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In general, giant flares (GFs) produced by magnetars have a very short-hard initial spike that is followed by a weak oscillatory phase. GFs from a nearby galaxy would appear as cosmic short-hard gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), such as GRB 200415A. In this paper, we search for GF-originated bursts in the Fermi GRB category and report GRB 210410A, which is presented with a very short-hard spike followed by an extended tail emission. In the E p, z − E iso plane, GRB 210410A with a duration of T 90 ∼ 48 s differs from long GRBs, might be classified as a short GRB with a redshift of z ∼ 0.28, and could be regarded as a GF with a distance of ∼2.7 Mpc. Here, E p, z , E iso, and L iso denote the rest-frame peak photon energy, the isotropic energy, and the isotropic luminosity of the burst, respectively. The radiation spectrum of GRB 210410A, similar to that of GRB 200415A, can be well fitted with a non-dissipative photospheric emission. However, GRB 210410A in the E p, z − L iso plane is beyond the death line of cosmic GRBs for non-dissipated photospheric emission with a general initial size of the fireball. Since the E p, z − L iso relation of GFs is far beyond the death line of cosmic GRBs, GRB 210410A may have originated from the same channel that produces GFs. We also perform the analysis and discuss both the highest photon energy event (4.2 GeV) and the extended tail emission in this burst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Matrine salvianolic acid B salt on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Salvianolic acid B and Matrine has long been used to treat liver fibrosis. Matrine salvianolic acid B salt is a new compound containing Salvianolic acid B and Matrine. Hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 was studied in animal models using Wistar rats. Organ coefficient, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hexadecenoic acid (HA), laminin (LN), hydroxyproline (Hyp), and glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissues were measured, respectively. Histopathological changes in the livers were studied by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and Masson Trichrome (MT) examination. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was observed by immunohistochemical analysis. A significant reduction in serum levels of AST, ALT, HA, LN and Hyp was observed in the Matrine salvianolic acid B salt treated groups, suggesting that the salt had hepatoprotective effects. The depletion of GSH and SOD, as well as MDA accumulation in liver tissues was suppressed by Matrine salvianolic acid B salt too. The expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA measured by immunohistology was significantly reduced by Matrine salvianolic acid B salt in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine salvianolic acid B salt treatment attenuated the necro-inflammation and fibrogenesis induced by CCl4 injection, and thus it is promising as a therapeutic anti-fibrotic agent against hepatic fibrosis.

A UPLC–MS/MS method was developed and validated the determination and pharmacokinetic study of magnoflorine, cauloside C, hederagenin, and oleanolic acid from Caulophyllum robustum. Digoxin was used as the internal standard. The pretreated plasma samples were carried out on a Waters ACQUITYUPLC HSS T3 column at 35 °C with a mobile phase of acetonitrile–water (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. This article describes the most simple, sensitive, and validated UPLC–MS/MS method to date for the simultaneous successful determination of four compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of the extract of C. robustum and their pharmacokinetic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]