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Pituitary prolactinoma is a neuroendocrine disease caused by excessive pituitary prolactin-cell adenoma synthesis and prolactin secretion. The standardized diagnosis and treatment of pituitary prolactinoma in of great significance for recovering and maintaining pituitary function and improving life quality of the patients. In January 2022, the International Chapter of Clinical Endocrinology (ICCE) and the Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) published a position statement on pituitary prolactinoma in the European Journal of Endocrinology: 2022 ICCE/AME Position Statement for Clinical Practice in Pituitary Prolactinoma (abbreviated as 2022 ICCE/AME position statement) . Based on the latest medical evidence, 2022 ICCE/AME position statement conducts a systematic review, analysis and recommendations on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pituitary prolactinoma. This article provides an update on the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary prolactinoma, special populations, dopamine agonist resistance, and invasive prolactinoma in the 2022 ICCE/AME position statement, which is hoped to be helpful to the awareness of pituitary prolactinoma among general practitioners and endocrinologists, and provide a reference for the clinical practice of standardized diagnosis and treatment.

Fragrance is a valuable trait in rice varieties, with its aroma significantly influencing consumer preference. In this study, we conducted comprehensive metabolome and transcriptome analyses to elucidate the genetic and biochemical basis of fragrance in the Shangsixiangnuo (SSXN) variety, a fragrant indica rice cultivated in Guangxi, China. Through sensory evaluation and genetic analysis, we confirmed SSXN as strongly fragrant, with an 806 bp deletion in the BADH2 gene associated with fragrance production. In the metabolome analysis, a total of 238, 233, 105 and 60 metabolic compounds exhibited significant changes at the seedling (S), reproductive (R), filling (F), and maturation (M) stages, respectively. We identified four compounds that exhibited significant changes in SSXN across all four development stages. Our analyses revealed a significant upregulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP), the well-studied aromatic compound, in SSXN compared to the non-fragrant variety. Additionally, correlation analysis identified several metabolites strongly associated with 2AP, including ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-, 1H-pyrrole, and pyrrole. Furthermore, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) analysis highlighted the magenta and yellow modules as particularly enriched in aroma-related metabolites, providing insights into the complex aromatic compounds underlying the fragrance of rice. In the transcriptome analysis, a total of 5582, 5506, 4965, and 4599 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were identified across the four developmental stages, with a notable enrichment of the common pathway amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in all stages. In our correlation analysis between metabolome and transcriptome data, the top three connected metabolites, phenol-, 3-amino-, and 2AP, along with ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-, exhibited strong associations with transcripts, highlighting their potential roles in fragrance biosynthesis. Additionally, the downregulated expression of the P4H4 gene, encoding a procollagen-proline dioxygenase that specifically targets proline, in SSXN suggests its involvement in proline metabolism and potentially in aroma formation pathways. Overall, our study provides comprehensive insights into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying fragrance production in rice, laying the foundation for further research aimed at enhancing fragrance quality in rice breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-pyrolysis technology is considered to be one of the most promising methods for the sustainable utilization of biomass wastes, as it can realize waste reduction and convert wastes into high-value-added products with little impact on the environment. The evaluation of thermal characteristics and product properties is necessary for understanding this technique. In this paper, thermal characteristics and kinetic and thermodynamic analysis during the co-pyrolysis of mushroom residue (MR) with pine sawdust (PS) or wheat straw (WS) were investigated in a TGA. The carbon structure and surface textures of co-pyrolytic char were explored using Raman spectroscopy and a scanning electron microscope. As the PS or WS mass ratio increased, the devolatilization index increased obviously, indicating that volatile release was promoted and concentrated. Weak interactions were observed between 250 and 400 °C during the co-pyrolysis process, which primarily affected the mass transfer, resulting in a change in the thermal decomposition temperatures and rates. The interactions had no prominent influence on the volatiles' yields. The non-additive performance of average activation energies for the blends was observed due to the interactions, and the lowest average activation energy was obtained when the PS or WS mass ratio was 50%. The lower average pre-exponential factor of the blends indicated the reduced complicacy of the pyrolysis reaction. The relatively small deviation between the activation energy and enthalpy change (4.94–5.18 kJ·mol−1) signified the energy sensitivity of product formation. PS promoted the formation of small aromatic rings (<6 fused rings) in co-pyrolytic chars, whereas WS favored the production of larger rings (≥6 fused rings). The surface textures of the co-pyrolytic chars became porous, and the greater fractal dimensions of the surface morphology for the co-pyrolytic chars indicated that the char surface became irregular and rough. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major disease that seriously endangers human health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has certain characteristic effect in the prevention and treatment of CKD, especially in reducing urinary proteins, protecting renal function, delaying the progress of CKD and alleviating related complications. This study reviews the new understanding of TCM theory of CKD in recent years, and summarizes the evidence-based medical evidence of the efficacy of TCM in the treatment of CKD and the new progress related to the effect mechanism of TCM treatment of CKD, summarizing the current situation of clinical and basic research and achievements transformation of CKD, and proposes future research prospects, in order to contribute to the further innovation and development of TCM in the prevention and treatment of CKD.

Objective: Patients with lung cancer are at risk of radiation pneumonia (RP) after receiving radiotherapy. We established a prediction model according to the critical indicators extracted from radiation pneumonia patients. Materials and Methods: 74 radiation pneumonia patients were involved in the training set. Firstly, the clinical data, hematological and radiation dose parameters of the 74 patients were screened by Logistics regression univariate analysis according to the level of radiation pneumonia. Next, Stepwise regression analysis was utilized to construct the regression model. Then, the influence of continuous variables on RP was tested by smoothing function. Finally, the model was externally verified by 30 patients in validation set and visualized by R code. Results: In the training set, there was 40 patients suffered≥ level 2 acute radiation pneumonia. Clinical data (diabetes), blood indexes (lymphocyte percentage, basophil percentage, platelet count) and radiation dose (V15 > 40%, V20 > 30%, V35 >18%, V40 > 15%) were related to radiation pneumonia ( P < 0.05). Particularly, stepwise regression analysis indicated that the history of diabetes, the basophils percentage, platelet count and V20 could be the best combination used for predicting radiation pneumonia. The column chart was obtained by fitting the regression model with the combined indicator. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the AUC in the development term was 0.853, the AUC was 0.656 in the validation term. And calibration curves of both groups showed the high stability in efficiently diagnostic. Furthermore, the DCA curve showed that the model had a satisfactory positive net benefit. Conclusion: The combination of the basophils percentage, platelet count and V20 is available to build a predictive model of radiation pneumonia for patients with advanced lung cancer.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe complication of diabetes. Its incidence increases annually, posing a significant burden on public health. The strategy of symptomatic treatment based on pathogenesis differentiation, focusing on identifying pathogenesis, is particularly meaningful for managing complex and variable chronic diseases like DKD. Within this framework, the state of latent heat persists throughout DKD, with "latent heat causing accumulation" identified as the core pathogenesis affecting and promoting the development and progression of DKD. This paper is centered on the concept of "latent heat causing accumulation" and adopts symptomatic treatment based on pathogenesis differentiation as its guiding principle to explore the role of latent heat in DKD. It highlights that the onset of DKD involves environmental and constitutional pathogenesis associated with "the concealment of latent heat" and "stagnant-heat invading collaterals" as the initial pathogenesis," latent heat causing accumulation" as the core mechanism, and" secondary turbid heat" as the derivative pathogenesis. These pathogenesis factors collectively influence the symptoms, sequelae, and prognosis of DKD. Moreover, this paper provides commonly used prescriptions for different stages, syndrome types, and complications of the disease, aiming to offer a reference for clinical practice in flexibly addressing changes in disease conditions based on varied pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La-CoMoO4 was prepared as the electrode material for supercapacitors using the freeze-drying method. The physical and structural properties of the prepared electrode La-CoMoO4 were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We further investigated the electrochemical performance of La-CoMoO4 electrode materials through cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The research results indicate that compared with CoMoO4 material (1400 F/g), La-CoMoO4 material has a high specific capacitance of 2248 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. In addition, La-CoMoO4 has a high stability, with a capacitance retention rate of up to 99.2% after 5500 cycles. Finally, supercapacitor devices using La-CoMoO4 material as the positive electrode have a high energy density of 55 Wh/Kg (power density of 1000 W/Kg), making them a promising electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ambient air pollutants have been suggested to affect pubertal development. Nevertheless, current studies indicate inconsistent effects of these pollutants, causing precocious or delayed puberty onset. This study aimed to explore the associations between long-term exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) along with its components and menarche timing among Chinese girls. Method: Self-reported age at menarche was collected among 855 girls from China Health and Nutrition Survey 2004 to 2015. The pre-menarche annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and its components were calculated on the basis of a long-term (2000–2014) high-resolution PM2.5 components dataset. Generalized linear models (GLM) and logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations of exposure to a single pollutant (PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon and organic matter) with age at menarche and early menarche (< 12 years), respectively. Weighted quantile sum methods were applied to examine the impacts of joint exposure on menarche timing. Results: In the adjusted GLM, per 1 µg/m3 increase of annual average concentrations of nitrate and ammonium decreased age at menarche by 0.098 years and 0.127 years, respectively (all P < 0.05). Every 1 µg/m3 increase of annual average concentrations of PM2.5 (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.08), sulfate (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01–1.50), nitrate (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06–1.43) and ammonium (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.06–1.66) were significantly positively associated with early menarche. Higher level of joint exposure to PM2.5 and its components was associated with 11% higher odds of early menarche (P = 0.04). Additionally, the estimated weight of sulfate was the largest among the mixed pollutants. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components could increase the risk of early menarche among Chinese girls. Moreover, sulfate might be the most critical components responsible for this relationship. Our study provides foundation for targeted prevention of PM2.5 components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]