1 (Arg1) in neonatal mice. Furthermore, β-glucan administration significantly decreased the frequency and ROS level of PMN-MDSCs in vitro. These observations suggest that β-glucan facilitates the maturation of myeloid cells in early life, which may contribute to its beneficial effects against immune disorders later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary Although it offers a direct route to access synthetically valuable α‐chiral primary amines, asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of NH imines has been rarely studied, due in large part to the inaccessibility and instability of NH imines. Herein, we report a Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a kind of novel and stable NH imines which are prepared via condensation of easily available sulfonylated 2’‐aminoacetophenones with NH3 in methanol. With this method, enantioenriched chiral 2‐(1‐aminoalkyl)anilines, which are privileged pharmacore groups, have been synthesized with good functional group compatibility, and with up to 99% ee. A gram‐scale reaction using 0.2 mol% of catalyst has been successfully performed to highlight the practicality. Furthermore, the products can be derivatized into enantiopure bioactive molecules as well as chiral tridentate ligands for metal catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The explosive growth of information and its widespread availability underscores the need for robust encryption and anticounterfeiting measures. In this study, CdS quantum dots are engineered (QDs) to manifest multiple visual responses to a single trigger through strategic ligand design. The surface engineering method allows QDs to transition from yellow to black upon photoexcitation‐induced electron transfer from Cd(II) to Cd(0). Surface ligands desorption under hole injection, leading to an increase in QDs size and resulting in a redshift in photoluminescence. This photoexcitation‐induced redox reaction reveals unprecedented photochromism and photoluminescence phenomena, establishing a foundation for advanced information protection measures. Utilizing these QDs, excellent writing performance under UV irradiation is achieved in solid‐state substrates, while a dual‐mode encryption system is realized in gel matrices, opening up new avenues for information encryption as well as cumulative and interactive information protection. Furthermore, the redox reaction of CdS QDs is employed as ink for 3D printing, enabling for the creation of digitally programmable materials with distinct temporally evolving appearances by controlling the oxygen content in the ink to regulate the rate of photochromism. This advancement also sheds light on the progress in 3D printing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Periodontitis represents the foremost oral condition in young men, strongly correlated with socioeconomic elements and oral health behaviors. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of periodontitis and associated associations with socio-demographics and oral health practices for subsequent Hazard Ratio (HR) estimation. Methods: A total of 46,476 young men were recruited to the study between August 2022 and October 2023. A questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and oral health-related behaviors related to periodontitis was completed. The standard procedure was used for oral examination. Logistic regression and hazard ratios were used to estimate the influencing factors, whereas the nomogram was used to predict the risk of periodontitis in young men. Results: A total of 46,476 young men were surveyed and completed the questionnaire. The overall prevalence of periodontitis among young men was 1.74%. Out of these, 1.7% had mild periodontitis and 0.6% had moderate periodontitis. Age and dental calculus were important factors in the periodontal health of young men. This nomogram, which includes 7 easily obtainable clinical characteristics routinely collected during periodontitis risk assessment, provides clinicians with a user-friendly tool to assess the risk of periodontal disease in young men. Conclusions: Regular dental prophylaxis is crucial for young men to maintain their gingival health and prevent the onset of periodontitis. Dental calculus plays a prominent role in this matter, as it serves as a significant contributing factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an omnidirectional circularly polarized (OCP) antenna is designed for base stations, providing high gain and wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The six‐stage OCP antenna is built from cascaded spiral rings and vertical dipoles. To improve the roundness and enlarge the AR bandwidth, spirals in shunt are utilized in proximity to the feeding. Then, network characteristic mode theory is employed to provide frequency reconfiguration, to further expand AR bandwidth. Four internal ports are introduced at the current maximums of the OCP antenna. With proper reactive loads at the internal ports, the CP performances with omnidirectional patterns are reconstructed at a higher frequency band. As a result, the OCP antenna operates at the band of 3.3–3.78 GHz, with a maximum gain of 7.38 dBic. The out‐of‐roundness of pattern is less than 2.5 dB, indicating robust omnidirectional radiation performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes in the microbial communities of both the environment and gut of Litopenaeus vannamei, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms underlying microbial community assembly in greenhouse farming. 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics methods were used to carry out the research on the community structure of the microorganisms under greenhouse culture conditions in water, sediment, and gut microorganisms; correlations pertaining to environmental factors; the feasibility of using Source Tracker; and the mechanisms of community construction. The results show that the dominant microorganisms in water, sediment, and gut farming in a greenhouse environment varied and were subject to dynamic change. A variety of beneficial microbiota such as Bacillus were found in the gut, whereas a variety of microorganisms such as Marivita and Pseudomonas, which function as nitrogen and phosphorus removers, were present in water. Source Tracker and environmental correlation analyses showed that changes in the gut were associated with eutrophication indicators (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen) and changes in environmental microorganisms (in water and sediment). The results of the community-building mechanism analysis show that stochastic processes determine the community-building directions of environmental and gut microorganisms. These findings will help us to understand the microbiota characteristics of shrimp ponds under greenhouse farming conditions, and the complex interactions between the shrimp gut and the environmental microbiota and environmental variables, as well as revealing the changing rules of the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, elastic, piezoelectric, and electronic properties of Li-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (K0.5−xNa0.5−yLix+yNbO3, KNN-L) are calculated. The properties of KNN-L are related to the Li-doping content and the replaced K or Na atoms. The bulk modulus, the shear modulus, and Young's modulus of KNN-L are mostly higher than those of KNN, and the hardness value increases. The Poisson ratio of KNN-L is lower than that of most KNN, and the ductility is reduced. All doped structures are direct band gap semiconductors. K0.5Na0.375Li0.125NbO3 has the largest piezoelectric charge constant, d33 = 44.72 pC/N, in the respective structures, which is 1.5 fold that of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (29.15 pC/N). The excellent piezoelectric performance of Li-doping KNN-L was analyzed from the insights of elastic and electronic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Breast cancer is a common malignancy in women. More than 90% of breast cancer deaths are caused by metastasis. Epimedii Folium (EF) is a commonly used herb with anti-tumor benefits, but its underlying mechanisms and active components for breast cancer prevention are little understood. This study assessed the therapeutic role of Icariside I (ICS I) in Epimedium flavonoids (EF) on lung metastasis of breast cancer, including the underlying mechanism. Methods: Western blot, RT-qPCR, wound healing assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry were used to investigate the inhibition of breast cancer cells growth and migration by EF and ICS I through disrupting the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Combined with 4T1 breast cancer model in mice, Western blot, RT-qPCR, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the therapeutic role of ICS I in proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer. Key findings: EF can inhibit STAT3 phosphorylation and reduce the colony formation and migration of breast cancer cells. Detecting the active ingredients in EF, we found ICS I can reduce the activation of STAT3 in 4T1 breast cancer cells, impair colony formation and migration. Moreover, ICS I induced cells G1 phase arrest and modulated Cyclin D1, CDK4, bcl-2, and bax to inhibit proliferation and survival of breast cancer cells. Similarly, the in vivo studies demonstrated that ICS I significantly suppressed tumor development and lung metastasis in the 4T1 mouse model. Tumor cells in vehicle group were arranged in a spoke-like pattern with obvious heterogeneity, and multinucleated tumor giant cells were seen. But, the tumor cells in the ICS I group were disorganized and necrotic lysis was seen in some areas. In ICS I-treated group, tumors' STAT3 phosphorylation level, IL-6, Cyclin D1, CDK4, bcl-2, and vimentin expression were downregulated, bax and cleaved caspase 3 expression were upregulated. In the lung tissue, we could find less metastasis of breast cancer cells and less lung injury in the ICS I group. Besides, the expression of metastasis-related genes MMP9 and vimentin was decreased in the lung tissue of ICS I group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that ICS I can inhibit breast cancer proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis probably via targeting IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Therefore, ICS I has the potential to become an innovative therapeutic candidate to breast cancer prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octane is a cage‐like unique motif containing a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane structure fused with at least one benzene ring. It is found in various natural products that exhibit structural complexities and important biological activities. The total synthesis of natural products possessing this challenging structure has received considerable attention, and great advances have been made in this field during the past 15 years. This review summarizes thus far achieved chemical syntheses and synthetic studies of natural compounds featuring the benzobicyclo[3.2.1]octane core. It focuses on strategic approaches constructing the bridged structure, aiming to provide a useful reference for inspiring further advancements in strategies and total syntheses of natural products with such a framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To elucidate the precise upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms of inflammatory factors in osteoporosis (OP) progression and to establish a causal relationship between inflammatory factors and OP. We conducted bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using data for 41 cytokines obtained from three independent cohorts comprising 8293 Finnish individuals. Estimated bone mineral density (eBMD) data were derived from 426,824 UK Biobank White British individuals (55% female) and fracture data from 416,795 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry. The inverse variance-weighted method was the primary MR analysis approach. We employed other methods as complementary approaches for mutual corroboration. To test for pleiotropy and heterogeneity, we used the MR-Egger regression, MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier global test, and the Cochrane Q test. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and interleukin (IL)-12p70 expression associated negatively and causally with eBMD (β = −0.017 [MIP-1α], β = −0.011 [IL-12p70]). Conversely, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand was associated with a decreased risk of fractures (Odds Ratio: 0.980). Additionally, OP influenced the expression of multiple inflammatory factors, including growth-regulated oncogene-α, interferon-gamma, IL-6, beta nerve growth factor, and IL-2. Finally, we discovered complex bidirectional causal relationships between IL-8, IL-10, and OP. Specific inflammatory factors may contribute to OP development or may be causally affected by OP. We identified a bidirectional causal relationship between certain inflammatory factors and OP. These findings provide new perspectives for early prediction and targeted treatment of OP. Larger cohort studies are necessary in the future to further validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a multiple-comparison-with-the-best procedure to provide inference for the optimum from regression models with discrete inputs. Two applications are given to illustrate the methodology: two-level factorial designs to identify the best drug combination and order-of-addition experiments where the primary objective is to identify the sequence with the largest mean response. The methods easily accommodate restrictions limiting the inference set of conditions. We use simulation to determine the critical values. While the methods apply to any linear regression model, we identify cases that require just a single critical value, and we also show where approximations and upper bounds mitigate the need for intensive computation. We tabulate the required critical values for a variety of common applications: the main-effect model and two-factor interaction model estimated by certain two-level factorial designs, and the pairwise order model and several component-position models for estimation based on optimal order-of-addition designs. Our work greatly simplifies the problem of rigorous inference for the optimum from regression models with discrete inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contamination of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) in dairy products poses a significant risk to human health. It is urgent to develop on‐site rapid strategy to reduce associated threats. We employed carbon dots (CDs) and silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) as energy donors and acceptors respectively. The CDs and SiNPs were functionalised with vancomycin and aptamers correspondingly, leading to the establishment of ratiometric fluorescent sensor. With a portable smartphone‐integrated device, the ratios of blue/green values from the colour images depended on L. monocytogenes concentrations for quantification. The sensors were demonstrated for monitoring L. monocytogenes in dairy products within 30 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrauterine adhesions (IUA), the main cause of secondary infertility in women, result from irreversible fibrotic repair of the endometrium due to inflammation or human factors, accompanied by disruptions in the repair function of endometrial stem cells. This significantly impacts the physical and mental health of women in their childbearing years. Telocytes (TCs), a distinctive type of interstitial cells found in various tissues and organs, play diverse repair functions due to their unique spatial structure. In this study, we conduct the inaugural exploration of the changes in TCs in IUA disease and their potential impact on the function of stem cells. Our results show that in vivo, through double immunofluorescence staining (CD34+/Vimentin+; CD34+/CD31−), as endometrial fibrosis deepens, the number of TCs gradually decreases, telopodes shorten, and the three‐dimensional structure becomes disrupted in the mouse IUA mode. In vitro, TCs can promote the proliferation and cycle of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by promoting the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, which were inhibited using XAV939. TCs can promote the migrated ability of BMSCs and contribute to the repair of stem cells during endometrial injury. In addition, TCs can inhibit the apoptosis of BMSCs through the Bcl‐2/Bax pathway. In conclusion, our study demonstrates, for the first time, the resistance role of TCs in IUA disease, shedding light on their potential involvement in endometrial repair through the modulation of stem cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nanozyme with high oxidase-like activity was prepared by doping Mn2+ into PCN-224. • A colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode probe was developed for OPs detection. • TMB was the common signal of colorimetric and photothermal. • The probe realized the detection of OPs in tea, brown rice, and wheat flour. • Results of the two modes can be verified mutually, thus increasing sensitivity. Herein, a novel dual-mode probe for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) colorimetric and photothermal detection was developed based on manganese modified porphyrin metal–organic framework (PCN-224-Mn). PCN-224-Mn had excellent oxidase-like activity and oxidized colorless 3,3,5,5-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue–green oxidation state TMB (oxTMB), which exhibited high temperature under near-infrared irradiation. l -ascorbate-2-phosphate was hydrolyzed by acid phosphatase to produce ascorbic acid, which weakened colorimetric and photothermal signals by impacting oxTMB generation. The presence of OPs blocked the production of ascorbic acid by irreversibly inhibiting the activity of acid phosphatase, causing the restoration of chromogenic reaction and the increase of temperature. Under the optimal conditions, the probe showed a good linear response to OPs in the concentration range of 5 ∼ 10000 ng/mL, using glyphosate as the analog. The detection limits of glyphosate in colorimetric mode and photothermal mode were 1.47 ng/mL and 2.00 ng/mL, respectively. The probe was successfully used for sensitive identification of OPs residues in tea, brown rice, and wheat flour. This work proposes a simple and reliable colorimetric/photothermal platform for OPs identification, which overcomes the problem that single-mode detection probes are susceptible to external factors, and has broad application potential in the field of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste calcium carbide slags (CS), which are widely applied to desulfurisation, are not typically used in denitration. Herein, to well achieve waste control by waste, a facile and high-efficiency denitration strategy is developed using KOH to modify the calcium carbide slags (KCS). Various KCS samples were investigated using a series of physical and chemical characterisations. The performance test results showed that the KOH concentration and reaction temperature are the main factors affecting the denitration efficiency of KCS, and CS modified with 1.5 mol/L KOH (KCS-1.5) can achieve 100% denitration efficiency at 300°C. Such excellent removal efficiency is due to the catalytic oxidation of the oxygen-containing functional groups derived from the KCS. Further studies showed that KOH treatment significantly increased the concentration of oxygen vacancies, nitro compounds, and basic sites of CS. This study provides a novel strategy for the resource utilisation of waste CS in the future. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stellar feedback plays a crucial role in regulating baryon cycles of a galactic ecosystem, and may manifest itself in the formation of superbubbles in the interstellar medium. In this work, we used a set of high-resolution simulations to systematically study the properties and evolution of superbubbles in galactic environments. The simulations were based on the SMUGGLE galaxy formation framework using the hydrodynamical moving-mesh code arepo , reaching a spatial resolution of |$\sim 4 \, \rm pc$| and mass resolution of |$\sim 10^3 \, \rm M_{\odot }$|⁠. We identified superbubbles and tracked their time evolution using the parent stellar associations within the bubbles. The X-ray luminosity-size distribution of superbubbles in the fiducial run is largely consistent with the observations of nearby galaxies. The size of superbubbles shows a double-peaked distribution, with the peaks attributed to early feedback (radiative and stellar wind feedback) and supernova feedback. The early feedback tends to suppress the subsequent supernova feedback, and it is strongly influenced by star formation efficiency, which regulates the environmental density. Our results show that the volume filling factor of hot gas (T > 105.5 K) is about |$12~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$| averaged over a region of 4 kpc in height and 20 kpc in radius centred on the disc of the galaxy. Overall, the properties of superbubbles are sensitive to the choice of subgrid galaxy formation models and can, therefore, be used to constrain these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Compensation for medical damage liability disputes (CMDLD) seriously hinders the healthy development of hospitals and undermines the harmony of the doctor-patient relationships (DPR). Risk management in the DPR has become an urgent issue of the day. The study aims to provide a comprehensive description of CMDLD in China and explore its influencing factors, and make corresponding recommendations for the management of risks in the DPR. Methods: This study extracted data from the China Judgment Online - the official judicial search website with the most comprehensive coverage. Statistical analysis of 1,790 litigation cases of medical damage liability disputes (COMDLD) available from 2015 to 2021. Results: COMDLD generally tended to increase with the year and was unevenly distributed by regions; the compensation rate was 52.46%, the median compensation was 134,900 yuan and the maximum was 2,234,666 yuan; the results of the single factor analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the compensation for different years, regions, treatment attributes, and trial procedures (P < 0.05); the correlation analysis showed that types of hospitals were significantly negatively associated with regions (R=-0.082, P < 0.05); trial procedures were significantly negatively correlated with years (R=-0.484, P < 0.001); compensat- ion was significantly positively correlated with years, regions, and treatment attributes (R = 0.098–0.294, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated with trial procedures (R=-0.090, P < 0.01); regression analysis showed that years, treatment attributes, and regions were the main factors affecting the CMDLD (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Years, regions, treatment attributes, and trial procedures affect the outcome of CMDLD. This paper further puts forward relevant suggestions and countermeasures for the governance of doctor-patient risks based on the empirical results. Including rational allocation of medical resources to narrow the differences between regions; promoting the expansion and sinking of high-quality resources to improve the level of medical services in hospitals at all levels; and developing a third-party negotiation mechanism for medical disputes to reduce the cost of medical litigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essence of hepatic fibrosis is the imbalance of the formation and degradation of extracellular matrix in the liver tissue. Hepatic fibrosis is a necessary stage for the progression of various chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis. Early inhibition of the occurrence and development of hepatic fibrosis is very important in the treatment of liver diseases. Platelets release a variety of cytokines, which promote hepatocyte proliferation and liver parenchyma regeneration while activating endothelial cells, inducing leukocyte recruitment, aggravating microvascular dysfunction, and participating in the process of liver fibrosis. In this paper, the research progress of antiplatelet drugs in hepatic fibrosis is reviewed, in order to provide new diagnosis and treatment ideas for hepatic fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometrical structures, relative stabilities, and electronic and magnetic properties of niobium carbon clusters, Nb7Cn (n = 1–7), are investigated in this study. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, coupled with the Saunders Kick global search, are conducted to explore the structural properties of Nb7Cn (n = 1–7). The results regarding the average binding energy, second-order difference energy, dissociation energy, HOMO-LUMO gap, and chemical hardness highlight the robust stability of Nb7C3. Analysis of the density of states suggests that the molecular orbitals of Nb7Cn primarily consist of orbitals from the transition metal Nb, with minimal involvement of C atoms. Spin density and natural population analysis reveal that the total magnetic moment of Nb7Cn predominantly resides on the Nb atoms. The contribution of Nb atoms to the total magnetic moment stems mainly from the 4d orbital, followed by the 5p, 5s, and 6s orbitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the fuzzy adaptive consensus secure control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear multi-agent systems (MASs) with unknown false data injection attacks. Fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are used to model unknown nonlinear functions. A distributed filter is proposed to obtain the information of the leader since leaders information is only available to partial agents. To deal with the unknown virtual time-varying gains caused by false data injection attacks, an adaptive compensation method is developed via re-codesigning the virtual controllers. Based on backstepping control methodology and bounded estimation algorithms, an adaptive fuzzy consensus secure controller is proposed. It is proved that all the signals in the closed-loop systems are bounded in probability, and all the output of followers can track the leader under false data injection attacks. Finally, simulation results and comparative results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust dynamic output feedback predictive control approach is developed for a discrete system with time-varying delays, unknown external disturbances, and unmeasurable states. First, the discrete system is transformed into an incremental state deviation model. Based on this model, a novel tracking deviation feedback model is established by extending the output tracking error. Then, a robust predictive control law, possessing more degrees of freedom, is designed. The closed-loop model is further given in conjunction with the feedback model. Second, by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) method, relaxation technique, and variable transformation method, a less conservative stability condition is given in LMI form, which allows the controller to tolerate a greater range of time-varying delays. The gains of the control law are acquired by solving the stability condition, and the control performance can be significantly enhanced. Finally, by utilizing the TTS20 water tank as a simulation case, the viability and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous large deformation of the surrounding rock during gob-side entry driving in a 1000-m-deep mine requires frequent renovation of the mining roadway, seriously restricting the normal mining operations at the coal face. Taking 11,216 headgate of a coal mine as the engineering background, this paper expounds that the large deformation factors of the gob-side entry driving of a 1000-m-deep mine are stress-field factors dominated by high in-situ stress, side abutment pressure, front abutment pressure and tectonic stress, and stress-related factors dominated by coal body crushing, unreasonable support, large section size and broken narrow coal pillar. The two-stage pressurization of the surrounding rock of the section roadway of the mine is governed by the following fundamental law: After pressurization, the peak area of the original abutment pressure of the roadway transfers to the lower parts of the surrounding rock, resulting in an increased stress in the surrounding rock at the side of the roadway. A targeted cooperative control involving external anchor-internal unloading of the surrounding rock of the roadway during gob-side entry driving is proposed, and the pressure relief mechanism in the surrounding rock during the static and dynamic pressure stages of the hole-making process is elucidated: the hole-making space transfers the peak stress to the deep during the static pressure stage, and it transfers the high stress to the deep during the dynamic pressure stage. The pressure relief laws of the surrounding rock were analyzed for different hole-making parameters during the static and dynamic pressure stages of deep gob-side entry driving, the hole-making parameters of the 11,216 headgate were as follows: the hole-making depth, length, and spacing were 8, 4, and 3.2 m. A "four-in-one" double space monitoring method was developed to evaluate the control effect of the support structure on the surrounding rock. The results indicated that the surrounding rock deformation remained within a controllable range, the support structure did not experience any breakage or detachment throughout the service period, and the hole-making space played a pressure relief role. The successful application of this technology to control the large deformations in the surrounding rock of coal roadways in deep mines via gob-side entry driving is of great scientific significance. Highlights: The influencing factors of surrounding rock stability during gob-side entry driving in a 1000-m-deep mine are of two types: stress-field factors and stress-related factors. During gob-side entry driving, the two-stage pressurization of the surrounding rock in the 1000-m-deep mine is influenced by the adjacent gob and front mining. The collaborative control of the surrounding rock of the roadway of a 1000-m-deep mine during gob-side entry driving can be facilitated using external anchor-internal unloading. Clarified the principle of pressure relief during the static and dynamic pressure stages of gob-side entry driving in the 1000-m-deep mine. A capsule-like system can monitor the deformation of the nonvisible spaces in pressure relief holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long time series and large-scale rice calendar datasets provide valuable information for agricultural planning and field management in rice-based cropping systems. However, current regional-level rice calendar datasets do not accurately distinguish between rice seasons in China, causing uncertainty in crop model simulation and climate change impact analysis. Based on satellite remote sensing data, we extracted transplanting, heading, and maturity dates of early-, middle-, and late-season rice across China from 2003 to 2022 and established a multi-season rice calendar dataset named ChinaRiceCalendar (10.7910/DVN/EUP8EY, Liu et al., 2023). Overall, the ChinaRiceCalendar dataset shows good agreement with field-observed phenological dates of early-, middle-, and late-season rice in Chinese agricultural meteorological stations (AMSs). According to the calendar data from 2003 to 2022 in China, the transplanting dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by + 0.7, - 0.7, and - 5.1 DOY (day of year) per decade, respectively; the heading dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by - 0.5, + 2.7, and - 0.6 DOY per decade, respectively; the maturity dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by - 0.7, + 3.8, and - 1.6 DOY per decade, respectively. ChinaRiceCalendar can be utilized to investigate and optimize the spatiotemporal structure of rice cultivation in China under climate and land use change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of partial differential equations (PDEs) from datasets has attracted increased attention. However, the discovery of governing equations from sparse data with high noise is still very challenging due to the difficulty of derivatives computation and the disturbance of noise. Moreover, the selection principles for the candidate library to meet physical laws need to be further studied. The invariance is one of the fundamental laws for governing equations. In this study, we propose an invariance constrained deep learning network (ICNet) for the discovery of PDEs. Considering that temporal and spatial translation invariance (Galilean invariance) is a fundamental property of physical laws, we filter the candidates that cannot meet the requirement of the Galilean transformations. Subsequently, we embedded the fixed and possible terms into the loss function of neural network, significantly countering the effect of sparse data with high noise. Then, by filtering out redundant terms without fixing learnable parameters during the training process, the governing equations discovered by the ICNet method can effectively approximate the real governing equations. We select the one-dimensional (1D) Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation, the two-dimensional (2D) Burgers equation, the equation of two-dimensional channel flow over an obstacle, and the equation of three-dimensional (3D) intracranial aneurysm as examples to verify the superiority of the ICNet for fluid mechanics. Furthermore, we extend similar invariance methods to the discovery of wave equation (Lorentz Invariance) and verify it through single and coupled Klein–Gordon equation. The results show that the ICNet method with physical constraints exhibits excellent performance in governing equations discovery from sparse and noisy data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the status of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine and its related factors in children born to mothers infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods The children born to mothers with HBV infection reported in Hunan Province from January to December 2022 were selected. All the children received hepatitis B immunoglobulin injection and 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccination and were followed up to 7-12 months of age for detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HB-sAg) and anti-HBs. Both HBsAg and anti-HBs were negative, indicating that there was no response to hepatitis B vaccine in children. Unconditional binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children. Results A total of 9 792 children born to mothers infected with HBV were analyzed. Among 9 792 children, the non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine was 9.5% (928/9 792). Non-conditional binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBeAg-positive mothers was 1.62 times higher than that in children born to HBeAg-negative mothers (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.40-1.88). The risk of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children with macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4 000g) was 1.41 times higher than that in children with normal birth weight (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08-1.85). Maternal antiviral therapy (OR=0.59, 95% CI: 0.48-0.73) and child HepB standard vaccination (OR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.57-0.78) were the protective factors of non-response to hepatitis B vaccine in children. Conclusion The non-response rate of hepatitis B vaccine in children born to HBV infected mothers is high, and it is affected by maternal HBeAg positive, antiviral therapy during pregnancy, birth weight, and standard vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence from observational studies and clinical trials suggests an association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD remains to be determined. Methods: We obtained periodontal disease data from the FinnGen database and two sets of AD data from the IEU consortium and PGC databases. Subsequently, we conducted a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to investigate the causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD. Results: The results of the random‐effects IVW analysis revealed no evidence of a genetic causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD, regardless of whether the AD data from the IEU consortium or the AD data from the PGC database were utilized. No heterogeneity, multiple effects of levels, or outliers were observed in this study. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there is no causal relationship between periodontal disease and AD at the genetic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Railway communication is undergoing a transitional period worldwide, and 5G for railway (5G-R), which has been adopted by the Railway International Union (UIC) in China and in many other countries, which is a common concern all over the world. The 2100 MHz frequency band, which ranks among the top three mainstream frequency bands for public 5G network deployment globally, has recently been issued by MIIT for a 5G-R trial in China, and the frequency is fairly close to 5G-R frequency band of 1900 MHz in Europe. Propagation study for railway communication, especially for mainline, which is the most common and widely used scenario, is of great importance, because it is closely related to passengers' lives and properties. In this article, based on the 5G-R dedicated network testing environment constructed along the test line of loop railway of National Railway Track Test Center of China, the 2100 MHz 5G-R propagation measurement campaign is conducted, with an in-service SS-RSRP signal-based passive 2100 MHz large-scale channel testing system, as well as a SDR-based 2100 MHz 5G-R channel sounding system, based on which the large-scale as well as small-scale channel characteristics are derived and extensively analyzed. With data derived from the passive testing system, the classical FI, CI as well as TR 38.901 large-scale channel models are properly fitted and compared by calculating RMSE as well as MAE values. Moreover, based on the SDR-based channel sounding system, conclusions on the relationship between the parameters of multi-path component numbers, RMS time spread, received power and distance between the transmitter and the receiver are drawn. The 5G-R system studied in this letter is symmetric FDD communication system, apart from the 2 aspects of channel modeling characteristics, which are large-scale and small-scale complementing each other, the research methodology adopted of the letter also has two aspects, passive measurement, as well as active measurement, and both methods have their own advantages and different focuses, which can also complements each other. Relevant research results of this letter will be helpful for facilitating the R&D, deployment, as well as network optimization of a future mobile communication system under railway mainline scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical implementation of massive multi-user multi-input–multi-output (MU-MIMO) downlink communication systems power amplifiers that are energy efficient; otherwise, the power consumption of the base station (BS) will be prohibitive. Constant envelope (CE) precoding is gaining increasing interest for its capability to utilize low-cost, high-efficiency nonlinear radio frequency amplifiers. Our work focuses on the topic of CE precoding in massive MU-MIMO systems and presents an efficient CE precoding algorithm. This algorithm uses an alternating minimization (AltMin) framework to optimize the CE precoded signal and precoding factor, aiming to minimize the difference between the received signal and the transmit symbol. For the optimization of the CE precoded signal, we provide a powerful approach that integrates the majorization-minimization (MM) method and the fast iterative shrinkage-thresholding (FISTA) method. This algorithm combines the characteristics of the massive MU-MIMO channel with the second-order Taylor expansion to construct the surrogate function in the MM method, in which minimizing this surrogate function is the worst-case of the system. Specifically, we expand the suggested CE precoding algorithm to involve the discrete constant envelope (DCE) precoding case. In addition, we thoroughly examine the exact property, convergence, and computational complexity of the proposed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CE precoding algorithm can achievean uncoded biterror rate (BER) performance gain of roughly 1 dB compared to the existing CE precoding algorithm and has an acceptable computational complexity. This performance advantage also exists when it comes to DCE precoding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapidly emerging resistance to single‐site fungicides in fungal pathogens of plants, there is a burgeoning need for safe and multisite fungicides. Plant antifungal peptides with multisite modes of action (MoA) have potential as bioinspired fungicides. Medicago truncatula defensin MtDef4 was previously reported to exhibit potent antifungal activity against fungal pathogens. Its MoA involves plasma membrane disruption and binding to intracellular targets. However, specific biochemical processes inhibited by this defensin and causing cell death have not been determined. Here, we show that MtDef4 exhibited potent antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. It induced severe plasma membrane and organelle irregularities in the germlings of this pathogen. It bound to fungal ribosomes and inhibited protein translation in vitro. A MtDef4 variant lacking antifungal activity exhibited greatly reduced protein translation inhibitory activity. A cation‐tolerant MtDef4 variant was generated that bound to β‐glucan of the fungal cell wall with higher affinity than MtDef4. It also conferred a greater reduction in the grey mould disease symptoms than MtDef4 when applied exogenously on Nicotiana benthamiana plants, tomato fruits and rose petals. Our findings revealed inhibition of protein synthesis as a likely target of MtDef4 and the potential of its cation‐tolerant variant as a peptide‐based fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CaCl2 molten salt, as a common electrolyte in the process of molten salt electrolysis, has a high decomposition potential and a strong ability to bind O2−. So the study of the structure and properties of CaCl2 is significant for the molten salt electrolysis. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations (MD) method was used to investigate the variation rule of the local structure and physicochemical properties of CaCl2 molten salt with temperature. The results show that the temperature has less effect on the heterozygous ion pairs and more effect on the homozygous ion pair. With the increase of temperature, the interaction between ion pairs is weakened, the coordination number decreases, the local structure changes a little, and the structural configuration tends to be an irregular octahedral structure with vacancies. The calculated self-diffusion coefficients, viscosities, and ionic conductivities are consistent well with the reality, but there is a significant error in densities due to the strong polarization effect of Ca2+ compared to the reality. The local structure directly determines the thermodynamic properties of the molten salts. This study promotes the basic theoretical research on alkaline earth metal-containing molten salts and is an important reference for the study of molten salt electrolysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous findings showed that anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray (ACN) reduced HFD‐induced hypercholesterolemia by regulating gut microbiota, but the mechanism has not been fully understood. The objective of this research was to know whether the cholesterol‐lowering impact of ACN in HFD‐induced ApoE−/− mice is related to the gut microbiota‐bile acid (BA) metabolism. Twenty‐four male ApoE−/− mice were divided into three groups: the Control group, the HFD group, and the HFD + ACN group. Here, we showed that ACN intervention reduced HFD‐induced body weight serum concentrations of TC and LDL‐C and ameliorated lipid accumulation in the liver and adipose tissues. Besides, ACN altered gut microbiota composition in HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, UHPLC–MS/MS analysis revealed that ACN intervention significantly increased the ratio of conjugated to unconjugated BAs in feces induced by HFD, attributed to the increase in conjugated BAs and decrease in unconjugated BAs. Finally, the correlation analysis indicated that the above changes in fecal BA profile were linked with an increase in Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum and a decrease in Ileibacterium, Helicobacter, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Blautia, Odoribacter, and Colidextribacter. In summary, ACN could alleviate HFD‐induced hypercholesterolemia in ApoE−/− mice, which was associated with the improvement of gut microbiota and modulation of fecal BA profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation reports the variations of the microstructure and electrical properties due to a change in the ZnSb2O6 content of ZnO varistors. The impact of the ZnSb2O6 additive on both microstructure and electrical properties in ZnO varistors is studied via the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and an impedance analyzer. Zn7Sb2O12 spinel phase and single hexagonal ZnO phase are detected in ZnO varistors with the addition of ZnSb2O6. The ZnO varistors with 5 mol% ZnSb2O6 have the highest nonlinear coefficient (43.2) and the lowest leakage current density (3.96 A cm−2). The resistivity of grain boundary ρgb increases continuously with the increasing content of ZnSb2O6 as demonstrated by impedance measurements. Additionally, low values of dielectric loss at high frequencies suggest a ZnO varistor doped with ZnSb2O6 is suitable for high frequency device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims Methods Results Conclusion Sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) and nocturnal hypoxemia were known to be present in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), but the difference between SDB and nocturnal hypoxemia in patients who have chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease (CTEPD) with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH) at rest remains unknown.Patients who had CTEPH (n = 80) or CTEPD without PH (n = 40) and who had undergone sleep studies from July 2020 to October 2022 at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital were enrolled. Nocturnal mean SpO2 (Mean SpO2) <90% was defined as nocturnal hypoxemia, and the percentage of time with a saturation below 90% (T90%) exceeding 10% was used to evaluate the severity of nocturnal hypoxemia. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the difference and potential predictor of SDB or nocturnal hypoxemia between CTEPH and CTEPD without PH.SDB was similarly prevalent in CTEPH and CTEPD without PH (P = 0.104), both characterised by obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Twenty‐two patients with CTEPH were diagnosed with nocturnal hypoxemia, whereas only three were diagnosed with CTEPD without PH (P = 0.021). T90% was positively associated with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with CTEPH and CTEPD without PH (P < 0.001); T90% was also negatively related to cardiac output in these patients. Single‐breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, sex and mPAP were all correlated with nocturnal hypoxemia in CTEPH and CTEPD without PH (all P < 0.05).Nocturnal hypoxemia was worse in CTEPD with PH; T90%, but not SDB, was independently correlated with the hemodynamics in CTEPD with or without PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain accurate resonance peaks from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectra, a denoising approach based on generalized S-transform optimized by a new iterative algorithm of bald eagle search (BES) is reported and applied. First, a fiber SPR sensing system is used to collect the original noisy spectra, and the generalized S-transform is performed to obtain the corresponding S-domain spectrum. Next, the denoising threshold ( λ n ) is optimized by the BES algorithm to denoise and reconstruct the SPR reflection spectrum. Finally, the original SPR reflection and the denoised reflection spectra are used to evaluate the fitness function until the optimal denoising threshold ( λ n ) and denoising effect are obtained. The experimental results show that the developed method maintains a relatively stable denoising for SPR reflection spectra as the average values of root mean square error ( RMSE ) and signal to noise ratio ( SNR ) are 0.27 and 23.6, respectively. This method overcomes the problem of arbitrary selection of basic functions or thresholds in conventional denoising methods, improves the accuracy of SPR sensor, and provides a new approach for spectral denoising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spintronic properties of cubic ZrO2 (c-ZrO2) nanosheets with intrinsic defects and transition metal (TM) elements doping have been systematically studied by first-principle calculation. The results show that impurity Fe has the lowest formation energy in each monolayer compared to other defects. The most stable (111) nanosheet, coupled with the higher defect formation energy, tends to disintegrate. Only Zr vacancy (VZr) on the (110) surface or O vacancy (VO) on the (111) surface can generate a ferromagnetic ground state, while other intrinsic defects cannot introduce spin polarization. Ni-doped (110) monolayer cannot introduce a local magnetic moment, while Fe and Co can. The magnetic moments produced by Fe, Co, and Ni in the (111) sheet are 2, 4, and 1 µB, respectively. Further investigation revealed that the magnetism was mainly contributed by the d orbitals of the TM atom and the p orbitals of the surrounding O atoms. Magnetic couplings show that only Co–Co doped monolayers can produce macroscopic magnetism. These are predicted to produce TCs Curie temperature above room temperature when Co–Co distances are 5.070 and 6.209 Å on the (110) surface and 7.170 and 9.485 Å on the (111) surface. The research is beneficial to the refinement of the development of spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel ionic hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (iHOF-17 and iHOF-18) were obtained by integrating organosulfonic acids with amidine salts. Among them, iHOF-18 exhibits fast, reversible, and high-contrast UV-induced photochromic properties, and this property is solvent-controlled. This work provides valuable insights for designing advanced anti-counterfeiting techniques and encryption applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-band emission characteristics open up more possibilities for the application of phosphors in LEDs. In this work, a novel Bi3+-activated Sr3NaSbO6 phosphor is developed. The Bi3+ occupation, luminescence properties and application in LEDs of the phosphor are investigated and discussed. There are Sr and Na sites in the crystal structure for Bi3+ substitution, corresponding to two different luminescence centers, which can be excited by commercial UV chips. By changing the excitation wavelength, Bi3+ in the two lattice sites can be excited separately, and a switchable multi-band emission can be obtained accordingly. The blue emission peaks at 450 nm, and the other emission has an ultra-wide full-width at half-maximum of 206 nm, which can cover a wider visible spectrum. All the results show that the phosphor has application prospects in LEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionIntervertebral disk degeneration (IVDD) is one of the most common causes of low back pain. However, in the etiology of IVDD, the specific method by which nucleus pulposus (NP) cell senescence and the immune response induce disease is uncertain.Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs), differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs), and differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs). Functional enrichment analysis was performed through Enrichr database. Potential regulatory miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs of mRNAs were predicted by ENCORI and circBank, respectively.We identified 198 upregulated and 131 downregulated genes, 39 upregulated and 22 downregulated miRNAs, 2152 upregulated and 564 downregulated lncRNAs, and 352 upregulated and 279 downregulated circRNAs as DEGs, DE miRNAs, DE lncRNAs, DE circRNAs, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that they were significantly enriched in Toll-like receptor signaling route and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. An mRNA–miRNA–lncRNA/circRNA network linked to the pathogenesis of NP cells in IVDD was constructed based on node degree and differential expression level. Eight immune-related DEGs (6 upregulated and 2 downregulated genes) and five aging-related DEGs (3 upregulated and 2 downregulated genes) were identified in the critical network.We established a novel immune-related and aging-related triple regulatory network of mRNA–miRNA–lncRNA/circRNA ceRNA, among which all RNAs may be utilized as the pathogenesis biomarker of NP cells in IVDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are a class of crystalline framework materials assembled by hydrogen bonds. HOFs have the advantages of high crystallinity, mild reaction conditions, good solution processability, and reproducibility. Coupled with the reversibility and flexibility of hydrogen bonds, HOFs can be assembled into a wide diversity of crystalline structures. Since the bonding energy of hydrogen bonds is lower than that of ligand and covalent bonds, the framework of HOFs is prone to collapse after desolventisation and the stability is not high, which limits the development and application of HOFs. In recent years, numerous stable and functional HOFs have been developed by π–π stacking, highly interpenetrated networks, charge‐assisted, ligand‐bond‐assisted, molecular weaving, and covalent cross‐linking. Charge‐assisted ionic HOFs introduce electrostatic attraction into HOFs to improve stability while enriching structural diversity and functionality. In this paper, we review the development, the principles of rational design and assembly of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs, and introduces the different building block construction modes of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs. Highlight the applications of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs in gas adsorption and separation, proton conduction, biological applications, etc., and prospects for the diverse design of charge‐assisted ionic HOFs structures and multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tin dioxide (SnO2) as the most promising electron transport layer (ETL) has been widely used in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to its excellent optical/electronic properties, chemical stability, and low-temperature processing. However, the surface of SnO2 ETL contains defect sites, which result in energy losses in PSCs. In order to passivate the defects of SnO2 surface and together tune the electronic properties of SnO2 ETL for getting high-performance PSCs, we herein incorporate the low-cost material ammonium iodide (NH4I) into the SnO2. After the NH4I doping, the optimized photovoltaic power conversation efficiency is significantly enhanced (the highest efficiency can reach 24.4%), the hysteresis of device is largely suppressed to a negligible level, and the stability of device is also obviously improved. The origin of these enhancements is further disclosed by the positive effects of NH4I doping on both ETL and perovskite film: the surface morphology of ETL is effectively flatten, the energy level of ETL is suitably adjusted, the electron mobility of ETL and the perovskite grain size are clearly increased, the surface defects of ETL and the trap states in the perovskite film are greatly reduced, and the PbI2 residue in the perovskite layer is obviously diminished. The study here of incorporating cheap inorganic small molecule in the ETL provides an ingenious way to enhance the performance of the planar PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFerroptosis has recently been shown to play a significant role in the progression of intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD), although the underlying mechanism is still unknown. The objective of this work was to use stringent bioinformatic techniques to clarify the crucial roles played by genes associated with ferroptosis in the emergence of IDD. For additional study, the microarray data pertinent to the IDD were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The ferroptosis-related and IDD-related genes (FIDDRGs) were identified using a variety of bioinformatic techniques, which were also used to carry out function enrichment analysis, protein–protein correlation analysis, build the correlation regulatory network, and examine the potential connections between ferroptosis and immune abnormalities and inflammatory responses in IDD. A total of 16 FIDDRGs were eliminated for the further function enrichment analysis, and 10 hub FIDDRGs were chosen to build the correlation regulatory network. Hub FIDDRGs were shown to be highly associated with M2 macrophages and hub inflammatory response-related genes in IDD. When seen as a whole, our findings can give fresh perspectives on the mechanistic studies of ferroptosis in the emergence of IDD and new prospective targets for the therapeutic approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake news is widely spread on social media. Much research works have been done on automatic fake news detection in single domain. However, fake news exists in various domains, so the detection model based on single domain is less effective in multiple domain scenes. To improve the detection ability of multi-domain fake news, we propose a perspective collaboration for multi-domain fake news detection (PCMFND) method to detect fake news across multiple domains by combining the powerful feature extraction ability of expert systems. The method extracts features of different perspectives from news content separately, then interactively combines the features of different perspectives, and ultimately achieves fake news detection by adaptively aggregating features of each perspective through domain knowledge. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through comparison experiments with traditional multi-domain detection methods on Chinese and English multi-domain datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBecause of the critical usage of biomedical applications, their constitutive materials must possess specific properties to satisfy the environmental conditions. Consequently, the selection of the best materials is one of the most important subjects in the manufacturing industry. Bio-composites are outstanding alternatives to customary biomaterials in biomedical applications owing to their supreme material properties. On the other hand, mechanical analyses including static and dynamic analyses of bio-systems should be carried out to optimize the designed biomedical applications like medical implants. Thus, wave dispersion analysis of functionally graded (FG) bio-composite plate could serve for design goals of biomedical structures. In this investigation, the influence of various higher-order shear deformation theories of the plate on the dispersion of bulk waves in FG bio-composite plate lying on Kerr foundation has been explored for the first time. The constituent materials of FG structure are gold alloy as metal phase and hydroxyapatite as ceramic phase. In order to compute the effective properties of the studied structure, the upper Hashin-Shtrikman homogenization scheme has been implemented. Higher-order theories and Hamilton’s principle have been applied to derive the governing equations and the obtained equations are analytically solved via a harmonic function. Eventually, the sensitivity of various important parameters has been surveyed and discussed comprehensively. The obtained outcomes have been indicated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]