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2. GBT20, a 20.48 Gbps PAM4 Optical Transmitter Module for Particle Physics Experiments

Author

Deng, B., Zhang, L., Chao, C. -P., Chen, S. -W., Cruda, E., Gong, D., Hou, S., Huang, G., Huang, X., Li, C. -Y., Liu, C., Liu, T., Liu, E. R., Sun, Q., Sun, X., Wong, G., and Ye, J.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present a pluggable radiation-tolerant 4-level Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM4) optical transmitter module called GBT20 (Giga-Bit Transmitter at 20 Gbps) for particle-physics experiments. GBT20 has an OSFP or firefly connector to input 16-bit data each at 1.28 Gbps. The GBT20 drives a VCSEL die with an LC lens or a VCSEL TOSA and interfaces an optical fiber with a standard LC connector. The minimum module, including the host connector, occupies 41 mm x 13 mm x 6 mm. At 20.48 Gbps, the minimum Transmitter Dispersion Eye Closure Quaternary (TDECQ) is around 0.7 dB. The power consumption is around 164 mW in the low-power mode. The SEE cross-section is below 7.5x10^(-14) cm^2. No significant performance degrades after a TID of 5.4 kGy., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures

Published
2023
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4. A 40 Gbps Optical Transceiver for Particle Physics Experiments

Author

Deng, B., Huang, X., Sun, H., Chao, C. -P., Chen, S. -W., Gong, D., Hou, S., Huang, G., Li, C. -Y., Liu, C., Liu, T., Sun, Q., Ye, J., Zhang, L., and Zhang, W.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present the design and the test results of a quad-channel optical transceiver module (QTRx) possibly for future particle physics experiments. The transmitters of QTRx, each at 10 Gbps, are based on a Quad-channel VCSEL Diode array Driver (QLDD) and 1 x 4 VCSEL array. The receivers of QTRx, with data rates of 2.56 Gbps or 10 Gbps per channel, are based on a Quad-channel Trans-Impedance and limiting Amplifier (QTIA) and 1 x 4 photodiode array of GaAs or InGaAs. QTRx is 20 mm x 10 mm x 5 mm and couples to an MT fiber connector. Test results indicate that QTRx achieves the design goals with a power consumption of 124 mW per transmitter channel at 10 Gbps and 120 mW at 2.56 Gbps for the receiver channel with an on-chip charge pump. The sensitivities of QTIA are -17 dBm at 2.56 Gbps and -8 dBm at 10 Gbps, respectively. Further improvements with a gold-finger interface and a more compact optical lens are being designed., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures

Published
2022
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5. A 20 Gbps PAM4 Data Transmitter ASIC for Particle Physics Experiments

Author

Zhang, L., Cruda, E. M., Chao, C-P., Chen, S-W., Deng, B., Francisco, R., Gong, D., Guo, D., Hou, S., Huang, G., Huang, X., Kulis, S., Li, C-Y., Liu, C., Liu, E. R., Liu, T., Moreira, P., Prinzie, J., Sun, H., Sun, Q., Sun, X., Wong, G., Yang, D., Ye, J., and Zhang, W.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

We present the design and test results of a novel data transmitter ASIC operating up to 20.48 Gbps with 4-level Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM4) for particle physics experiments. This ASIC, named GBS20, is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology. Two serializers share a 5.12 GHz Phase Locked Loop (PLL) clock. The outputs from the serializers are combined into a PAM4 signal that directly drives a Vertical-Cavity-Surface-Emitting-Laser (VCSEL). The input data channels, each at 1.28 Gbps, are scrambled with an internal 27-1 Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS), which also serves as a frame aligner. GBS20 is tested to work at 10.24 and 20.48 Gbps with a VCSEL-based Transmitter-Optical-Subassembly (TOSA). The power consumption of GBS20 is below 238 mW and reduced to 164 mW in the low-power mode., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures

Published
2022
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6. Collective expansion in pp collisions using the Tsallis statistics

Author

Gu, J. B., Li, C. Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, W. C., and Zheng, H.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

We investigate the transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) spectra of identified hadrons in minimum-bias proton-proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy ($\sqrt{s}$) of 0.9, 2.76, 5.02, 7 and 13 TeV in the framework of Tsallis-blast wave (TBW) model. It is found that the model describes well the particle spectra up to 10 GeV/c. The radial flow ($\langle \beta \rangle$) increases with the collision energy. The degrees of non-equilibrium ($q$) and the Tsallis temperature parameter ($T$) show a similar behaviour, but with a much weaker trend. With this dependence of the freeze-out parameters on the collision energy, we evaluate $\langle \beta \rangle$, $T$ and $q$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 8 and 14 TeV and predict the particle spectra at these two energies. Moreover, in order to investigate the multiplicity dependence of the freeze-out parameters, the TBW model is extended to the spectra at different charged-particle multiplicity classes in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 and 13 TeV. It is observed that at both energies the radial flow increases with the multiplicity while the degree of non-equilibrium shows an opposite behaviour, which is similar to that observed in proton-nucleus (pA) and nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies. However, the Tsallis temperature parameter increases with the multiplicity, which is opposite to the trend in pA and AA collisions. At similar multiplicities, the radial flow in pp collisions is stronger than those in pA and AA collisions, indicating that the size of the colliding system has significant effects on the final state particle dynamics. Finally, we apply an additional flow correction to the Tsallis temperature parameter and find that the doppler-corrected temperature parameter almost scales with the multiplicity in a uniform way, despite the difference in the colliding system and collision energy., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, 6 tables

Published
2022
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7. The Design and Performance of Charged Particle Detector onboard the GECAM Mission

Author

Xu, Y. B., Sun, X. L., Yang, S., Li, X. Q., Peng, W. X., Gong, K., Liang, X. H., Liu, Y. Q., Guo, D. Y., Wang, H., Li, C. Y., An, Z. H., He, J. J., Liu, X. J., Xiong, S. L., Wen, X. Y., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, D. L., Zhao, X. Y., Zhang, C. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Shi, F., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. P., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The Gravitational Wave highly energetic Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) is dedicated to detecting gravitational wave gamma-ray bursts. It is capable of all-sky monitoring over and discovering gamma-ray bursts and new radiation phenomena. GECAM consists of two microsatellites, each equipped with 8 charged particle detectors (CPDs) and 25 gamma-ray detectors (GRDs). The CPD is used to measure charged particles in the space environment, monitor energy and flow intensity changes, and identify between gamma-ray bursts and space charged particle events in conjunction with GRD. CPD uses plastic scintillator as the sensitive material for detection, silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array as the optically readable device, and the inlaid Am-241 radioactive source as the onboard calibration means. In this paper, we will present the working principle, physical design, functional implementation and preliminary performance test results of the CPD., Comment: accepted to RDTM

Published
2021

8. GECAM detection of a bright type-I X-ray burst from 4U 0614+09: confirmation its spin frequency at 413 Hz

Author

Chen, Y. P., Li, J., Xiong, S. L., Ji, L., Zhang, S., Peng, W. X., Qiao, R., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Song, L. M., Zheng, S. J., Song, X. Y., Zhao, X. Y., Huang, Y., Lu, F. J., Zhang, S. N., Xiao, S., Cai, C., Zhang, B. X., An, Z. H., Chen, C., Chen, G., Chen, W., Dai, G. Q., Du, Y. Q., Gao, M., Gong, K., Guo, D. Y., Guo, Z. W., He, J. J., Li, B., Li, C., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, J. H., Li, L., Li, Q. X., Li, X. B., Li, Y. G., Liang, J., Liang, X. H., Liao, J. Y., Liu, J. C., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Luo, Q., Ma, X., Meng, B., Ou, G., Shi, D. L., Shi, F., Shi, J. Y., Sun, G. X., Sun, X. L., Tuo, Y. L., Wang, C. W., Wang, H., Wang, H. Y., Wang, J., Wang, J. Z., Wang, P., Wang, Y. S., Wang, Y. X., Wen, X., Wu, H., Xie, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Xue, W. C., Yang, S., Yao, M., Ye, J. Y., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, D. L., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Fei, Zhang, H. M., Zhang, K., Zhang, P., Zhang, X. L., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhang, Z., Zhao, G. Y., Zhao, S. Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, C., Zhou, X., and Zhu, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

One month after launching Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM), a bright thermonuclear X-ray burst from 4U~0614+09, was observed on January 24, 2021. We report the time-resolved spectroscopy of the burst and a burst oscillation detection at 413 Hz with a fractional amplitude 3.4\% (rms). This coincides with the burst oscillation previously discovered with \textit{Swift}/BAT \citep{Strohmayer2008}, and therefore confirms the spin frequency of this source. This burst is the brightest one in the normal bursts (except the superburst) ever detected from 4U~0614+09, which leads to an upper limit of distance estimation as 3.1 kpc. The folded light curve during the burst oscillation shows a multi-peak structure, which is the first case observed during a single burst oscillation in nonpulsating sources. The multi-peak profile could be due to additional harmonics of the burst oscillation, which is corresponding to several brighter/fainter spots at the stellar surface.

Published
2021
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9. The SiPM Array Data Acquisition Algorithm Applied to the GECAM Satellite Payload

Author

Liu, Y. Q., Gong, K., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., An, Z. H., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Sun, X. L., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, Fan., Zhang, D. L., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The Gravitational Wave Burst High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM), consists of 2 small satellites that each contain 25 LaBr3 (lanthanum bromide doped with cerium chloride) detectors and 8 plastic scintillator detectors. The detector signals are read out using a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array. In this study, an acquisition algorithm for in-orbit real-time SiPM array data is designed and implemented, and the output event packet is defined. Finally, the algorithm's efficacy for event acquisition is verified.

Published
2021

10. Ground-based calibration and characterization of GRD of GECAM: 8-160 keV

Author

He, J. J., An, Z. H., Peng, W. X., Li, X. Q., Xiong, S. L., Zhang, D. L., Qiao, R., Guo, D. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, C., Chen, G., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Gong, K., Hou, D. J., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, M. S., Li, X. B., Li, X. F., Li, Y. G., Liang, X. H., Liu, J. C., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, H., Ma, X., Meng, B., Shi, F., Song, L. M., Sun, X. L., Wang, C. W., Wang, H., Wang, H. Z., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wen, X., Wen, X. Y., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Xue, W. C., Yang, J. W., Yang, S., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, Fei, Zhang, P., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, Y. Q., Zhao, X. Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, C., Zheng, S. J., Zhou, X., and Zhu, Y.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract

As the main detector of the GECAM satellite, the calibration of the energy response and detection efficiency of the GRD detector is the main content of the ground-based calibration. The calibration goal requires the calibrated energy points to sample the full energy range (8 keV-2 MeV) as much as possible. The low energy band (8-160 keV) is calibrated with the X-ray beam, while the high energy band (>160 keV) with radioactive sources. This article mainly focuses on the calibration of the energy response and detection efficiency in the 8-160 keV with a refined measurement around the absorption edges of the lanthanum bromide crystal. The GRD performances for different crystal types, data acquisition modes, working modes, and incident positions are also analyzed in detail. We show that the calibration campaign is comprehensive, and the calibration results are generally consistent with simulations as expected., Comment: 16 pages,46 figures

Published
2021

11. The design and performance of GRD onboard the GECAM satellite

Author

An, Z. H., Sun, X. L., Zhang, D. L., Yang, S., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Gong, K., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Li, Y. G., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Zhang, Fan, Zhao, X. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Feng, P. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. P., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

Background: Each GECAM satellite payload contains 25 gamma-ray detectors (GRDs), which can detect gamma-rays and particles and can roughly localize the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). GRD was designed using lanthanum bromide (LaBr3) crystal as the sensitive material with the rear end coupled with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array for readout. Purpose: In aerospace engineering design of GRD, there are many key points to be studied. In this paper, we present the specific design scheme of GRD, the assembly and the performance test results of detectors. Methods: Based on Monte Carlo simulation and experimental test results, the specific schematic design and assembling process ofGRDwere optimized. After being fully assembled, theGRDswere conducted performance tests by using radioactive source and also conducted random vibration tests. Result and conclusion: The test results show that all satellite-borne GRDs have energy resolution <16% at 59.5 keV, meeting requirements of satellite in scientific performance. The random vibration test shows that GRD can maintain in a stable performance, which meets the requirement of spatial application., Comment: 10 pages, 15 figures

Published
2021
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12. Inflight performance of the GECAM Gamma-ray and Charge particle Detectors

Author

Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Xiong, S. L., Gong, K., Zhang, D. L., An, Z. H., Xu, Y. B., Liu, Y. Q., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, Q. X., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Ma, X., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Qiao, R., Shi, F., Song, L. M., Sun, X. L., Wang, H., Wang, H. Z., Wang, J. Z., Wang, P., Wang, Y. S., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, Fan., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhang, K., Zhang, P., Zhao, X. Y., Zhao, Y., Zheng, S. J., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The GECAM mission consists of two identical microsatellites (GECAM-A and GECAM-B). Each satellite is equipped with 25 gamma-ray detectors (GRD) and 8 charged particle detectors (CPD). The main scientific objective of the GECAM mission is to detect gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) associated with the gravitational wave events produced by the merging of binary compact stars. After the launch on Dec. 10, 2020 , we carried out a series of on orbit tests. This paper introduces the test results of the GECAM-B satellite. According to the in-flight performance, the energy band for gamma-ray detection of GECAM-B is from about 7 keV to 3.5 MeV. GECAM-B can achieve prompt localization of GRBs. For the first time, GECAM-B realized a quasi-real-time transmission of trigger information using Beidou-3 RDSS. Keywords GECAM, gamma-ray burst, gravitational wave, GRD, CPD, Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures

Published
2021

13. Dedicated SiPM array for GRD of GECAM

Author

Zhang, D. L., Sun, X. L., An, Z. H., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Gong, K., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The discovery of gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts heralds the era of multi-messenger astronomy. With the adoption of two small satellites to achieve the all-sky monitoring of gamma-ray bursts, the gravitational wave high-energy electromagnetic counterpart all-sky monitor (GECAM) possesses a quasi-real-time early warning ability and plays an important role in positioning the sources of gravitational waves and in subsequent observations.

Published
2021

14. QTIA, a 2.5 or 10 Gbps 4-Channel Array Optical Receiver ASIC in a 65 nm CMOS Technology

Author

Sun, H., Huang, X., Chao, C. -P., Chen, S. -W., Deng, B., Gong, D., Hou, S., Huang, G., Kulis, S., Li, C. -Y., Liu, C., Liu, T., Moreira, P., Sun, Q., Ye, J., Zhang, L., and Zhang, W.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

The Quad transimpedance and limiting amplifier (QTIA) is a 4-channel array optical receiver ASIC, developed using a 65 nm CMOS process. It is configurable between the bit rate of 2.56 Gbps and 10 Gbps per channel. QTIA offers careful matching to both GaAs and InGaAs photodiodes. At this R&D stage, each channel has a different biasing scheme to the photodiode for optimal coupling. A charge pump is implemented in one channel to provide a higher reverse bias voltage, which is especially important to mitigate radiation effects on the photodiodes. The circuit functions of QTIA successfully passed the lab tests with GaAs photodiodes., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in JINST (TWEPP2021)

Published
2021
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15. Quality assurance test and Failure Analysis of SiPM Arrays of GECAM Satellites

Author

Zhang, D. L., Gao, M., Sun, X. L., Li, X. Q., An, Z. H., Wen, X. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, R., Gong, K., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Zhang, Fan., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., and Zhou, X.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors
Abstract

The Gravitational wave high-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor (GECAM) satellite consists of two small satellites. Each GECAM payload contains 25 gamma ray detectors (GRD) and 8 charged particle detectors (CPD). GRD is the main detector which can detect gamma-rays and particles and localize the Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB),while CPD is used to help GRD to discriminate gamma-ray bursts and charged particle bursts. The GRD makes use of lanthanum bromide (LaBr3) crystal readout by SiPM. As the all available SiPM devices belong to commercial grade, quality assurance tests need to be performed in accordance with the aerospace specifications. In this paper, we present the results of quality assurance tests, especially a detailed mechanism analysis of failed devices during the development of GECAM. This paper also summarizes the application experience of commercial-grade SiPM devices in aerospace payloads, and provides suggestions for forthcoming SiPM space applications., Comment: 13 pages, 23 figures

Published
2021

16. Intercomparison of Monte Carlo calculated dose enhancement ratios for gold nanoparticles irradiated by X-rays: assessing the uncertainty and correct methodology for extended beams

Author

Rabus, H., Li, W. B., Villagrasa, C., Schuemann, J., Hepperle, P. A., Rosales, L. de la Fuente, Beuve, M., Di Maria, S., Klapproth, A. P., Li, C. Y., Poignant, F., Rudek, B., and Nettelbeck, H.

Subjects
Physics - Medical Physics
Abstract

Results of a Monte Carlo code intercomparison exercise for simulations of the dose enhancement from a gold nanoparticle (GNP) irradiated by X-rays have been recently reported. To highlight potential differences between codes, the dose enhancement ratios (DERs) were shown for the narrow-beam geometry used in the simulations, which leads to values significantly higher than unity over distances in the order of several tens of micrometers from the GNP surface. As it has come to our attention that the figures in our paper have given rise to misinterpretation as showing 'the' DERs of GNPs under diagnostic X-ray irradiation, this article presents estimates of the DERs that would have been obtained with realistic radiation field extensions and presence of secondary particle equilibrium (SPE). These DER values are much smaller than those for a narrow-beam irradiation shown in our paper, and significant dose enhancement is only found within a few hundred nanometers around the GNP. The approach used to obtain these estimates required the development of a methodology to identify and, where possible, correct results from simulations whose implementation deviated from the initial exercise definition. Based on this methodology, literature on Monte Carlo simulated DERs has been critically assessed., Comment: 15 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, accepted manuscript in Physica Medica

Published
2020
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17. Prototyping of a 25 Gbps optical transmitter for applications in high-energy physics experiments

Author

Chao, C. -P., Chen, S. -W., Gong, D., Hou, S., Huang, X., Li, C. -Y., Liu, C., Liu, T., Qi, M., Ye, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, L., and Zhou, W.

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract

Development of optical links with 850 nm multi-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has advanced to 25 Gbps in speed. For applications in high-energy experiments, the transceivers are required to be tolerant in radiation and particle fields. We report on prototyping of a miniature transmitter named MTx+, which is developed for high speed transmission with the dual-channel laser driver LOCld65 and 850 nm VCSELs packaged in TOSA format. The LOCld65 is fabricated in the TSMC 65 nm process and is packaged in the QFN-40 for assembly. The MTx+ modules and test kits were first made with PCB and components qualified for 10 Gbps applications, and were tested for achieving 14 Gbps. The data transfer rate of the MTx+ module is investigated further for the speed of up to 25 Gbps. The LOCld65 is examined with post-layout simulation and the module design upgraded with components including the TOSA qualified for 25 Gbps applications. The PCB material is replaced by the Panasonic MEGTRON6. The revised MTx+ is tested at 25 Gbps and the eye-diagram shows a mask margin of 22 %.

Published
2020
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22. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topical oestradiol gel for endometrial regeneration after induced abortion.

Author

Li, C Y, Teng, L R, Jiang, X X, Shan, L, Wang, L Q, Dong, X J, Li, Q F, Ren, C C, Lin, Y, Jiang, J, Gu, X Y, Huang, W, Li, Q, Peng, P, Che, Y, and Liu, X Y

Subjects
*ABORTION, *MEDICAL personnel, *WEIGHT loss, *ESTRADIOL, *TOPICAL drug administration, *ABORTION statistics
Abstract

STUDY QUESTION Is topical oestradiol gel effective in promoting endometrial regeneration after a surgical abortion? SUMMARY ANSWER Topical oestradiol gel is effective in promoting endometrial regeneration after a surgical abortion with few side-effects. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Oestrogen is effective in promoting endometrial regeneration. Transdermal oestrogen has been widely used in clinical practice for endometrial regeneration after induced abortion, but high-level evidence is limited. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We conducted a multicentre, superiority, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Between 9 March 2022 and 21 February 2023, 200 women were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either oestradiol gel (treatment) and or oestradiol gel simulant (control) for 28 days. The participants were scheduled to have their endometrial thickness (mm) measured by ultrasonographic scan at 21–23 days post-abortion. The trial was blinded for participants, investigators, medical staff, and statistical analysts until final unblinding. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants were women undergoing induced abortion within 10 weeks of gestation. A total of 200 participants were enrolled, with 100 in each group. Eighty-eight (88%) in the treatment group and 82 (82%) in the control group completed the study as per the protocol and were included in the per-protocol set (PPS). The intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis included all participants randomized to the study groups and used inverse probability weighting to account for loss to follow-up. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The ITT analysis showed revealed significantly greater endometrial thickness in the treatment group (mean 8.1 ± 2.5 mm) compared to the control group (mean 6.9 ± 2.1 mm) 21–23 days postabortion (mean difference 1.2 mm, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.9; P  < 0.001). The median time to menstrual return was shorter in the treatment group (34 days, inter-quartile range [IQR] 30–38) than in the control group (35 days, IQR 32–42), with a difference of −1 day (95% CI −2.3 to −0.9; P  = 0.036). No differences were observed in the timing or volume of bleeding in the first post-abortion cycle. The PPS analysis mirrored the ITT findings. Adverse events were minimal (6% versus 8%), and the blood profile, liver, kidney and coagulation test results were comparable between groups (all P  > 0.05). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Loss to follow-up was 11% in the treatment group and 15% of controls, with no significant difference (P  > 0.05). Inconsistencies in the timing of the ultrasonographic scans may have affected the accuracy of endometrial thickness measurements. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our findings suggest that topical oestrogen supplementation immediately after abortion within the first 10 weeks of gestation improves endometrial regeneration and growth, thereby potentially increasing the chances of a successful subsequent pregnancy. Clinical application of these findings may improve endometrial health management practices and provide a perspective on fertility treatment and women's reproductive health. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by a grant (FW-HKKT2021111501900) from Jianmin Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd (JMPG), Wuhan, Hubei, China. Both the oestradiol gel and the simulant were provided by JMPG. The funding source had no role in the study. X.Y.L. reports JMPG grant funding paid to their institutions. All other authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CHiCTR2100053565. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE 24 November 2021. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT'S ENROLMENT 9 March 2022 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. The data acquisition algorithm designed for the SiPM-based detectors of GECAM satellite

Author

Liu, Y. Q., Gong, K., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., An, Z. H., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Sun, X. L., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, D. L., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Published
2022
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24. The design and performance of charged particle detector onboard the GECAM mission

Author

Xu, Y. B., Li, X. Q., Sun, X. L., Yang, S., Wang, H., Peng, W. X., Liang, X. H., Gong, K., Liu, Y. Q., Guo, D. Y., Zhao, X. Y., Li, C. Y., An, Z. H., He, J. J., Liu, X. J., Wen, X. Y., Xiong, S. L., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, D. L., Zhang, C. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Shi, F., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. P., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, F., Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Published
2022
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25. Dedicated SiPM array for GRD of GECAM

Author

Zhang, D. L., Sun, X. L., An, Z. H., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Gong, K., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., and Zhou, X.

Published
2022
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26. Quality assurance test and failure analysis of SiPM arrays of GECAM satellites

Author

Zhang, D. L., Gao, M., Sun, X. L., Li, X. Q., An, Z. H., Wen, X. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, R., Gong, K., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Zhang, Fan., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., and Zhou, X.

Published
2022
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27. The design and performance of GRD onboard the GECAM satellite

Author

An, Z. H., Sun, X. L., Zhang, D. L., Yang, S., Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., Gong, K., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Li, Y. G., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Zhang, Fan, Zhao, X. Y., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Feng, P. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xu, Y. P., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, Y., and Zhou, X.

Published
2022
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28. The technology for detection of gamma-ray burst with GECAM satellite

Author

Li, X. Q., Wen, X. Y., An, Z. H., Cai, C., Chang, Z., Chen, G., Chen, C., Du, Y. Y., Gao, M., Gao, R., Gong, K., Guo, D. Y., He, J. J., Hou, D. J., Li, Y. G., Li, C. Y., Li, G., Li, L., Li, X. F., Li, M. S., Liang, X. H., Liu, X. J., Liu, Y. Q., Lu, F. J., Lu, H., Meng, B., Peng, W. X., Shi, F., Sun, X. L., Wang, H., Wang, J. Z., Wang, Y. S., Wang, H. Z., Wen, X., Xiao, S., Xiong, S. L., Xu, Y. B., Xu, Y. P., Yang, S., Yang, J. W., Yi, Q. B., Zhang, D. L., Zhang, Fan, Zhang, S. N., Zhang, C. Y., Zhang, C. M., Zhang, Fei, Zhao, X. Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, X., Zhang, C. S., Yu, J. P., Chang, L., Zhang, K. K., Huang, J., Chen, Y. M., and Han, X. B.

Published
2022
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30. Surface Charge Tailoring Strategy Based on Temperature Field Regulation

Author

Lin, C. J., Li, Q., Li, C. Y., Yuan, C., Zhu, Y. J., He, J. L., Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martin, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, and Németh, Bálint, editor

Published
2020
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34. Theoretical studies of the optical and EPR spectra for VO$^{2+}$ in Na$_{3}$C$_{6}$H$_{5}$O$_{7}\cdot 2$H$_{2}$O single crystal

Author

Li, C. Y., Wang, G. X., and Zheng, X. M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

On the basis of the perturbation formulas for a $d^{1}$ configuration ion in a tetragonal crystal field, the three optical absorption bands and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) parameters ($g$ factors $g_{i}$ and hyperfine structure constants $A_{i}$ for $i = \|$ and $\perp$, respectively) of VO$^{2+}$ in Na$_{3}$C$_{6}$H$_{5}$O$_{7}\cdot2$H$_{2}$O single crystals were studied using the perturbation theory method. By simulating the calculated optical and EPR spectra to the observed values, local structure parameters and negative signs of the hyperfine structure constants $A_{i}$ of the octahedral (VO$_{6}$)$^{8-}$ cluster in trisodium citrate dehydrate single crystal can be obtained., Comment: 5 pages

Published
2015
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35. GNSS-seismometry integration for rapid far-field displacement estimation

Author

Li, C.-Y. and Ziebart, M.

Subjects
551.22
Abstract

Accurate and rapid estimation of permanent surface displacement is required immediately after a slip event for earthquake monitoring or tsunami early warning. It is difficult to achieve the necessary accuracy at high- and low-frequencies using GNSS or seismometry alone, particularly where the sensor network has a low spatial resolution, such as in the third world or developing countries. Kalman filter algorithms with displacement and velocity states have been developed to combine GNSS and accelerometer observations to overcome the limitations of each other and to obtain the optimal displacement solutions. However, sawtooth-like phenomena caused by the bias or tilting of the sensor decrease the accuracy of the displacement estimates. In this study, a three-dimensional Kalman filter algorithm with an additional baseline error state has been developed. An experiment with both a GNSS receiver and a strong motion seismometer mounted on a movable steel plate on the platform and subjected to known displacements was carried out on the roof of the National Physical Laboratory. The results clearly show that the additional baseline error state enables the Kalman filter to estimate the instrument's sensor bias and tilt effects and correct the state estimates. Additional validation was conducted using data from the University of California, San Diego large outdoor shake table experiment. Finally, the proposed Kalman filter algorithm has been validated with data sets from the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake. The results indicate that the additional baseline error state cannot only eliminate the linear and quadratic drifts but also reduce the sawtooth-like effects from the displacement solutions. Conventional seismometric baseline-corrected results fail to resolve the permanent displacements after an earthquake; the two-state Kalman filter can only provide stable and optimal solutions if the strong motion seismometer had not been moved or tilted by shaking. The proposed Kalman filter algorithm can achieve rapid and stable displacements by estimating and correcting for the baseline error at each epoch. The integration filters out noise-like distortions and thus improves the real-time detection and measurement capability. The proposed approach includes not only a new form of state but also a new approach in seismometry for tuning the Kalman filter. Including baseline error state in the Kalman filter improves accuracy and information content (both permanent displacements and earthquake waveforms) in the output of integrated GNSS and accelerometer systems, both of which are vital in earthquake monitoring.

Published
2016

39. Enhanced collectivity in neutron-deficient Sn isotopes in energy functional based collective Hamiltonian

Author

Li, Z. P., Li, C. Y., Xiang, J., Yao, J. M., and Meng, J.

Subjects
Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The low-lying collective states in Sn isotopes are studied by a five-dimensional collective Hamiltonian with parameters determined from the triaxial relativistic mean-field calculations using the PC-PK1 energy density functional. The systematics for both the excitation energies of $2^+_1$ states and $B(E2;0^+_1\to 2^+_1)$ values are reproduced rather well, in particular, the enhanced E2 transitions in the neutron-deficient Sn isotopes with N<66. We show that the gradual degeneracy of neutron levels 1g7/2 and 2d5/2 around the Fermi surface leads to the increase of level density and consequently the enhanced paring correlations from N=66 to 58. It provokes a large quadrupole shape fluctuation around the spherical shape, and leads to an enhanced collectivity in the isotopes around N=58., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Physics Letters B

Published
2012
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41. Cover

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

42. Index

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

43. Glossary

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

44. Bibliography

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

45. Maples

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

46. Pawpaws

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

47. Firs

Author

Li, C. Y. Hsu and Li, Hui-Lin

Published
2017

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